Unified Standpoint Research Articles

STATISTICAL MODEL OF AERODYNAMIC IMPACT ON THE LARGE-SPAN COVERAGE

The aim of the study was to study the possibility of using the Dirichlet distribution as a statistical model of the process of dynamic interaction of large-span structures with aerodynamic load. As an object of research, a model of a hangar building was chosen for the maintenance of two AirbusA-380 aircraft at a scale of 1: 500 blown in a wind tunnel at five directions of wind flow at angles of 0 °, 30 °, 45 °, 60 °, 90 ° to the front of the structure ... It is shown that the statistical model of the Dirichlet distribution has sufficient flexibility and realism and compares favorably with the models built on the basis of the normal distribution, beta distribution, gamma distribution and Poisson distribution when describing the processes of intense dynamic interaction of wind load with structural elements. The problem of finding an integral assessment of the state of the processes of interaction of the wind load with the hangar building for the maintenance of two aircraft was reduced to calculating the self-organization parameter of the distribution over the surface of the building model of the aerodynamic coefficients, which was taken as the ratio of the total weighted amount of the Dirichlet models detected in the analyzed numerical series of the registered signal i-th dimension with negative external entropy to the total weighted number of Dirichlet models with positive external entropy.
 The study showed that the dimensionless informational and statistical indicator of self-organization makes it possible from a unified standpoint to assess the states that differ from each other in terms of external signs, the processes of interaction and their dynamics. The integral indicator can be used to rank the efficiency of operating systems and can be useful in assessing the state of the processes of dynamic interaction of the operating pressure and objects and structures of various shapes and purposes.

Technological mineralogy: development of a comprehensive assessment of titanium ores (exemplified by the Pizhemskoye deposit)

Technological mineralogy of titanium ores is the basis for assessing their complexity. It enables, from a unified standpoint, to trace the entire course of changes in mineral matter through operating procedures, including beneficiation, processing, and obtaining target industrial products. The study targets are Pizhemskoye ilmenite-leucoxene sandstones, which are distinguished by a complex polymineral composition. Along with the main ore components, there are other metals with different speciation (isomorphic admixture, independent mineral phases). The optimal set of mineralogical analysis methods for the predictive assessment of their further use is substantiated exemplified by titanium ores of the Pizhemskoye deposit, which are complex, noted for a variable content of iron oxides and contain rare earth metals. Examinations by X-ray phase analysis and scanning electron microscopy confirm that the main titanium phases of sandstones are pseudorutile and a polymineral aggregate, “leucoxene”. Considering the granulometric peculiarities of the magnetic and non-magnetic fractions of the gravity concentrate, the prospects of technologies for processing titanium raw materials are discussed. Along with the problems of obtaining high-quality raw materials, the transformations of mineral phases as a result of extreme impacts and their physicochemical properties as a consequence of isomorphic substitution of a part of Ti atoms with natural modifier agents (Fe and V) in the synthesis of titanium oxide nanostructures for industrial applications are considered (photocatalytic nanoreactor).

Influence of the Dufour Effect on Shear Thermal Diffusion Flows

The article considers thermal diffusion shear flows of a viscous incompressible fluid with spatial acceleration. The simulation uses a system of thermal diffusion equations (in the Boussinesq approximation), taking into account the Dufour effect. This system makes it possible to describe incompressible gases, for which this effect prevails, from a unified standpoint. It is shown that for shear flows, the system of equations under study is nonlinear and overdetermined. In view of the absence of a theorem on the existence and smoothness of the solution of the Navier–Stokes equation, the integration of the existing system seems to be an extremely difficult task. The article studies the question of the existence of a solution in the class of functions represented as complete linear forms in two Cartesian coordinates with non-linear (with respect to the third Cartesian coordinate) coefficients. It is shown that the system is non-trivially solvable under a certain condition (compatibility condition) constructed by the authors. The corresponding theorem is formulated and proven. These conclusions are illustrated by a comparison with the previously obtained results.

Statistical Modeling of Chlorinated Chemical Compounds Bioactivity

A general regression equation based on physical concepts of the behavior of a polar molecule in a condensed medium is derived. The regression equation makes it possible, from a unified standpoint, to statistically significantly explain the toxicity of both chlorine-substituted benzenes and saturated and unsaturated chlorinated hydrocarbons. Statistically significant explanatory molecular features that determine the bioactivity of drugs have been identified.

Statistical Modeling of Chlorinated Chemical Compounds Bioactivity

A general regression equation based on physical concepts of the behavior of a polar molecule in a condensed medium is derived. The regression equation makes it possible, from a unified standpoint, to statistically significantly explain the toxicity of both chlorine-substituted benzenes and saturated and unsaturated chlorinated hydrocarbons. Statistically significant explanatory molecular features that determine the bioactivity of drugs have been identified.

Каузальный след в индивидуально-интеллектуальных интеграциях. Сообщение 1. Интеграции и каузальность

Today, there is a huge variety of theories, empirical models that explain different aspects of the human psyche. All this diversity leads to a «faceted» psychology (D.V. Ushakov). Is it possible to move from this state of empirical multidimensionality to a holistic understanding of the person? Ya.A. Ponomarev proposed two ways to solve this problem: the «top-down» synthesis and the «bottom-up» synthesis. The former involves moving from theory to empirical verification, the latter — from empirical models to the-oretical generalizations. A third way is also possible: integration «from above» and «from below» jointly, i.e. theoretically and empirically from a unified standpoint. This ensures the complementarity of theory and empiricism. This paper aims to study the possibility of cross-empirical individual-intellectual integra-tions on a cross-theoretical basis, which consists of V.S. Merlin’s theory of integral individuality, D.V. Ushakov’s structural-dynamic theory of intelligence, and J. Guilford’s theory of divergent (creative) thinking. The methodological bases of the study are the general scientific principle of consistency; the polysystemic approach, which involves both distinguishing several systems and combining them into a larger metasystem; the integrative approach in psychology. The main research methods were theoretical analysis, synthesis, and generalization. Three lines of integration have been outlined: a theoretical view and an empirical view implemented jointly, cross-theoretical, and cross-empirical approaches. Based on the study of the near causes and the causal process, the concept of causal chains has been developed. It al-lows one to study the changes and dynamics of individual-intellectual integrations. Homogeneous and heterogeneous causal chains have been identified. This paper is the first to suggest considering individu-al-intellectual integrations from the perspective of the causal chain. The results of the theoretical analysis can be used for empirical detection of individual-intellectual integrations as major components of educa-tional capital.

Сплайн-аппроксимация как основа компьютерной технологии проектирования трасс линейных сооружений

This article is a continuation of the article published in Journal of Applied Informatics nо.1 in 2019 [1]. In it, the problems of computer design of routes of various linear structures (new and reconstructed railways and highways, pipelines for various purposes, canals, etc.) are considered from a unified standpoint, as problems of approximating a sequence of points on plane of a smooth curve consisting of elements of a given type, i.e. spline. The fundamental difference from other approximation problems considered in the theory of splines and its applications is that the boundaries of the elements of the spline and even their number are unknown. Therefore, a two-stage scheme for finding a solution has been proposed. At the first stage, the number of spline elements and their parameters are determined using dynamic programming. For some tasks, this stage is the only one. In more complex cases, the result of the first stage is used as an initial approximation to optimize the spline parameters using nonlinear programming. Another complicating factor is the presence of numerous restrictions on the spline parameters, which take into account design standards and conditions for the construction and subsequent operation of the structure. The article discusses the features of mathematical models of the corresponding design problems. For a spline consisting of arcs of circles, mated by line segments, used in the design of the longitudinal profile of both new and reconstructed railways and highways and pipelines, a mathematical model is built and a new algorithm for solving a nonlinear programming problem is proposed, taking into account the structural features of the constraint system. In contrast to standard nonlinear programming algorithms, a basis is constructed in the zero-space of the matrix of active constraints and its modification is used when the set of active constraints changes. At the same time, to find the direction of descent at each iteration, no solution of auxiliary systems of equations is required at all. Two options for organizing the iterative optimization process are considered: descent through groups of variables in the presence of sections for independent construction of the descent direction and the traditional change of all variables in one iteration. Experimentally, no significant advantage of one of these options has been revealed.

A DISCRETE ELEMENT FORMALISM FOR MODELLING WEAR PARTICLE FORMATION IN CONTACT BETWEEN SLIDING METALS

The paper describes an advanced discrete-element based mechanical model, which allows modelling contact interaction of ductile materials with taking into account fracture and surface adhesion by the cold welding mechanism. The model describes these competitive processes from a unified standpoint and uses plastic work of deformation as a criterion of both local fracture and chemical bonding of surfaces in contact spots. Using this model, we carried out a preliminary study of the formation of wear particles and wedges during the friction of rough metal surfaces and the influence of the type of forming third body (interfacial) elements on the dynamics of the friction coefficient. The qualitative difference of friction dynamics in the areas of the contact zone characterized by different degrees of mechanical confinement is shown.

Association between Gut Microbial Diversity and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness.

Background and Objectives: There is an increasing focus on the effect of the gut microbiome on developing atherosclerosis, but there is still no unified standpoint. We aimed to find associations between intestinal microbiome diversity and a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). Materials and Methods: Recruited from the Hungarian Twin Registry, 108 monozygotic (MZ) twins (mean age 52.4 ± 14.1 years, 58% female) underwent a comprehensive carotid ultrasound examination (Samsung RS85). Of the 108 MZ twins, 14 pairs (mean age 65 ± 6.4 years, 71% female) discordant for carotid IMT were selected to undergo a stool sample collection. A special stool sampling container was mailed and received from each participant. After DNA extraction, library construction was performed specifically for the V3–V4 hypervariable region of microbial 16S rRNA. Next, the microbiome composition of the samples was determined using Kraken software. Two hypotheses were tested with the exact permutation test: (1) in the group with normal IMT, the Shannon index of the phyla is higher; and (2) the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio is greater in the group with high IMT values. Furthermore, the abundance of different bacterial strains present at higher and normal IMT was also explored. Statistical analysis was carried out using R software. Results: Increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was associated with increased IMT (mean Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio of IMT > 0.9 and IMT < 0.9 groups: 2.299 and 1.436, respectively; p = 0.031). In the group with normal IMT values, a substantially higher fraction of Prevotellaceae was observed in contrast with subjects having subclinical atherosclerosis. However, there was no significant difference in the alpha diversity between the two groups. Conclusions: The determining role of individual genera and their proportions in the development and progression of atherosclerosis can be assumed. Further studies are needed to clarify if these findings can be used as potential therapeutic targets.

A proposal for modeling cognitive ontogeny based on the brain-inspired generic framework for social-emotional intelligent actors

Many approaches were proposed to model socially emotional behavior in virtual actors, such as intelligent tutors, creative assistants or team partners. They still lack the ‘magic’ of human-level cognition and emotionality: systems built for one paradigm appear uncanny outside of its boundary. Natural cognitive systems, on the other hand, can adapt to unexpected environments and paradigms. To capture the robustness of natural cognitive development, a new approach is proposed here that enables the formation of higher cognitive abilities in a model cognitive system, embedded in an unexpected environment. This is achieved on the basis of a naturally developing binding of innate constructs to channels of the interface and features of the environment. The eBICA cognitive architecture used as a basis for this study combines rational, cognitive and somatic factors. Its building blocks are moral schemas and semantic maps. Building our previous study of the eBICA cognitive architecture, the present work takes it to the new level. It is argued that the proposed approach is capable of explaining, based on a unified standpoint, a number of facts and mysteries associated with the human cognitive ontogeny and can provide a basis for the strong Artificial Intelligence.

Комплексный подход к анализу воспроизводственного потенциала машиностроительного предприятия при формировании его товарной политики

An integrated approach to the analysis of the potential of the phases and participants of the reproduction process at the stage of forming the product policy of a machine-building enterprise and its development in critical directions is proposed. This allows, from a unified standpoint on the mismatch between the target and the achieved level of potential, to identify critical participants in the reproduction cycle, whose internal capabilities are insufficient to optimize the economic result from the product program and to identify the contribution of each participant based on the analysis of the hierarchy of cause-and-effect relationships of the variables of the utility function with the elements of their potential, as well as assess and select local development strategies for critical participants. The materials of the article can be useful to specialists dealing with the problems of developing a product policy and developing enterprises.

In Search of Time Lost: Asymmetry of Time and Irreversibility in Natural Processes

In this survey, we discuss and analyze foundational issues of the problem of time and its asymmetry from a unified standpoint. Our aim is to discuss concisely the current theories and underlying notions, including interdisciplinary aspects, such as the role of time and temporality in quantum and statistical physics, biology, and cosmology. We compare some sophisticated ideas and approaches for the treatment of the problem of time and its asymmetry by thoroughly considering various aspects of the second law of thermodynamics, nonequilibrium entropy, entropy production, and irreversibility. The concept of irreversibility is discussed carefully and reanalyzed in this connection to clarify the concept of entropy production, which is a marked characteristic of irreversibility. The role of boundary conditions in the distinction between past and future is discussed with attention in this context. The paper also includes a synthesis of past and present research and a survey of methodology. It also analyzes some open questions in the field from a critical perspective.

Equation of state and properties of fcc gold in macro and nano-sized state

An approach to studying the state equation and the thermodynamic properties of both a macrocrystal and a nanocrystal from a unified standpoint is proposed. The calculation of th state equation for gold showed good agreement with the experimental data. Graphs of pressure dependences were obtained for the following properties: bulk modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, isochoric and isobaric heat capacities, surface energy. An isobaric (at P = 0) size dependence of the distance between the centers of the nearest atoms and the melting temperature of a gold nanocrystal is obtained. It was shown that the size dependence of the melting temperature in the case of the isobaric conditions increases with the change in the nanocrystal size more rapidly compared with the isochoric conditions.

An overview of phonon-based heat conduction models and their solution

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview and some recent advances in the models, analysis and simulation of thermal transport of phonons as related to the field of microscale/macroscale heat conduction in solids. The efforts focus upon a fairly comprehensive overview of the subject matter from a unified standpoint highlighting the various approximations inherent in the thermal models. Subsequently, the numerical formulations and illustrations using the current state-of-the-art are provided.Design/methodology/approach– This paper is dedicated to the approximate solution to the relaxation time phonon Boltzmann equation (BE). While original contributions are pointed out and addressed appropriately, the efforts and contributions will be focussed on a relatively complete overview highlighting the field from one unified standpoint and clearly stating all assumptions that go into the approximations inherent to existing models. The contents will be divided as follows: In the first section the authors will give an overview of semi-classical phonon transport physics. Then the authors will discuss the equation of phonon radiative transport (EPRT) and its approximations—the ballistic-diffusive approximation (BDA) and the new heat equation (NHE). Next the authors derive and discuss the C-F model. A numerical discretization method valid for all models is then presented followed by results to numerical simulations and discussion.Findings– From a unified treatment based on the introduction of an energy distribution function, the authors have derived the EPRT and its two well-known approximations: BDA and NHE. For completeness and to provide a vehicle for a general numerical discretization approach, the authors have also included analysis of the C-F model and the parabolic and hyperbolic descriptions of heat transfer along with it. The approximation of angular dependence of phonons in radiation-like descriptions of transport has been given special attention. The assumption of isotropy was found to be of paramount importance in the formulation of position space models for phononic thermal transport. For the thin film problem considered here, the NHE along with the proper boundary condition appears to be the best choice to approximate the phonon BE. Not only does it provide predictions that are in excellent agreement with EPRT, it does not require the discretization of phase space making it far more computationally efficient.Originality/value– The authors hope this work will help dispel the idea that since Fourier’s law describes diffusion (under limiting assumptions) and it has shown to be ineffective in describing heat transfer for very thin films, that diffusion cannot describe heat transfer in thin films and one should look to a radiative description instead. If one considers diffusion in the sense of random motion, as invisaged by the original builders of the subject (Smoluchowski, Einstein, Ornsteinet al.), instead of a temperature gradient, the idea that diffusion can govern thermal transport at this scale is not surprising. Indeed, the NHE is essentially a diffusion equation that describes the motion of particles up to the point of true randomness (isotropy) as well as thereafter.

Oscillation, rotation, and wandering exponents of solutions of differential systems

Several characteristics of the solutions of a differential system are defined and studied from a unified standpoint, namely, they are arranged in a certain order and unite all known and some new Lyapunov characteristics describing various oscillation and wandering properties. For second-order equations, all of these characteristics coincide with each other, and for autonomous systems, the set of values of each of these characteristics contains all absolute values of the imaginary parts of eigenvalues of the operator of the system.

Probability, Information and Statistical Physics

In this short survey review we discuss foundational issues of the probabilistic approach to information theory and statistical mechanics from a unified standpoint. Emphasis is on the inter-relations between theories. The basic aim is tutorial, i.e. to carry out a basic introduction to the analysis and applications of probabilistic concepts to the description of various aspects of complexity and stochasticity. We consider probability as a foundational concept in statistical mechanics and review selected advances in the theoretical understanding of interrelation of the probability, information and statistical description with regard to basic notions of statistical mechanics of complex systems. It includes also a synthesis of past and present researches and a survey of methodology. The purpose of this terse overview is to discuss and partially describe those probabilistic methods and approaches that are used in statistical mechanics with the purpose of making these ideas easier to understanding and to apply.

Variational principle of Bogoliubov and generalized mean fields in many-particle interacting systems

The approach to the theory of many-particle interacting systems from a unified standpoint, based on the variational principle for free energy is reviewed. A systematic discussion is given of the approximate free energies of complex statistical systems. The analysis is centered around the variational principle of Bogoliubov for free energy in the context of its applications to various problems of statistical mechanics. The review presents a terse discussion of selected works carried out over the past few decades on the theory of many-particle interacting systems in terms of the variational inequalities. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss some of the general principles which form the mathematical background to this approach and to establish a connection of the variational technique with other methods, such as the method of the mean (or self-consistent) field in the many-body problem. The method is illustrated by applying it to various systems of many-particle interacting systems, such as Ising, Heisenberg and Hubbard models, superconducting (SC) and superfluid systems, etc. This work proposes a new, general and pedagogical presentation, intended both for those who are interested in basic aspects and for those who are interested in concrete applications.

From chromosome theory to the template principle

The template principle has originated from the chromosome theory of inheritance and claims to be the universal paradigm of modern biology. It considers the mechanisms of inheritance and different types of variability from a unified standpoint. The type I template processes (TP I) operate with linear templates: DNA and RNA. TP II deal with spatial, or conformational, templates of protein nature. TP II are based on variation and reproduction of the spatial structure of proteins and do not affect their primary structure. They are involved in many pathological and adaptive processes in living systems. The universal properties of TP I, ambiguity and repair (correction), are common to all three stages of each template process-initiation, elongation, and termination. These properties are typical for TP II as well. Ambiguity and correction at stages of initiation and termination of TP are prerequisites for the regulation of template processes. The variation in this regulation underlies the complexity and progressive evolution of living-systems.

Pseudospin S=1 description of the cuprate complexity: the charge triplets model

We introduce a minimal model for 2D cuprates with the on-site Hilbert space reduced to only three effective valence centers CuO47-,6-,5- (nominally Cu1+,2+,3+) and make use of the S=1 pseudospin formalism. Despite its seeming simplicity the model is believed to capture the salient features both of the hole- and electron-doped cuprates. The pseudospin formalism elucidates an unique fermion-boson duality of the doped cuprates, does provide an unified standpoint for classification of the "myriad" of electronic phases in cuprates and the evolution of the CuO2 planes under a nonisovalent doping, introduces the on-site mixed valence quantum superpositions and order parameters to be novel features of the cuprate physics, does provide a comprehensive description of the correlated one- and two-particle transport, coexistence of p- and n-type carriers, electron-hole asymmetry, anticorrelation of conventional spin and superconducting order parameters. Concept of the electron and hole centers, differing by a composite local boson, and electron-hole pairing are shown to explain central points of the cuprate puzzles, in particular, the HTSC itself, pseudogap, and Fermi surface reconstruction.

Tuning Radial Lamellar Packing and Orientation into Diverse Ring-Banded Spherulites: Effects of Structural Feature and Crystallization Condition

Spherulite morphologies of a highly asymmetrical double crystallizable poly(epsilon-caprolactone-b-ethylene oxide) diblock copolymer in solution-cast films were explored from a unified standpoint of tuning radial lamellar organization via controlled evaporation. Besides Maltese cross spherulites, three kinds of ring-banded spherulites that display non- and half-birefringent concentric ringed features as well as extinction banding were first encountered in the same polymer. Structural analyses based on atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and grazing incidence X-ray technique revealed that concentric ringed spherulites possess the nature of a rhythmic variation of the radial lamellar packing and extinction banded spherulites have the origin of a periodic change of the radial lamellar orientation. Morphological transitions among different kinds of spherulites were achieved by altering the drying condition. PEO segment crystallized at low temperatures even if it is being confined by PCL lamellae. Combined with poly(e-caprolactone) and poly(ethylene adipate), the influences of structural feature and crystallization condition on radial lamellar organization of polymer spherulites were discussed. These present findings are encouraged to enhance our understanding and then governing generation of expected polymer crystal morphology for special material performance.