Universal Order Research Articles

Systematic evaluation of methyl ester bioisosteres in the context of developing alkenyldiarylmethanes (ADAMs) as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) for anti-HIV-1 chemotherapy

The alkenyldiarylmethanes (ADAMs) are a class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) targeting HIV-1. Four chemically and metabolically stabilized ADAMs incorporating N-methoxyimidoyl halide replacements of the methyl esters of the lead compound were previously reported. In this study, twenty-five new ADAMs were synthesized in order to investigate the biological consequences of installing nine different methyl ester bioisosteres at three different locations. Attempts to define a universal rank order of methyl ester bioisosteres and discover the ‘best’ one in terms of inhibitory activity versus HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) led to the realization that the potencies are critically dependent on the surrounding structure at each location, and therefore the definition of universal rank order is impossible. This investigation produced several new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in which all three of the three methyl esters of the lead compound were replaced by methyl ester bioisosteres, resulting in compounds that are more potent as HIV-1 RT inhibitors and antiviral agents than the lead compound itself and are expected to also be more metabolically stable than the lead compound.

Introduction. Imprints of Colonialism in Public International Law: On the Paradoxes of Transition

The article is an introduction to subsequent articles touching upon the relevance of colonialism to the evolution of public international law. This was the topic of a transdisciplinary research project conducted by German scholars and of an international workshop, with this issue as a yield. Imperial colonialism may be perceived as a period of transition from a parallelism of mostly unconnected ‘trans-communitarian’ systems toward today’s universal international order. A paradox is inherent in decolonisation because the price of independence consisted in non-European systems being ultimately and definitely superseded by a public international law shaped almost exclusively by European powers. This ‘birth defect’ of universality explains many persisting tensions in international legal relations. It is worthwhile to assess whether public international law could draw some inspiration from approaches in the constitutional law of selected states with a colonial heritage in view of mitigating conflicts without, however, compromising the benefits inherent in universality.

On the Margins of the Enlightenment: Blacks and Jews

The postmodern critique of the Enlightenment is much concerned with what it regards as the unwillingness of progressive thinkers of the eighteenth century to accept the legitimacy of national or cultural groups that differed significantly from norms in Western Europe. My aim is to examine how eighteenth-century thinkers, including Hume, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Condorcet, and the Abbé Grégoire, perceived prototypical “others” such as Blacks and Jews, by looking at the sources—from contemporary medical science to travel literature, proto-anthropology, history, biblical scholarship and reformist projects—on which these views were based. Perceptions of Blacks cannot easily be separated from the issue of slavery, nor that of the Jews from biblical history and theology. I argue that those who wanted to exclude these groups from mainstream society generally based their arguments on a one-dimensional, self-referential empirical methodology, while those who argued for their eventual inclusion usually posited a multidimensional reality in which a shift from one dimension to the other was a matter of will and planning. While the inclusionists tended to use general categories, such as humanity or a universal spiritual order, the exclusionists tended to use particularizing categories such as race or nation.

Crimes and Punishments: Hawthorne and Dostoyevsky

Hawthorne and Dostoyevsky are united not only by the common subject of crime and punishment but also by their preoccupation the operation of what both regarded as “moral law.” In the absence of traditional religious belief, moral law was the writers’ conduit to universal order and to God. Yet what moral law was—real or socially conditioned, naturalistic or supernatural—was a mystery to them and became more so as they explored how the mind operated. The essay focuses on three texts— Crime and Punishment , The Scarlet Letter , and The Marble Faun —but it is not a traditional critical reading; it is a reflection on the vision of the writers as they trace their subject from the conscious and unconscious determinants of crime through its psychological effects to its endpoint in punishment and whatever renewal may or may not lie beyond.

L1 INFLUENCE ON THE ACQUISITION ORDER OF ENGLISH GRAMMATICAL MORPHEMES

We revisit morpheme studies to evaluate the long-standing claim for a universal order of acquisition. We investigate the L2 acquisition order of six English grammatical morphemes by learners from seven L1 groups across five proficiency levels. Data are drawn from approximately 10,000 written exam scripts from the Cambridge Learner Corpus. The study establishes clear L1 influence on the absolute accuracy of morphemes and their acquisition order, therefore challenging the widely held view that there is a universal order of acquisition of L2 morphemes. Moreover, we find that L1 influence is morpheme specific, with morphemes encoding language-specific concepts most vulnerable to L1 influence.

L1 Influence on the Acquisition Order of English Grammatical Morphemes: A Learner Corpus Study

We revisit morpheme studies to evaluate the long-standing claim for a universal order of acquisition. We investigate the L2 acquisition order of six English grammatical morphemes by learners from seven L1 groups across five proficiency levels. Data are drawn from approximately 10,000 written exam scripts from the Cambridge Learner Corpus. The study establishes clear L1 influence on the absolute accuracy of morphemes and their acquisition order, therefore challenging the widely held view that there is a universal order of acquisition of L2 morphemes. Moreover, we find that L1 influence is morpheme specific, with morphemes encoding language-specific concepts most vulnerable to L1 influence.

From Universalism to Nationalism: Italian Freemasonry and the Great War

During the period from 1914 to 1915, prior to Italy’s entry into the First World War, Freemasonry was a powerful force in Italian public life with a strong presence in every part of the nation and in the most vital organs of the State (parliament, public administration, the armed forces). Between them, the Grand Orient and the Grand Lodge of Italy counted 25,000 members and more than 500 lodges. Freemasons played a critical role in the campaign to mobilize Italian public opinion and political parties in support of Italy’s intervention in the war as an ally of France and Great Britain. To do so, they abandoned the movement’s traditional cosmopolitan and pacifist stances and adopted instead the objectives of the nationalists, a shift that would be consolidated during the war. Nonetheless, from 1917 onwards Italian Freemasons joined their counterparts in other European countries to press for the creation of a League of Nations to promote a new post-war universal order premised on the peaceful coexistence of independent and democratic nations. In examining the initiatives taken by Italian Freemasons in this period, this article focuses on the principles that inspired them, the language they adopted and the forms of communication and mobilization they used.

Plotinov beg iz »ograde«

Prispevek obravnava Plotinov razdvojeni odnos do telesnega. Platonistična tradicija namreč zagovarja popolnost vesoljne ureditve, katere del je tudi vesoljno »telo«, torej čutno zaznavni svet. Po drugi strani pa je odnos duša-telo na individualni (torej tudi človeški) ravni drugačen od tistega na vesoljni. Vzrok je v slabosti individualne duše, ne v njenem telesu; telo je snov, ki ji je bila vdihnjena oblika, in je v tem smislu produkt duše ter v njeni oskrbi. Plotinov odpor do življenja v telesu in s tem povezan način življenja, kakršen je razviden iz Porifirijeve Vita Plotini, je posledica trenutne nemoči sprejeti naravno nujnost. Zveza telesa in duše ostaja sveta celo v trenutku mistične ekstaze, in vsak poskus nasilne prekinitve telesnega življenja je nenaraven in škodljiv.

Islam dan Globalisasi: Sebuah Pandangan tentang Universalitas Islam

Globalization is a historical fact that has significant influence on society’s life system. This condition has to facewith wise reaction. Islam as religion that have universal and global order, certainly have role on solving globalization problem.Its clear from its universality, Islam can have significant role to shape global community. Islamic universalism can be seenfrom several manifestations, e/g: cosmopolitan cultural teaching, science development, holistic social order and completevalues. From this, Islam universality is able to face economic, education, culture, technology and other problems

Elementi leibniziani nella discussione dei problemi di teodicea in Rousseau

This article deals with the presence of Leibnizian philosophical elements in Rousseau’s theodicy. According to critics, theodicy is a large and complex problem that involves the whole of Rousseau’s thinking. In formulating a new and original solution, Rousseau often refers to Leibniz’s use of notions of universal order and harmony. An analysis is made of Rousseau’s texts that are more directly concerned with the problem of evil, namely Lettre a Philopolis, presumably written in 1755, Lettre a Voltaire dated August 18, 1756, Profession de foi du vicaire savoyard, and Lettre a M. de Franquiere, January 1769. These texts show that, starting from the Second Discourse, Rousseau reflects deeply on the issues of theodicy referring constantly to the notion of harmony and order arrived at by Leibniz. On this basis, he is able to reinstate in opposition to Voltaire the role of Providence by taking up and reinterpreting Leibniz’s solution.

Las constituciones y los tratados en materia de derechos humanos: América Latina

Sovereignty is a legal and political concept in which, as Ferrajoli points out, the problems and aporias of the theory of law and the State converge. The idea of sovereignty, even though it is already known in the Middle Ages by authors such as Beaumanoir and Marino de Caramanico, in its meaning of "suprema potesta superiorem non recognoscens" goes back to the moment of appearance of the European national States and to the weakening, in the threshold of the modern age, the idea of universal legal order that medieval culture had inherited from Roman civilization.

ALTERNATIVE MODEL CONCEPT OF LAW TO RESPOND THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION OF LIBERAL DEMOCRATION IN INDONESIA

Democracy is a universal state order with the concept of sovereignty vested in the people and implemented as an application of human dignity with the value of brotherhood, equality and freedom. The big issue for Indonesia is a communal atmosphere and collective behavior that is fading while the competitive behavior of individuals is increasingly valued. Subsequent impact is the blurring of the benchmark assessment of individual behavior, which in turn trigger the formation of social issues that increasingly complex. There are at least three alternative models of law concept responded impact of globalization of democracy, first: engineering and social control over management model, characterized by results rather than process-oriented; second, the critical model where the law continually refined through process of falsification; third, the law is formulated, implemented and enforced based on the postulate–progressiveresponsive. Keywords: globalization, democracy, law concept

Universal order parameters and quantum phase transitions: a finite-size approach.

We propose a method to construct universal order parameters for quantum phase transitions in many-body lattice systems. The method exploits the H-orthogonality of a few near-degenerate lowest states of the Hamiltonian describing a given finite-size system, which makes it possible to perform finite-size scaling and take full advantage of currently available numerical algorithms. An explicit connection is established between the fidelity per site between two H-orthogonal states and the energy gap between the ground state and low-lying excited states in the finite-size system. The physical information encoded in this gap arising from finite-size fluctuations clarifies the origin of the universal order parameter. We demonstrate the procedure for the one-dimensional quantum formulation of the q-state Potts model, for q = 2, 3, 4 and 5, as prototypical examples, using finite-size data obtained from the density matrix renormalization group algorithm.

Архетипні риси біографії Каспара Гаузера в казковій повісті Галини Пагутяк “Втеча звірів, або Новий бестіарій”

The article analyzes the semantics of the archetype of „the noble savage” embodied in the image of Kaspar Hauser from the fairy-tale „The Escape of the Animals, or the New Bestiary” by Halyna Pahutiak. It looks at such features of this archetype as moral innocence, inborn kindness, harmonious relationships with nature, intentions to restore the lost order of the Universe. The article details the semantics of damaging influences of the civilization which prevent a person from realizing his or her life mission, expressed in a literary interpretation of „Kaspar Hauser syndrome”. It studies the specific character of creating the image of the same name in the novel by the German writer J. Wassermann, which is a sample of a literary biography. The paper considers the allusive connections of Kaspar Hauser image with the myth of the Golden Age, associated with the nostalgia for the lost Paradise; the mythopoetic image of the Unicorn; the semiotic system of the Old Testament. It deals with the peculiar character of realizing the motifs of loneliness, alienation, human sins, lost universal order, search for harmony. The article highlights the particular qualities of Halyna Pahutiak’s mythological thinking, which is realized through the interpretation of the world mythology images, symbols and sacred texts by actualizing the senses subordinate to the author’s intention.

The Jus Gentium as Universal Order

The Jus Gentium as Universal Order

Confucian pluralism and China’s dream of a harmonious world

This article will critique three aspects of the conservative re-sacralization project deemed incongruent with China’s dream of a harmonious world. The first pertains to the prevailing Han-centric rendition of the Confucian tradition. Rebuttals are made in support of an emerging multicultural ‘global Confucianism’, an international movement that would further the Chinese quest for a universal ethical order. The next criticism relates to the proposal by conservatives for a Confucian church and the installation of Confucianism as China’s state religion. In response, counterarguments are advanced for the re-institution of ‘civil Confucianism’. One key issue is whether scholar-officials or clerics can restore a more holistic, pluralistic re-enchanted China. The final contention addresses the conservative melancholic Hobbesian worldview. The Confucian vision, I explain, is essentially sanguine and the clash of civilizations not inevitable. Moreover, China and the United States share core values for both to jointly sustain a harmonious world.

Faith and Sheep's Guts in Much Ado About Nothing

Critics have generally downplayed the dramatic importance of music in Much Ado About Nothing in comparison to other of Shakespeare's plays, especially the later comedies and romances, yet in Shakespeare's most punning play, figurative references to music are central. In Benedick's response to Balthasar's song in act 2 scene 3 – “Is it not strange that sheep's guts should hale souls out of men's bodies” – is a pun that is buried deep enough to be overlooked by modern readers but would not have been inaccessible to the attentive and learned member of Shakespeare's original audience. In this central scene, etymological and cultural associations of music with faith/faithlessness and harmony/discord establish a thematic framework for Benedick's emergence as the agent of fidelity and social harmony in opposition Don John, the agent of discord. This essay begins by establishing Benedick's pun on fidēs (a gut-string for a musical instrument) and fides (faith, loyalty) and its association with a related term, nervus (a sinew or tendon, sometimes used for the string of a musical instrument), in early modern lexicography. The essay then goes on to examine the theoretical association in early modern musicology of music with personal, social, and universal order and harmony; of particular interest is the cultural commonplace that strings made of sheep's and wolf's guts wound together are inevitably and inherently discordant. In this context the antipathy between sheep and wolf gut becomes an emblem for understanding the way in which Shakespeare frames the developing conflict between Benedick and Don John through discord and the re-establishment of social harmony in the marriage of Hero and Claudio.

Hume's Scepticism Revisited

AbstractI shall situate Hume's scepticism within a broader philosophical and historical context. Firstly, I shall consider the place of Hume's thought within the early modern break with the almost millennium long metaphysical tradition, a break initiated by Descartes. The framework of being structured by a universal order was replaced by the individual human mind that broke free from any higher authority and became an autonomous cognitive agent. Subsequently, the ontological self-evidence of the world or the possibility of adequate knowledge came under sceptical attack. Hume firmly belongs to this discourse and can be seen as the most consistent exponent of this early modern sceptical line. In this light, the ‘New Hume’ claim that Hume was an ontological realist will be shown to be misplaced in principle. Secondly, the strong influence of Pyrrhonism on Hume's philosophy will be considered, together with his concept of mitigated scepticism. The Pyrrhonian legacy is especially noticeable in Hume's acceptance of the weakness of reason and in his emphasis on the instructive role of philosophy – instead of attempting to make it the foundation of science it becomes a guide to a balanced, happy life. In this respect, Hume stands outside the early modern mainstream in philosophy.

Universal Order and Gap Statistics of Critical Branching Brownian Motion

We study the order statistics of one dimensional branching Brownian motion in which particles either diffuse (with diffusion constant $D$), die (with rate $d$) or split into two particles (with rate $b$). At the critical point $b=d$ which we focus on, we show that, at large time $t$, the particles are collectively bunched together. We find indeed that there are two length scales in the system: (i) the diffusive length scale $\sim \sqrt{Dt}$ which controls the collective fluctuations of the whole bunch and (ii) the length scale of the gap between the bunched particles $\sim \sqrt{D/b}$. We compute the probability distribution function $P(g_k,t|n)$ of the $k$th gap $g_k = x_k - x_{k+1}$ between the $k$th and $(k+1)$th particles given that the system contains exactly $n>k$ particles at time $t$. We show that at large $t$, it converges to a stationary distribution $P(g_k,t\to \infty|n) = p(g_k|n)$ with an algebraic tail $p(g_k|n) \sim 8(D/b) g_k^{-3}$, for $g_k \gg 1$, independent of $k$ and $n$. We verify our predictions with Monte Carlo simulations.

Ethics, Law, and Humanitarian Intervention:

Ethics, Law, and Humanitarian Intervention: