Urea Acid Research Articles

Green fluorescent unsaturated polyester/graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots nanocomposites: Preparation and study of UV-resistance, mechanical and viscoelastic properties

The present study has been conducted to investigate the protective effect of graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots (CNQDs) against high energetic and harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays in addition to strengthening impact of CNQDs over mechanical and viscoelastic properties of unsaturated polyester (UP). To achieve this purpose, CNQDs were synthesized using citric acid and extra urea via microwave-assisted method. Afterwards, several percentages of CNQDs (0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 wt%) were added to UP and after curing process, UP/CNQDs nanocomposites were obtained with different percentages. By certain microscopic and spectroscopic tests, correctness of CNQDs formation and various features of UP/CNQDs nanocomposites were examined. Adding CNQDs to the matrix of polyester resin allowed creation of nanocomposites with fluorescence emission ability, also blockage of UV rays by the strengthened samples. Strengthening UP by CNQDs resulted in growth of thermal stability, improvement of tensile strength, 10%–15% increase in flexibility, and progress in viscoelastic characteristics including storage modulus, Tg and cross-linking density.

The synthesis of fluorescent carbon quantum dots for tartrazine detection in food: a novel one-step microwave heating approach

Nowadays, carbon quantum dots (CDs) as semiconductor synthesized nanoparticles have become an attractive subject for lots of applications due to their remarkable features. In the current study, the highly fluorescent (FL) CDs with great characteristics were synthesized through a novel one-step microwave irradiation by citric acid monohydrate and urea as carbon precursors. The as-prepared CDs were quasi-spherical shape with an average diameter of 4.5 nm and emitted bright blue FL under ultraviolet light irradiation (UV). Furthermore, the synthesized CDs possessed different properties such as diverse functional groups, good sensitivity and selectivity, high water-solubility, low toxicity, and significant stability in various environmental conditions. The results indicated that the as-prepared CDs can be applied as a fluorescent probe for detection of different concentrations of tartrazine from 5 to 100 µM in food samples. In addition, the findings revealed that the good linear relationship was obtained between the FL intensity of CDs and different concentrations of tartrazine over the range of 5 to 100 µM with the detection limit of 2.58 µM.

Structural equation modeling (SEM) of kidney function markers and longitudinal CVD risk assessment.

Lower kidney function is known to enhance cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. It is unclear which estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) equation best predict an increased CVD risk and if prediction can be improved by integration of multiple kidney function markers. We performed structural equation modeling (SEM) of kidney markers and compared the performance of the resulting pooled indexes with established eGFR equations to predict CVD risk in a 10-year longitudinal population-based design. We split the study sample into a set of participants with only baseline data (n = 647; model-building set) and a set with longitudinal data (n = 670; longitudinal set). In the model-building set, we fitted five SEM models based on serum creatinine or creatinine-based eGFR (eGFRcre), cystatin C or cystatin-based eGFR (eGFRcys), uric acid (UA), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). In the longitudinal set, 10-year incident CVD risk was defined as a Framingham risk score (FRS)>5% and a pooled cohort equation (PCE)>5%. Predictive performances of the different kidney function indexes were compared using the C-statistic and the DeLong test. In the longitudinal set, a SEM-based estimate of latent kidney function based on eGFRcre, eGFRcys, UA, and BUN showed better prediction performance for both FRS>5% (C-statistic: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.65-0.74) and PCE>5% (C-statistic: 0.75; 95%CI: 0.71-0.79) than other SEM models and different eGFR formulas (DeLong test p-values<3.21×10-6 for FRS>5% and <1.49×10-9 for PCE>5%, respectively). However, the new derived marker could not outperform eGFRcys (DeLong test p-values = 0.88 for FRS>5% and 0.20 for PCE>5%, respectively). SEM is a promising approach to identify latent kidney function signatures. However, for incident CVD risk prediction, eGFRcys could still be preferrable given its simpler derivation.

Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. leaves flavonoids alleviate hyperuricemia by regulating uric acid metabolism and intestinal homeostasis in mice

This study aimed to evaluate the alleviating effect of Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. leaves flavonoids (CLF) on hyperuricemia induced by potassium oxonate in mice. The results showed that CLF lowered the serum levels of uric acid (UA), creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, downregulated hepatic mRNA expressions of xanthine oxidase (XO), phosphate ribose pyrophosphate synthetase (PRPS) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) in hyperuricemia mice. In addition, CLF repaired renal injury by significantly down-regulating mRNA and protein expressions of renal UA reabsorption-related proteins and up-regulating the mRNA and protein expressions of UA secretory-related proteins. Finally, CLF inhibited UA synthesis and promoted UA excretion to alleviate hyperuricemia. Besides, CLF supplementation repaired the intestinal barrier function as demonstrated by significant increased mRNA levels of intestinal zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), Occludin, mucin 2 (MUC2) and mucin 4 (MUC4), as well as decreased mRNA levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) in mice. Further research showed that CLF treatment restored intestinal homeostasis mediated by improving the composition of gut microbiota and elevating the abundance of beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus, Alistipes, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 and Parasutterella. Overall, our findings revealed a novel function of CLF as a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of hyperuricemia.

Alteration In Kidney Biomarkers After Inhalation Exposure of Transfluthrin Based Liquid Mosquito Repellent In Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout)

The use of liquid mosquito repellent is one of the most significant and persistent sources of indoor air pollution in houses. Human deals with the world's deadliest vector-borne disease, malaria, as well as the fastest-growing vector disease in the world right now, dengue, which is also spread by mosquitoes. Insect-borne diseases are a major public health concern. Transfluthrin, d-allethrin, bioallethrin, dimefluthrin, pralethrin, dphenothrin, cypenothrin, or esbiothrin are some of the more common insecticides contained in mosquito repellents. All of them are pyrethroid derivatives. After 7, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of exposure to liquid insect repellent in the treated group as compared to the control group, Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout) showed substantial increases in kidney biomarkers Urea, Creatinine, Uric acid and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN). The current study shows that different kidney biomarkers are adversely affected by liquid mosquito repellent. The main component of this repellent is lethal and dangerous for both people and the environment. Keywords : Repellent, Insecticides, Transfluthrin, Pyrethroid

Ethanolic Extract from Limonia acidissima L. Fruit Attenuates Serum Uric Acid Level via URAT1 in Potassium Oxonate-Induced Hyperuricemic Rats.

A high prevalence of hyperuricemia among adult and older adult populations has intrigued the development of its therapy based on natural products. Our objective was to investigate the antihyperuricemic activity of the natural product from Limonia acidissima L. in vivo. The extract was obtained through the maceration of L. acidissima fruits using an ethanolic solvent and was tested for its antihyperuricemic activity against potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic rats. Serum uric acid, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were observed before and after the treatment. Expression of urate transporter 1 (URAT1) was also measured using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Antioxidant activity based on a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, along with total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), were measured. Herein, we present the evidence of the serum uric acid lowering effect of the L. acidissima fruit extract along with improved AST and ALT (p < 0.01). The reduction of serum uric acid was in accordance with the decreasing trend of URAT1 (1.02 ± 0.05-fold change in the 200 mg group), except in a group treated with 400 mg/kg body weight extract. At the same time, BUN increased significantly in the 400 mg group (from 17.60 ± 3.286 to 22.80 ± 3.564 mg/dL, p = 0.007), suggesting the renal toxicity of the concentration. The IC50 for DPPH inhibition was 0.14 ± 0.02 mg/L with TPC and TFC of 143.9 ± 5.24 mg GAE/g extract and 390.2 ± 3.66 mg QE/g extract, respectively. Further studies should be carried out to prove this correlation along with the safe concentration range of the extract.

Efficient carbon nanotube growth from pyrolysis of citric acid-based small organic molecules

We prepare carbon nanotubes based on the cross-linking reaction between small organic molecules citric acid and amino urea or ethylenediamine. Factors affecting the yield of carbon nanotube are optimized and catalytic effect of hydrated metal nitrate on carbon nanotube growth is investigated. The results demonstrate that carbon nanotube can grow in a wide range of urea content. Even two-dimensional sheet assembled by the prepared carbon nanotubes is observed when ethylenediamine is used. It is believed that such competitive strategy can expand the techniques for efficient, large-scale and low-cost synthesis of carbon nanotubes.

Liver Injury and Metabolic Dysregulation in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) after Ammonia Exposure.

Elevated environmental ammonia leads to respiratory disorders and metabolic dysfunction in most fish species, and the majority of research has concentrated on fish behavior and gill function. Prior studies have rarely shown the molecular mechanism of the largemouth bass hepatic response to ammonia loading. In this experiment, 120 largemouth bass were exposed to total ammonia nitrogen of 0 mg/L or 13 mg/L for 3 and 7 days, respectively. Histological study indicated that ammonia exposure severely damaged fish liver structure, accompanied by increased serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activity. RT-qPCR results showed that ammonia exposure down-regulated the expression of genes involved in glycogen metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, lipid metabolism, and urea cycle pathways, whereas it up-regulated the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis and glutamine synthesis pathways. Thus, ammonia was mainly converted to glutamine in the largemouth bass liver during ammonia stress, which was rarely further used for urea synthesis. Additionally, transcriptome results showed that ammonia exposure also led to the up-regulation of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway and down-regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in the liver of largemouth bass. It is possible that the energy supply of oxidative phosphorylation in the largemouth bass liver was increased during ammonia exposure, which was mediated by the MAPK signaling pathway.

Antitumor and antimicrobial effect of syringic acid urea cocrystal: Structural and spectroscopic characterization, DFT calculation and biological evaluation

The syringic acid urea (SYRAUA) cocrystal was produced at room temperature using a slow evaporation approach. The SYRAUA formed as orthorhombic crystal with the Cmca space group. It was undertaken to perform structural, spectroscopic (FTIR), and optical research. For SYRAUA, the structural and different spectroscopic parameters were calculated with quantum mechanics utilizing the B3LYP/6–31++G (d, p) approach. The XRD results were related with the optimized geometrical parameters and found there is a close agreement. SYRAUA's FT-IR spectrum was analysed using the data collected in the 4000–400 cm−1 region. There is decent agreement between the calculated and recorded wavenumbers. The 200–600 nm region of the UV–Visible absorption spectrum was noted showed the presence of two absorption peaks. The NBO approach was used to analyse the charge transfer in the cocrystal, and Mulliken charge analysis was used to confirm the identity of the involved atoms. To comprehend the reactive location in SYRAUA, the molecule electrostatic potential and local reactivity descriptors were determined. The non-linear optical characteristics were determined and found that it possesses 70% NLO activity compared with urea. Hirshfeld surface and finger print analysis were used to examine the inter and intramolecular interaction of the SYRAUA. When the SYRAUA was tested for antimicrobial activity, it was discovered to have zone of clearance. Molecular docking outcomes support that SYRAUA may exhibit inhibitory activity against caspase 3,7 and 9. Amongst the three caspases the SYRAUA showed higher docking affinity to caspase 9 with the binding score of -8.4 Kcal/mol. Further the drug likeness of the SYRAUA were assessed through Lipinski's rule and the pharmacokinetic parameters and those predicted values showed good safety profile of SYRAUA cocrystal.

Assessment of serum glutamate dehydrogenase activity and comparison to serum alanine aminotransferase activity in cats with increased blood total T4 concentration.

Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), a key enzyme in amino acid oxidation and urea production, is mainly derived from the liver and its activity may increase with hepatocellular necrosis. Feline hyperthyroidism is associated with elevated serum activities of various enzymes, but the pattern of serum GLDH activity has not been reported, to our knowledge. Feline clinical biochemistry results from 2 commercial diagnostic laboratories were reviewed retrospectively to assess changes in serum GLDH activity in cats with significantly elevated serum total T4 concentrations, which is highly suggestive of hyperthyroidism. A total of 2,773 records were analyzed, of which 2,370 (85%) had normal total T4 (≤50 nmol/L) and 403 (15%) had increased total T4 (≥60 nmol/L) concentrations. Among cats with an increased total T4 concentration, 26.5% had increased serum GLDH activity. All cats with increased GLDH activity also had increased serum ALT activity. In 42.9% of cats, ALT activity was increased, but GLDH activity was normal. In 30.5% of cats, both serum GLDH and ALT activities were within RIs. The fold-increase of GLDH activity was almost half of the ALT fold-increase. Although serum GLDH activity increased in some cats with hyperthyroidism, serum ALT activity increased more frequently and to a greater extent.

Impact of the urea nitrate content in the leaching solution on the granite weight decrease and the fluoride ion concentration

The paper presents the results of the study on the impact of the initial concentration of urea nitrate and fluoride ion in the leaching solution on the weight decrease of granite mined at Prydniprovsk Specialized Quarry and the change in the fluoride ion concentration in the solution during intermittent and continuous agitation. During the experiments, we used urea nitrate with weight fraction of nitrate acid 41.5%, urea - 44.3%, water - 14.2%, and ammonium fluoride-bifluoride (fluorine content was 61.2%). Fluoride ion concentration was measured using a fluoride-selective electrode relatively a saturated silver chloride half-cell while the acidity of solutions was measured by titrimetry. Weight decrease was studied for a granite sample, grain fraction -2.0 + 1.0 mm, during intermittent stirring depending on the initial concentration of urea nitrate 0.25 g/dm3, 0.5 g/dm3, and 1.0 g/dm3 and fluoride ion 2.81×10-2 g/dm3 to 3.20×10-1 g/dm3 with intermittent stirring at a temperature of 20±2 °C for 7 days. The data on the change in sample weight depending on the initial concentration of fluoride ion and addition of urea nitrate were received. It was revealed that the decrease in the fluoride ion concentration ambiguously depended on the initial concentration of both urea nitrate and fluoride ion. In our opinion, the fluoride ion concentration decrease occurred with adding urea nitrate due to the fact that nitric acid urea could form adducts with both sulfuric and fluoric acids resulting in the decrease of their reactivity. We have studied the decrease of the granite sample weight and the change in the fluoride ion concentration under continuous stirring and at a temperature of 30±2 °C for 4 days. It was found that the change in the sample weight and concentration of fluoride ion during continuous stirring differed from the similar data obtained during intermittent stirring due to more intensive formation of urea nitrate adducts with sulfuric and fluoride acids. The initial dissolution rate was calculated for a granite sample, its value was 2.384×10-7 s-1 after adding urea nitrate and 2.299×10-7 s-1 without its addition.

Monkfish (Lophius litulon) Peptides Ameliorate High-Fat-Diet-Induced Nephrotoxicity by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation via Regulation of Intestinal Flora

Renal damage and intestinal flora imbalance due to lipotoxicity are particularly significant in terms of oxidative stress and inflammation, which can be alleviated with bioactive peptides. The monkfish (Lophius litulon) is rich in proteins, which can be used as a source of quality bioactive peptides. This study aimed to examine the protective effect of monkfish peptides on renal injury and their potential role in regulating gut microbiota. Monkfish meat was hydrolyzed using neutral protease and filtered, and the component with the highest elimination rate of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl was named lophius litulon peptides (LPs). Lipid nephrotoxicity was induced via high-fat diet (HFD) feeding for 8 weeks and then treated with LPs. Oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, and intestinal flora were evaluated. LP (200 mg/kg) therapy reduced serum creatinine, uric acid, and blood urea nitrogen levels by 49.5%, 31.6%, and 31.6%, respectively. Renal vesicles and tubules were considerably improved with this treatment. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity increased significantly by 198.7%, 167.9%, 61.5%, and 89.4%, respectively. LPs attenuated the upregulation of HFD-induced Toll-like receptor 4 and phospho-nuclear factor-kappa B and increased the protein levels of heme oxygenase 1, nicotinamide quinone oxidoreductase 1, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. The dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota improved after LP treatment. LPs significantly improve antioxidant activity, reduce inflammatory cytokine levels, and regulate intestinal dysbiosis. Thus, LPs are potential compounds that can alleviate HFD-induced renal lipotoxicity.

Whey protein peptide PEW attenuates hyperuricemia and associated renal inflammation in potassium oxonate and hypoxanthine-induced rat

Pro-Glu-Trp (PEW), a whey protein-derived peptide, has been previously shown in vitro to have anti-hyperuricemic potential. The current study further evaluated the roles and the underlying mechanism of PEW in the management of hyperuricemia (HUA) in rat induced by potassium oxonate (PO) and hypoxanthine. Results revealed that PEW significantly reduced the levels of uric acid (UA), creatinine (Cr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in serum, and effectively suppressed the activities of xanthine oxidase (XOD) associated with UA synthesis and modulated the expression of organic ion transporters related to UA excretion. Moreover, PEW alleviated UA-induced renal inflammation by regulating oxidative stress, suppressing the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibiting the activation of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 88/NF-kappaB (TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB) signaling pathway. Taken together, these relults indicated that PEW improved HUA and renal inflammation by inhibiting UA synthesis, promoting renal UA excretion and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways.

Synthesis and Characterization of SCDs/TiO2 Composite

&lt;p class="StyleE-JOURNALAbstrakKeywordsBold"&gt;Synthesis of sulphur-doped carbon nanodots immobilized on the TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; surface (SCDs/TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) composite was carried out using the sol-gel method with SCDs and titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as precursors. SCDs were prepared from citric acid monohydrate, urea, and sodium disulphite using the microwave technique. SCDs/TiO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;was then visually observed under UV 365 nm and characterized by UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry (UV-Vis/DRS), Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The SCDs/TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; composite product had a brown solid with a green luminescent under UV light. Furthermore, UV-Vis/DRS for variations in SCDs concentrations of 0.5%; 1.25%, and 2.5% showed Eg values of 2.33 eV, 2.14 eV, and 1.61 eV, respectively. The results showed that SCDs caused the maximum emission peak (λ&lt;sub&gt;Em&lt;/sub&gt;) to redshift and also affected the intensity of PL TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. There was also a shift in the absorption peak towards the visible light region. Based on the results, the 0.5% SCDs/TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; was the optimum concentration with the lowest intensity as an indication of separation of the (e&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;) and (h&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;) charge pairs, which greatly enhanced the photocatalytic efficiency.&lt;/p&gt;

Deciphering nitrous oxide emissions from tropical soils of different land uses

Tropical regions are hotspots of increasing greenhouse gas emissions associated with land-use change. Although many field studies have quantified soil fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O; a potent greenhouse gas) from various land uses, the driving mechanisms remain uncertain. Here, we used tropical soils of diverse land uses and actively manipulated the soil moisture (35%, 60%, and 95% water-filled pore space [WFPS]) and substrate supply (control, nitrate, and nitrate plus glucose) to investigate the responses of N2O emissions with short-term incubations. We then identified key factors regulating N2O emissions out of a series of soil physicochemical and biological factors and explored how these factors interacted to drive N2O emissions. Land-use changes from primary forest to oil palm or Acacia plantation risks emitting more N2O, whereas low emissions could be maintained by conversion to Macaranga forest or Imperata grassland; these laboratory observations were corroborated by a literature synthesis of field N2O measurements across tropical regions. Soil redox potential (Eh) and labile organic nitrogen (LON; amino acid mixture, arginine, and urea) mineralization were among the factors with greatest influence on N2O emissions. In contrast to common understandings, the control of WFPS over N2O emissions was largely indirect, and acted through Eh. The mineralization of LON, particularly arginine, potentially played multiple roles in N2O production (e.g., bottlenecks of nitrifier-denitrification or simultaneous nitrification-denitrification versus substrate competition for co-denitrification). Structural equation models suggest that soil-environmental factors of different levels (from distal including land use, soil moisture, and pH to proximal such as LON mineralization) drive N2O emissions through cascading interactions. Overall, we show that, despite identical initial soil conditions, land conversion can substantially alter the N2O emission potential. Also, collectively considering soil-environmental regulators and their interactions associated with land conversion is crucial to predict and design mitigation strategies for N2O emissions from land-use change.

Solvothermal preparation of nitrogen-doped carbon dots with PET waste as precursor and their application in LEDs and water detection

Developing novel, alternative ways to recycle PET waste, which has an important influence on reduction of landfilling and CO2 emissions, has always been a research hot spot for industry and academy. In this work, PET waste was adopted as precursor for the preparation of nitrogen-doped Carbon Dots (NCDs). Firstly, PET oligomers were obtained by alcoholysis of PET waste with ethylene glycol. Then, the mixture without isolation and purification as well as pyromellitic acid dianhydride and urea were adopted as precursors for the preparation of NCDs by solvothermal method with tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvent. The as-prepared NCDs has a spherical structure with an average particle size of 2.3 nm. What is more, NCDs exhibit excitation-independent emission properties, the largest excitation peak and emission peak of NCDs located in 360 nm and 470 nm, and the fluorescence quantum yield is 48.16 %. In term of application, NCDs are dispersed in PMMA and loaded on 365 nm and 430 nm LED chips to obtain LED devices emitting yellow light ((0.55, 0.44), 2018 K) and warm white light ((0.37, 0.31), 3783 K), respectively. In addition, NCDs could be adopted as fluorescent probe for the construction of sensor for water in organic solvents based on dynamic quenching of NCDs, and the limit of detection (LOD) is 0.00001 %.

Comparison the Presence of Serum Level of Albumin, Uric Acid and Creatinine in Pregnant Women Developed Symptoms of Preeclampsia and Who are Free from Symptoms of Preeclampsia: A Prospective Study

Background: Preeclampsia, a hypertension condition that develops during pregnancy, is one of the most common causes of premature labour and delivery, perinatal death, and maternal mortality. Preeclampsia and other hypertensive diseases of pregnancy complicate a significant percentage of all pregnancies, necessitating early detection and warning. Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the presence of serum level of albumin, uric acid and creatinine in pregnant women who developed symptoms of preeclampsia and who are free from symptoms of preeclampsia. Method: A prospective study was carried out among 119 pregnant women in the outpatient Department of obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh, from June 2005 July 2006.Details and data obtained from medical records section were analyzed. Results: Among 119 women, PE developed in 10 patients and 109 patients remain normotensive. Among the study group incidence of PE was 8.4%. The mean age was 25.48±5.26 vs 25.60±3.89 in control vs PE subjects respectively. At booking the mean SBP was 104.40±10.67 vs 121.50±6.26, mean DBP was 65.73±6.41 vs 68.00±5.87, mean MAP was 77.66±5.28 vs 78.62±6.39 respectively in control and PE subjects. The mean serum albumin (gm/dl) of the study groups were as follows: control 2.97±0.55 vs PE 3.73±0.52. Serum creatinine of the study group (0.78±8.5 and 0.79±6.11 in control vs PE) and serum uric acid (2.24±0.71 and 2.65±0.56 in control vs PE) shows no significant difference at booking visit. The sensitivity of S. albumin, uric acid and creatinine area is 50%, 10%, 0%. Specificity of serum albumin is 5.25%, uric acid is 9.09%. But specificity of creatinine is high (97%) positive predictive value of all parameters are low. PPV of serum albumin is 4.76%, serum creatinine is 6.6%. Negative predictive value of creatinine is high (72%). Negative predictive value of serum albumin and serum uric acid are 6.42% and 9.12% respectively. Conclusion: In developing nations, pre-eclampsia is a common cause of maternal and neonatal illness. In maternal serum, many biochemical markers of pre-eclampsia have been identified. Uric acid, creatinine, and albumin are only a few of them. Uncorrelated serum uric acid, serum creatinine, or serum urea readings are insufficient to be considered as reliable predictors of preeclampsia.

Thrombin and Factor Xa Hydrolysis of Chromogenic Substrates in the Presence of Sulfated Derivatives of Galactomannan and Galactoglucomannan Natural Gels.

Polysaccharides are important structural components of all plant species. Gel-like polysaccharides have found wide application in various fields, including medicine, construction, and the food industry. In the present work, galactomannan and galactoglucomannan gel-like polysaccharides were modified with sulfate groups and their anticoagulant activity was studied. Sulfation with chlorosulfonic acid in pyridine and with sulfamic acid in pyridine and a sulfamic acid-urea deep eutectic solvent were used as synthesis routes. The resulting gel-like polysaccharide sulfates were studied by elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. It was established that the anticoagulant effect of sulfated galactoglucomannan (SGGM) and galactomannan (SGM-1 and SGM-2) is related to an independent antithrombin-independent decrease in the amidolytic activity of thrombin and factor Xa. It is shown that the inhibitory activity of SGGM and SGM-2 against the collagen-induced platelet aggregation can be an additional factor in selecting compounds that are most promising for modifying polymer surfaces to ensure resistance to blood clotting.

Effects of Lactobacillus fermented plant products on dairy cow health, production, and environmental impact

During the onset of lactation, dairy cows experience increases in metabolic demands causing an increase in metabolic and oxidative stress that may result in disorders and reduced milk production. Dairy cows also represent a source of negative environmental impacts. Accordingly, natural products which alleviate these stresses and sources of environmental pollutants would be beneficial. The objective of this experiment was to determine how commercial products Lactobacillus fermented seaweed (Ecklonia radiata) (SWO; Animal Health Tonic; AgriSea Ltd.; Paeroa, NZ) and Lactobacillus fermented seaweed plus terrestrial plants (SWP; Fortress+; Agrisea Ltd.; Paeroa, NZ) influence dairy cow oxidative stress, environmental impacts, and production. Pregnant multiparous Holstein-Friesian × Jersey cross dairy cows (n = 27; body weight = 488.8 ± 47.6, mean ± SD) received daily oral doses of water (CON), SWO, or SWP. During the prepartum period (i.e., last third of gestation) the cows received 5-mL of their respective treatments once daily and this dose was increased to 100-mL per cow per d following calving. Ruminal fluid and blood samples were collected on d 0, 38, and 80 and blood samples were again collected 3 days after calving. Total volatile fatty acids concentrations in ruminal fluid were 26% greater (P = 0.05) in animals administered SWP compared with CON during the prepartum period. The CON cows had greater (P < 0.05) whole blood glutathione peroxidase activity than cows on SWP and SWO at all-time points following treatment application. After 80-d of administering the treatments and 3-d post calving, SWO and SWP had greater (P < 0.05) total antioxidant status of plasma (marker of ability to reduce oxidants). Three days after calving, the SWO and SWP cows had less (P < 0.05) plasma non esterified fatty acid concentrations and urea nitrogen than CON cows. Further, the SWP treatment had the lowest concentration of milk urea N and was less (P < 0.05) than CON. Accordingly, the calculated daily urinary N excretion of SWP was 18.0% lower (P < 0.05) than CON and SWO had a tendency (P = 0.07) to have 14.7% lower urinary N excretion than CON. Collectively, these results highlight the ability for these Lactobacillus fermented plant products to reduce oxidative stress during the onset of lactation in dairy cows and to reduce environmental impacts. This experiment provides important information for the improvement in periparturient dairy cows’ health and environmental impacts, which have economically important implications.

OR24-4 Targeting Hyperglucagonemia Reverses Glucagon Resistance

Abstract Elevation of glucagon levels and increase in alpha-cell mass are associated with states of hyperglycemia in diabetes. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing glucagon secretion could have major implications in understanding abnormal responses to hypoglycemia in diabetic patients and provide novel avenues for diabetes management. Stimulation of glucagon secretion in hypoglycemia, or by amino acids, induces hepatic glucose production via cellular mechanisms including suppression of glycogenesis and glycolysis and stimulation of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. The close link between amino acids and the alpha-cell is highlighted by the liver–alpha-cell axis. This axis was identified by the major increase in alpha-cell hyperplasia and hyperglucagonemia in models of reduced glucagon action in hepatocytes genetically or pharmacologically by treatment with glucagon receptor antagonists, which was subsequently attributed to the dramatic rise in amino acids. Induction of mTORC1 by constitutive genetic deletion of TSC2 in alpha-cells (aTSC2KO) recapitulated the effects of chronic hyperaminoacidemia with increases in alpha-cell mass and chronic hyperglucagonemia indicating that mTORC1 mediates amino acids signals in alpha-cells. However, the effects of acute versus chronic induction of alpha-cell mTORC1 signaling on these outcomes have not been explored. Using mice with doxycycline induction of Rheb (activator of mTORC1 signaling) (aRhebTg) and inducible Cre-mediated deletion of the mTORC1 inhibitor, TSC2, in alpha-cells (iaTSC2KO), we showed that induction of hyperglucagonemia is associated with two phases: Acute phase characterized by impaired glucose tolerance because of increased gluconeogenesis and glucose output by the liver. And a chronic phase, characterized by normalization of glucose tolerance due to downregulation of the hepatic glucagon receptor (Gcgr), Pepck, and some genes involved in amino acid metabolism and urea production. Importantly, the consequences of chronic hyperglucagonemia were reversible after normalization of glucagon levels by turning off alpha-cell Rheb expression. These studies uncovered the acute versus chronic effects of hyperglucagonemia on glucose homeostasis and further demonstrate that glucagon resistance is a reversible process. These observations provide insight into the impact of glucagon in the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia and the physiological effects of administration of dual GLP1/Glucagon receptor agonists. Presentation: Monday, June 13, 2022 11:45 a.m. - 12:00 p.m.