Universal Methods Research Articles

Prevailing Types of Loneliness in the Modern Transforming Society

Relevance. In modern society, loneliness is facing society as one of the urgent problems. This is not just a complex phenomenon in the life of an individual, it also has a huge social significance that requires in-depth analysis by sociology and philosophy. The development of high technologies and artificial intelligence has made people more isolated from each other, and often virtual communication completely replaces interpersonal communication in real life. This leads to the emergence of the problem of virtual communication, which, in turn, has an ambiguous effect on the problems of loneliness in each individual. The purpose is the study of the phenomenon of loneliness in the transforming social conditions of modern society. Objectives: To determine the essence of loneliness in modern society; to determine the types of loneliness and the social conditions of their formation in modern society; to analyze the social factors of loneliness in the modern world. Methodology. . The research was conducted on the basis of a systematic approach within the framework of structural functionalism using universal scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis and generalization. Results. The main results are presented as follows: within the framework of this article, a study was conducted with the help of which we typologized the types of loneliness and characterized the main causes of loneliness. Conclusions. Using a sociological survey, we determined that the main socio-demographic factors influencing feelings are age, level of education and population density. Also, urbanization and dependence on social networks have a strong impact on loneliness.

DEVELOPMENT, CORRECTIVE AND REHABILITATION OPPORTUNITIES OF A TALE TO WORK WITH PRESCHOOLERS

The article deals with creative and development, corrective and rehabilitation opportunities of a tale to work with preschoolers. Under the urgent unsteady social and cultural conditions, a new line and trend of the native education development is being formed; it is originated in humanism and democracy, creativity and self-realization. The process is aimed at optimizing the cooperation between a personality, society and nature in the life creativity of every citizen, regardless of the development level, social status, mental and physical opportunities, etc. Thus, forming the content, teaching and upbringing forms and methods for the children play a significant role. These tools may provide for the effective revealing of their personalities, forming the ability to think creatively, independently make customized solutions, perform a flexible reaction on the changes under the conditions of a radical restructuring of every spheres of the society life.The problem is actualized by a rapid mental health deterioration of children that is caused by traumatic events of the brutal war of aggression of rf against Ukraine. Most children suffer from anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, dissociative and behavioral disorders. Since, it is the education system which is designed to both develop a creative, socially active and harmoniously developed personality and provide an everyday social and psychological, as well as an emotional support for children. Here it is a teacher of a preschool institution in the center, who should possess these universal methods, tools, techniques of a creative development of preschoolers and being oriented on their corrective and rehabilitation opportunities. A tale is among the integrative tools of creative abilities development of a child, correction of the internal deformations and harmonization of his relation to the external world.Based on a tale use in an educational process at a pre-school institution, the authors determine creative and development functions of a tale, that include expanding the range of abilities (cognitive, intellectual, specific: artistic, literary, mathematical and others) and individual features (emotionality, courage of imagination, fantasy, intuitivity, etc.) of the children; they are getting visible and rich at the practice of different constructive activity, which results are described as new and original. Corrective and rehabilitation opportunities are also proved. They comprise the reflection of a child’s internal world, the consideration of complex phenomena and feelings, identification of his emotional status with the hero, comprehension of the problem and its solution, mastering the constructive variants to solve conflicts, the behavior change, emotional reactions, social communicative skills, learning moral standards

ON SOME LEXICAL PECULIARITIES IN ODESSA MODERN BULGARIAN DAMASKINS

The purpose of this paper is to present some results of a dissertation study dedicated to the peculiarities of the Modern Bulgarian Odessa Damaskins of the 18th century. The manuscripts are part of a collection known in science as the collection of Grigorovich. They were discovered during the scientific journey of the Slavist scholar to the Bulgarian lands (1844–1845). Today, they are stored in a book depository outside Bulgaria, which makes their research difficult. At the same time, the excerpted lexical material offers rich linguistic material for characterizing important aspects of the Old Bulgarian lexicon. The theoretical analysis and the practical work with the manuscripts show that the peculiarities of the Modern Bulgarian language and the trends of development in the 18th century need to be considered more broadly. There are a number of specific issues related to the Damaskin literature of the 18th century which have been little developed in the scientific literature and have not previously been the subject of description and analysis. The aim is to outline the general picture of the word composition of the studied manuscripts, taking into account the external and internal linguistic factors and phenomena that were important in the process of creating the written texts. All this, together with other lexical characteristics, allowed outlining sustainable trends in the linguistic specificity of Damaskin literature during the period. To build the concept of the article, various universal methods such as descriptive, analytical, comparative-historical methods were used.

Kai kurie individualūs lietuvių kalbos kaip svetimosios mokymosi ypatumai suaugusiųjų daugiakalbių grupėje

This article exposes some linguodidactic issues concerning teaching Lithuanian as a foreign language. Before discussing the study of multilingual students in section 3, the following theoretical premises are examined in sections 1 and 2: intercomprehension, language and multilingual awareness, L3 acquisition, experience with CLIL. The recordings of dialogues with the multilingual students show them to be aware language learners with a very specific and diverse theoretical motivation. One informant used a very traditional and grammar-oriented method for learning several languages. The main task for the teacher was to suggest a universal common learning plan and methods for the multilingual group in order to achieve the next language proficiency level and to improve students’ missingskills in language comprehension and speaking.

Continuous Spinning of High-Tough Hydrogel Fibers for Flexible Electronics by Using Regional Heterogeneous Polymerization.

Hydrogel fibers have attracted substantial interest for application in flexible electronics due to their ionic conductivity, high specific surface area, and ease of constructing multidimensional structures. However, universal continuous spinning methods for hydrogel fibers are yet lacking. Based on the hydrophobic mold induced regional heterogeneous polymerization, a universal self-lubricating spinning (SLS) strategy for the continuous fabrication of hydrogel fibers from monomers is developed. The universality of the SLS strategy is demonstrated by the successful spinning of 10 vinyl monomer-based hydrogel fibers. Benefiting from theuniversality of the SLS strategy, the SLS strategy can be combined with pre-gel design and post-treatment toughening to prepare highly entangled polyacrylamide (PAM) and ionic crosslinked poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)/Fe3+ (W-PAMAA/Fe3+ ) hydrogel fibers, respectively. In particular, the W-PAMAA/Fe3+ hydrogel fiber exhibited excellent mechanical properties (tensile stress > 4MPa, tensile strain > 400%) even after 120 days of swelling in the pH of 3-9. Furthermore, owing to the excellent multi-faceted performance and one-dimensionalityof W-PAMAA/Fe3+ hydrogel fibers, flexible sensors with different dimensions and functions can be constructed bottom-up, including the one-dimensional (1D) strain sensor, two-dimensional (2D) direction sensor, three-dimensional (3D) pressure sensor, and underwater communication sensor to present the great potential of hydrogel fibers in flexible electronics.

Using of Some Concepts of Financial Management in the Evaluation of Objects of Financial Accounting

The concept of the time value of money and the effective interest rate are systemically important in the framework of financial management. In this regard, it is strange that the provisions of these theories are still minimally used within the framework of the information support system for the management decision-making process — financial accounting. The article discusses the main areas in which discounting and value accumulation procedures are currently used in financial accounting, calculations based on the effective interest rate are used. The content of Russian and International accounting and financial reporting standards, which regulate the relevant issues, is analyzed. The conclusion is substantiated that using of existing developments in the framework of financial management in financial accounting is clearly not enough. Suggestions are made on potential directions for the implementation of relevant practices in financial accounting. A hypothesis is put forward about the need to use universal methods for evaluating objects of financial accounting based on the concept of the time value of money. A methodology for such evaluation is proposed.

Common elements to reduce seclusion in child and adolescent residential care settings: A synthesis of literature and semi-structured interviews

In the past decades, awareness of the harmful effects of seclusion has led to a strong desire to reduce its use in child and adolescent residential care settings. As a response, various seclusion reduction interventions have been developed and implemented in practice. These interventions consist of both methods as well as more practice-based and ad hoc actions. Identification of common elements within this wide variety of seclusion reduction interventions would be beneficial for the further understanding and implementation of these interventions, training of staff, and research aimed at the reduction of seclusion. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the common elements of both methods and practice-based actions to reduce seclusion in child and adolescent residential care settings. A literature review and semi-structured interviews with experienced professionals involved in child and adolescent residential care were used to determine the common elements of seclusion reduction interventions. In total, 21 studies and 11 interviews were assessed. This led to the identification of two domains with six common elements each. Further investigation of how these common elements influence the reduction of seclusion could potentially build strong universal methods and training modules for the reduction of seclusion in a broad range of child and adolescent residential care settings.

Nucleoside Analogs: A Review of Its Source and Separation Processes.

Nucleoside analogs play a crucial role in the production of high-value antitumor and antimicrobial drugs. Currently, nucleoside analogs are mainly obtained through nucleic acid degradation, chemical synthesis, and biotransformation. However, these methods face several challenges, such as low concentration of the main product, the presence of complex matrices, and the generation of numerous by-products that significantly limit the development of new drugs and their pharmacological studies. Therefore, this work aims to summarize the universal separation methods of nucleoside analogs, including crystallization, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), column chromatography, solvent extraction, and adsorption. The review also explores the application of molecular imprinting techniques (MITs) in enhancing the identification of the separation process. It compares existing studies reported on adsorbents of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the separation of nucleoside analogs. The development of new methods for selective separation and purification of nucleosides is vital to improving the efficiency and quality of nucleoside production. It enables us to obtain nucleoside products that are essential for the development of antitumor and antiviral drugs. Additionally, these methods possess immense potential in the prevention and control of serious diseases, offering significant economic, social, and scientific benefits to the fields of environment, biomedical research, and clinical therapeutics.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP FOR PUMPING BINGHAM LIQUID WITH DIFFERENT VALUES OF YIELD STRESSES

General techniques for designing centrifugal pumps are based on calculation features and experimental data on water pumping. On the other hand, pumping non-Newtonian liquids, and Bingham liquids in particular, can change the position of the best efficiency points and change the characteristics. The use of numerical methods allows not only to speed up the search for optimal flow parts, but also to check the possibility of pump operation under extreme operating parameters with different viscosities of a non-Newtonian liquid: from zero viscosity (ideal liquid) to extremely high values, and to create more universal design methods pumps of various types. General techniques for designing centrifugal pumps for pumping non- Newtonian fluids involve adjusting the characteristic depending on the effective viscosity, which for Bingham fluid is calculated from the plastic viscosity. The paper determines the influence of the values of the yield stresses of the Bingham fluid on the characteristics of the centrifugal pump by solving the Reynolds equations, continuity, the turbulence model and the rheological model of the Bingham fluid. It was found that with the same flow rate, the pressure at the pump outlet decreases by no more than 5,1 %. There is a slight shift in the characteristic to the zone of lower flow rate. Thus, the yield stresses have practically no effect on the pressure characteristic of the centrifugal pump. The yield stresses have a sufficient influence on the pump efficiency that they must be considered during the design of the flow part. The efficiency decreases by 10 % when pumping liquid with yield stresses of 100 Pa. A decrease in the efficiency of the pump may be related to the kinematic parameters of the pump and the result of a decrease in pressure distribution on the blade.

К вопросу внедрения риск-менеджмента в вузах Казахстана (из опыта Карагандинского университета имени Е.А. Букетова)

The article presents the experience of Karaganda Buketov University on the implementation of risk management into its business processes, on the formation of a culture of risk management. The implementation of risk management is based on five fundamental principles of an effective risk management culture, adherence to which can be traced at all stages of implementation. The purpose of the article is to show the integration of the forementioned principles in the process of implementing risk management at the university. In the context of the purpose of the study, the article describes in detail the stages of implementation, ways and mechanisms that contribute to the formation of a culture of risk management. The implementation of risk management at Karaganda Buketov University is based on a systematic approach with universal research methods.

Reversible adversarial steganography for security enhancement

In adaptive steganography, existing universal stego post-processing methods can enhance security, but suffer from incorrect extraction of messages and undesired visual defects, especially in flat regions. To address this issue, a reversible adversarial steganography method is proposed by modifying the LSB or 2ndLSB of stego-images, which has promising visual quality and security. To that end, the content-adaptive adversarial perturbations are first generated, which consider image texture with noise residual features to counter deep learning-based steganalyzers. Then, a data compression strategy of adversarial perturbations is designed by applying lossless run-length encoding based on the sparse nature of non-zero elements in the perturbations to reduce the perturbation’s quantity. Finally, reversible data hiding based on ternary coding is applied to embed and extract stego images with compressed adversarial perturbations. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively enhance security and visual quality compared with state-of-the-art methods.

To the question of the typology of the mechanisms of criminal law influence and the possibilities of their criminological support

The object of the study is criminal law impact – a legal phenomenon that is subject to development in domestic criminal law, but has received insufficient research due to the ongoing discussions of legal scholars about its content, place in the system of legal regulation and mechanism of action. The subject of the study is, firstly, the typology of the mechanisms of criminal law regulation, and secondly, the possibilities and methods of criminological support of such mechanisms. The typology is based on different types of criminal law rationality, which, in turn, through legal consciousness and legal culture, set different expectations from the application of criminal law in different cases. The author draws attention to the fact that the attempt to present the mechanism of criminal-legal impact as a single phenomenon, as well as the efforts of legal scholars to develop universal methods of criminological justification of criminal-legal prohibition face serious difficulties. To overcome them, it is proposed to distinguish three types of the mechanism of criminal legal impact, as well as to focus attention not so much on the justification of decisions on criminalization or decriminalization, as on criminological support of the process of criminal legal impact, taking into account the typology carried out. The main methods of criminological support of each type of mechanism of criminal legal influence are proposed. Taking into account the peculiarities of the functioning of the social control system, separate recommendations for reducing or strengthening the processes of stigmatization of offenders are proposed for each type.

The 1974 Constitution of SFR Yugoslavia: certain content aspects

he aim of the work is to study and analyze the main provisions of the 1974 Constitutionof SFR Yugoslavia.The methodological basis of the study is a system of methods, scientific approaches, techniques and principles that were aimed at achieving the study objectives. Universal, general scientific and special legal methods were used. Thus, for example, the methods of analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction allowed to generalize the acquired knowledge, which became the basis of scientific intelligence.Results. The authors focus on Constitution role in the legal acts hierarchy of the former Yugoslavia.The study identifies the structure and provisions content of the Basic Law. As part of the analysis of this document, the authors delineate the spheres of competence between the federation and its constituent entities, and also pay attention to state apparatus functioning and the powers of individual governmental institutions.Conclusions. The article outlines a scheme for analyzing the 1974 SFRY Constitution. It should be emphasized that the Constitution made serious changes to all spheres of life in Yugoslav society.The SFRY Constitution was at the top of Yugoslav legal acts hierarchy. The constitutions of the union republics, union laws and all other regulations and joint acts had to comply with it, but in case of non-compliance, they continued to be in force until the CCJ decision. The working class as the main component of the socialist system was the SFRY law source. As a result of the 1974 Constitution adoption, Yugoslavia acquired a lot of confederal system features, transforming from a partial union state into a union of states. The vertical links between the subjects were more formal, defining Yugoslavia as a voluntary union of peoples. The legislators’ attempts to ensure the principle of equality among peoples and nations in Yugoslavia led to the spread of centrifugal tendencies and sentiments in the union republics, creating the basis for the possibility of national entities independent functioning and, as a result, led to the collapse of the union state.

On the priority direction in the communicative functional literacy formation among younger schoolchildren of the Murmansk region

The article presents an analysis of the results of the All-Russian testing works on the subjects of “The Russian language” and “The world around us” in the 4th and 5th grades of educational organizations of the Murmansk region in the period from 2020 to 2022 in the aspect of communicative functional literacy formation in younger schoolchildren as a set of integrative and subject components based on the developed subject, meta-subject and universal methods of educational activity, as well as the ability of students to create speech utterances in writing based on the presented information and their own life experience, including knowledge about their native land

Recent Advancements in the Field of Deepfake Detection

A deepfake is a photo or video of a person whose image has been digitally altered or partially replaced with an image of someone else. Deepfakes have the potential to cause a variety of problems and are often used maliciously. A common usage is altering videos of prominent political figures and celebrities. These deepfakes can portray them making offensive, problematic, and/or untrue statements. Current deepfakes can be very realistic, and when used in this way, can spread panic and even influence elections and political opinions. There are many deepfake detection strategies currently in use but finding the most comprehensive and universal method is critical. So, in this survey we will address the problems of malicious deepfake creation and the lack of universal deepfake detection methods. Our objective is to survey and analyze a variety of current methods and advances in the field of deepfake detection.

A Study on Short‐Term Wind Power Forecasting Method Based on Wind Speed Spatio‐Temporal Calibration and Power Self‐adaptive Correction

Accurately predicting wind power is premise for the large‐scale integration of wind energy into the power grid and realizing reliable power grid scheduling and efficient wind farm operation. The spatial–temporal differences between the acquisition points of numerical weather prediction and wind farm sites should be considered because they significantly affect the accuracy of wind power output. Meanwhile, since there are different actual constraints on wind farm electrical networks and units, and the weather conditions may vary, there are no universal methods for identifying and correcting wind power output. To this end, this paper proposes a wind speed calibration model based on an Attention‐Bi‐LSTM network and a self‐adaptive recognition‐correction model based on SHAP‐CART classification for wind power output prediction. First, a spatial–temporal dataset is established by using real weather data from wind farm sites and data from the surrounding NWP points. Then, wind speed is accurately calibrated using the Attention‐Bi‐LSTM model. Next, considering the practical constraints on wind farm electrical networks and units, the self‐adaptive recognition‐correction model based on SHAP‐CART classification is employed to effectively recognize and predict the operating states and power output of the units, thus improving the accuracy and stability of wind power output prediction. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method is verified by using a wind farm in Eastern China as an example and analyzing the prediction results in various approaches. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Parameter mapping of hemiplegic shoulder electrical stimulation for motor function: A scoping review.

Electrical stimulation (ES) of the shoulder is effective in treating subluxation and shoulder pain. However, few studies have reported on ES of the hemiplegic shoulder with motor function as an outcome; thus, the method remains unclear. We aimed to map the existing evidence and identify the parameters for ES of the hemiplegic shoulder for motor function in stroke patients. A literature search was performed through PubMed and Scopus to retrieve original articles from 1975 to March 2023 using the terms "stroke", "shoulder", and "electricity". We selected studies in which ES was performed on hemiplegic shoulders after stroke, parameters were described, and upper extremity motor functional assessment was included as an outcome. The extracted data included study design, phase, sample size, electrode position, parameters, intervention period, evaluation frequency, outcomes, and results. Of the 449 titles identified, 25 fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Nineteen were randomized controlled trials. The most common electrode positions and parameters (frequency and pulse width) were over the posterior deltoid and the supraspinatus (upper trapezius) muscles, 30 Hz, and 250μs, respectively. The intervention period was 30-60 minutes per day, 5-7 days per week, for 4-5 weeks in over half of the studies. Stimulation positions and parameters for electrical stimulation of the hemiplegic shoulder are inconsistent. Whether ES represents a significant treatment option remains unclear. Establishing universal ES methods is necessary to improve the motor function of hemiplegic shoulders.

Development of a New Approach to the Problem of Detecting the Integrity Violations of a Digital Image

The energy sector is an integral part of the critical infrastructure of any state and is particularly sensitive to the quality of information security systems. Due to the diversity of activities of various organizations in the energy industry, almost all threats to information security are relevant to them, in particular, unauthorized changes in information content. The aim of the work is to develop the new approach to the examination of the integrity of images, which will provide the possibility of building universal methods for detecting its violations, effective regardless of the strength and type of influences that change them. The aim was achieved by: introducing the concept of “frequency index” for the singular vector of the image matrix, and study of the properties of the dependence of the frequency index of a singular vector on its number. The most important result of the work is the almost constant rate of increase the trend of the studied function, which results in the linearity of the frequency index of singular vectors for digital images, the integrity of which is not violated. This characteristic is sensitive to any changes in the image matrix. The significance of the obtained result lies in the fact that the use of the established properties for the function of the dependence of the frequency index of singular vectors on its number makes it possible to develop universal integrity examination methods that are effective regardless of the strength and type of disturbances that violated the integrity of the image.

Surveyor and analyst biases in forest density estimation from United States Public Land Surveys

AbstractAccurate forest density estimates based on United States Public Land Surveys have long been questioned because of doubts about randomness of both the surveyors' selection of witness trees and the underlying tree dispersion. This study analyzes the surveyor sampling of witness trees in six Midwestern states in the mid‐1800s. It develops universal methods for identification, quantification, and correction of bias, and then calculation of unbiased density. Applying these techniques produces unbiased site‐specific densities before Euro‐American settlement, which are the essential baseline for determining historic changes in forest structure. Previous analysts used untested assumptions, inaccurate estimators, unknown or unrealistic sampling designs, and omitted or poorly corrected surveyor bias, resulting in hundreds of unreliable density estimates. The surveyors' recording of the empirical distance, bearing, and diameter of witness trees documented the exact sampling design. The intended design and deviation from it are investigated with a combination of descriptive statistics, probability theory, computer simulations, analogue geometric models, and modern stand conditions. Herein, analyst bias is eliminated using the robust Morisita II density estimator matching the predominant sampling design of two trees in opposing semicircles. Six widespread surveyor biases deviating from the nearest tree to the corner are evaluated. Quadrant bias and diameter bias for medium‐sized trees are subsumed under newly framed design and small tree biases. Two novel surveyor positional biases (pair angle and near‐post) are introduced here. Previously recognized azimuthal and species biases are analyzed with new techniques. Widely postulated surveyor bias for certain species was found to be minimal. Bias correction and density estimation are applied in detail over 68 townships in northern Wisconsin. The estimated historical forest density in northern Wisconsin, corrected for bias and small tree truncation, averaged 323 trees/ha ≥20 cm. Over 80 Midwestern subregions, surveyors bypassed an estimated 17% of the nearest trees due to their position, resulting in an average bias correction of +24% over the base density. If censored trees below a 20‐cm “veil‐line” are considered, the surveyors bypassed 48% of the nearest trees >12.7 cm in diameter. This study resolves a 70‐year‐old conundrum of surveyor and analyst biases in historical density estimation.

A Novel BILSTM-CNN Method for Pattern Recognition in Real Time Under Triple Physical Loads in Lower Extremity Exoskeleton

Pattern recognition is of great importance in compliant control of lower extremity exoskeleton. We propose a novel method based on the BILSTM-CNN model for pattern recognition in real time under triple physical loads on different terrains. BILSTM is skilled in dealing with temporal series data while CNN is proficient in coping with spatial series data. Five patterns include level ground walking (LW), stair ascending (SA), stair descending (SD), ramp ascending (RA), and ramp descending (RD). Their accuracies in multigrade loads of 0kg, 20kg, and 40kg reach 98.81%, 98.24%, and 97.04% respectively. Moreover, compared with the universal methods of LSTM, CNN, and BP, the hybrid method has competitive advantage in evaluation indexes of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. In addition to five steady patterns, eight pattern transitions are identified between two neighboring states, such as LW to SA, LW to SD, LW to RA, LW to RD, SA to LW, SD to LW, RA to LW, and RD to LW. For pattern transitions, prediction time (Pre-T) of next pattern in multilevel loads of 0kg, 20kg, and 40kg are 190-620 ms, 180-420 ms, and 50-90 ms respectively prior to the step into that pattern. Pattern transition time (Aug-In) in multilevel loads of 0kg, 20kg, and 40kg are 50-190 ms, 30-310 ms, and 0-280 ms respectively before Pre-T of next pattern. Eventually, the experimental results indicate the proposed method has excellent performance on pattern recognition and pattern transition.