Underground Pipelines Research Articles

Hydrodynamic Analysis-Based Modeling of Coastal Abrasion Prevention (Case Study: Pulau Baai Port, Bengkulu)

Pulau Baai Port, located strategically in the Indian Ocean and considered a vital maritime hub in Indonesia, grapples with persistent challenges related to abrasion and sedimentation, which negatively impact its maritime infrastructure. One of the affected components is the exposed gas pipeline installation along the port’s coastline. The sedimentation rate along Pulau Baai’s coastline is alarming, ranging from 600,000 to 800,000 m3/year, resulting in coastal abrasion at a rate of up to 20 m/year. This study focuses on three scenarios using MIKE 21, including a baseline without alternatives, shore protection alternatives, and jetty protection alternatives. A comprehensive dataset, incorporating bathymetric maps, wave patterns, current data, and sediment characteristics, supports the analysis of coastal dynamics, emphasizing the urgency for intervention. The research introduces the novelty of analyzing coastal abrasion through the exposure of underground pipelines, establishing a relationship between impacting factors such as wave height, tides, sedimentation, and coastal abrasion. Mitigation alternatives, particularly alternative model-2 with jetty protection, are recommended based on a thorough evaluation of the model performance and actual measurements. The results show that Pulau Baai’s sediment, primarily sandy, experiences substantial abrasion and coastline changes, notably in alternatives-2 and -3. The study anticipates potential sedimentation in certain sections of the subsea exposed pipelines in the absence of shore protection. The outcomes of this research provide a foundational guide for informed decision making and strategies to ensure the sustainable functionality of maritime infrastructure in Pulau Baai and similar coastal regions.

Superimposed imaging of acoustic wave reflections for the detection of underground nonmetallic pipelines

Due to the non-conductive and non-magnetic properties, nonmetallic pipelines are difficult to be detected by traditional pipe location technologies. This paper presents a superimposed imaging method of acoustic wave reflections for pipe location, which operates on the propagation of elastic waves. The propagation and attenuation model of elastic waves in soil are constructed according to the geometric relationship between the acoustic source, geophone array and pipelines. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional acoustic field diagrams of underground pipeline are generated by superimposed imaging of the cross-correlation coefficients between the signals from the sound source and geophone array, with the attenuation caused by hysteretic damping and geometric dissipation considered in the imaging process. In order to suppress clutter interference on the imaging results, the strategy of ‘multi-point transmit, multi-point receive and cross-correlation coefficient superposition’ is adopted. In the simulation, comparison is made to demonstrate the influences of different excitation sources on the detection imaging results, including the single frequency signal, multi-frequency signal, Gaussian pulse signal and sweep signal. It is found that the excitation signals with rich frequency components are more conducive to improving the resolution of detection images. The effectiveness of the proposed imaging method is further verified in the experimental work, which may be beneficial for the visualization and determination of the location, depth and orientation of underground non-metallic pipelines.

Optimal relay nodes placement with game theory optimization for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) play a major role in the wide variety of applications like underground pipeline and leaks monitoring, temperature distribution monitoring in industrial cyber systems, military, forest life monitoring, and environmental and geographical monitoring. Sensors are widely used in these different applications. The number of sensors and the application concerned mainly decides the energy consumption, network lifetime. In this process relay nodes may help the sensors as backbone to connect with sink node or base stations. In this paper, we introduce a new approach for relay node selection in WSN to minimize the energy consumption of the network. It uses channel aware relay selection technique using game theory optimization and act as a virtual backbone in connecting to the base station. However, the relay nodes are varied to check the optimal number of relays required for the small, medium and large number of nodes deployed in the network. Simulations are carried out using Network Simulator NS-2.35 and network is analyzed in wide variety of scenarios. Results show that the proposed relay node selection algorithm reduces energy consumption, improves lifetime, throughput of the network.

Research on Time Series-Based Pipeline Ground Penetrating Radar Calibration Angle Prediction Algorithm.

The pipeline ground-penetrating radar stands as an indispensable detection device for ensuring underground space security. A wheeled pipeline robot is deployed to traverse the interior of urban underground drainage pipelines along their central axis. It is subject to influences such as resistance, speed, and human factors, leading to deviations in its posture. A guiding wheel is employed to rectify its roll angle and ensure the precise spatial positioning of defects both inside and outside the pipeline, as detected by the radar antenna. By analyzing its deflection factors and correction trajectories, the intelligent correction control of the pipeline ground-penetrating radar falls into the realm of nonlinear multi-constraint optimization. Consequently, a time-series-based correction angle prediction algorithm is proposed. The application of the long short-term memory (LSTM) deep learning model facilitates the prediction of correction angles and torque for the guiding wheel. This study compares the performance of LSTM with an autoregressive integrated moving average model under identical dataset conditions. The subsequent findings reveal a reduction of 4.11° and 8.25 N·m in mean absolute error, and a decrease of 10.66% and 7.27% in mean squared error for the predicted correction angles and torques, respectively. These outcomes are achieved utilizing the three-channel drainage pipeline ground-penetrating radar device with top antenna operating at 1.2 GHz and left/right antennas at 750 MHz. The LSTM prediction model intelligently corrects its posture. Experimental results demonstrate an average correction speed of 5 s and an average angular error of ±1°. It is verified that the model can correct its attitude in real-time with small errors, thereby enhancing the accuracy of ground-penetrating radar antennas in locating pipeline defects.

GPR detection localization of underground structures based on deep learning and reverse time migration

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is widely used in detection localization of underground structure anomalous bodies. However, it is impossible to achieve accurate imaging localization of underground structures targets only by the waveform of GPR detection profiles due to the interference of clutter signals in engineering application. In this paper, a RefineNet deep learning network based on hybrid loss function is proposed to remove clutter signals in GPR profiles, and a reverse time migration (RTM) imaging algorithm based on total variation(TV) regularization is developed to perform migration imaging on GPR profiles processed by RefineNet network to realize accurate imaging localization of underground structures targets. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the developed RefineNet deep learning network can significantly remove clutter signals and improve GPR profiles quality, and the proposed RTM imaging algorithm based on TV regularization can accurately obtain location and shape information of underground structures targets. The full-scale experiment and field detection show that the proposed algorithm can accurately obtain the location of underground pipelines, cavities and other anomaly bodies. It is concluded that the developed algorithm provides a strong technical support for the GPR detection localization of underground structures targets.

Can the seismic wave attenuation characteristics of various soils be identified using distributed acoustic sensing?

Seismic waves exhibit distinct attenuation characteristics that are contingent upon the medium they traverse. The attenuation characteristics can be employed to monitor engineering activities, such as detecting gas pipeline leaks and third-party intrusions, by the utilization of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) technology. This study aims to explore the feasibility of identifying the seismic wave attenuation characteristics of different soils using DAS. A circular experimental pit with a diameter of 1 m was designed to measure the responses of various soils. Seismic waves were recorded while propagating through sand and clay under different overlying pressure conditions, encompassing both dry and wet states. The waveform data, collected at various distance from the point of excitation, were analyzed using Power Spectral Density (PSD), Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), and quality factor analysis. The energy attenuation amplitude of seismic waves shows an opposite pattern in sand and clay as water content increased. By utilizing the seismic wave attenuation characteristics, it is possible to issue timely warnings for identifying third-party intrusions around urban underground tunnels and pipelines to mitigate potential damage to underground infrastructure.

ЦИФРОВЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ РУЙНУВАННЯ ДЕГАЗАЦІЙНИХ ТРУБОПРОВОДІВ У ПІДЗЕМНИХ ГІРНИЧИХ ВИРОБКАХ

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to simulate the process of corrosion formation on a degassing pipeline using Solid Works and COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6 software products. Methodology. Development of a mathematical model for establishing corrosion zones of a steel degassing gas pipeline and modeling the corrosion process in a mine environment using the SolidWorks and COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6 software package. Results. It has been established that the degassing network of mines is constantly under the influence of mechanical-electrochemical interaction, which manifests itself during longitudinal deformations of the rocks at the bottom of the mine workings. The high level of corrosion processes in underground pipelines is the result of the interaction of the metal, which acts as an electrode, with groundwater, which acts as an electrolyte; at the same time, the determining factors in the corrosion process are the electrical conductivity of the soil and deformation processes in pipelines. The primary corrosion protection of underground degassing pipelines can be considered as the improvement of methods for monitoring and maintaining the technical condition of mine degassing gas pipelines to eliminate mechanical deformations and the effects of aggressive groundwater. Scientific novelty. It has been established that the high level of corrosion processes in underground pipelines is the result of the interaction of the metal, which acts as an electrode, with groundwater, which acts as an electrolyte. At the same time, the determining factors of the corrosion process are the electrical conductivity of the rocks at the bottom of the mine workings and deformation processes in pipelines. Practical implication. The reasons for the low service life of underground degassing pipelines under the constant influence of mechanical and electrochemical corrosion have been determined. Keywords: degassing, vacuum underground gas pipeline, methane-air mixture, monitoring, corrosion, throughput.

Investigation on road underground defect classification and localization based on ground penetrating radar and Swin transformer

In response to the low detection efficiency and accuracy of traditional manual methods for detecting road underground defects, this paper proposes an intelligent detection method based on ground penetrating radar (GPR). This method integrates the detection, classification, and localization of road underground defects. The approach uses Swin Transformer as a feature extraction network and utilizes the YOLOX object detection algorithm as a road underground defect detection model. It enables the detection of defect regions in three types of defect images: voids, non-compact areas, and underground pipelines. In addition, the collected radar signals are processed by Fourier transformation to obtain time-domain spectra and frequency-domain spectra, which are further analyzed to generate signal classification data set to achieve the defect classification. Finally, based on the relative positional relationship between the detected defect images and the GPS information collected by the GPR, the real positions of the defects on the map are automatically determined using the APIs provided by Amap (AutoNavi map). Experimental results show that this method achieves a precision and recall rate of 94.2% and 99.1%, respectively, for the detection of road underground defects, with an average precision of 94% and an average classification accuracy of 90%. The method significantly improves the accuracy and speed of road underground defect detection while meeting engineering requirements, making it highly valuable for practical road underground defect detection tasks.

Enhancement of the Reliability of the Linear Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the trend technologies. It was aggregation, processing, and transferring a huge amount of data in different applications that deal with the surrounding environment. Using a huge number of sensors deployed or organized in a linear configuration between two parallel lines or carvings, a specific kind of WSN is constructed to monitor a particular type of infrastructure. This type of WSN is Known as Linear Wireless Sensor Network (LWSN). LWSNs are used in monitoring applications that are arranged in linear form like underground Pipelines, Bridges, Tunnels, Railway lines, Highways, and Borderlines. A transmission process must be reliable and efficient to ensure end-to-end packet delivery. The backbone or the shortest path approach is used to improve the network performance and prolong the network lifetime. In such networks, more packets are ultimately forwarded or relayed by the sensors closest to the sink than by other types of sensors. In this paper, a backbone approach has been implemented where data is sent from the backbone and the node outside the backbone. Any node outside the backbone selects the closest backbone and sends the sensing data to it.

Integrity Assessment of an In-Service Gas Pipeline Featuring Dent Defect at a Highway Crossing

Underground pipelines are susceptible to different types of damage/flaws such as metal loss, buckling, dents, gouges, cracks, etc. during installation and operation. The structural integrity of the pipelines featuring such defects needs to be ensured for safe operation and to avoid serious hazards (fire/explosion/fatality/injury etc.). This paper discusses the integrity assessment of an actual case of an in-service gas pipeline featuring dent damage located at a highway crossing. A routine in-line inspection (ILI) of the considered pipeline showed the presence of a dent type of damage with a maximum depth of 5% spread over an area of 325 mm x 275 mm. Since the pipeline is located approximately 7.5 m below a 10-lane expressway with heavy traffic, dig verification of the dent was found to be not feasible. Level-3 integrity assessment based on API 579-1/ASME-FFS-1 2021 Fitness-For-Service standard has been performed using commercial finite element (FE) software ABAQUS/CAE. The considered pipeline is subjected to overburden pressure of soil embankment and cyclic loads such as vehicular loads (as per IRC: 6-2017) and internal pressure. The dented pipeline segment was assessed for potential failure modes i.e., protection against plastic collapse, local failure, collapse from buckling, and fatigue damage. FE analysis of the pipeline-soil system has been carried out considering the material and geometric nonlinearity, and contact interactions. The study suggests the pipeline is safe for further operation with existing dented defects. The methodology presented in this paper can act as a guide for the integrity assessment of pipelines with dent damage located at highway crossings.

Characterization of soil properties influence to the corrosion of the underground pipeline

Underground pipes are commonly used as transportation system that carries water, gasoline and oil which is a safe and faster way. However, the underground pipes undergo corrosion although made with primary protection such as galvanisation. The purpose of this research is to determine the factors that affect soil characteristics and lead to underground pipe corrosion. To determine soil contamination is present in the soil sample, the primary soil characteristics that are investigated in this study are particle size, moisture content, pH level, and chemical ion content. The characteristics of the soil will be determined as the factor influencing the corrosion of the underground pipes based on the information gathered and the results of previous research. The environment that a material is exposed to determines how it will behave when it corrodes, and the material exposed to an environment determines how corrosive it is. Increase in soil water content has a direct impact on the interactions between pipes, resulting in both localized and generalized corrosion, which deteriorates pipeline materials and damages infrastructure. The finer soil particles, owing to the increase in swelling, shrinkage, and plasticity are considered as corrosive medium for underground pipelines and steel structures. Concentrations of clay minerals also the main source of quality control. Clay minerals with illite and montmorillonite content absorb water at a higher rate than clay minerals with kaolinite content, which makes them very efficient reducing metals. When soil is more acidic, structural materials like steel are far more likely to corrode. When soil acidity reaches a particular point, it will accelerate the chemical process of corrosion concurrently. To improve the soil qualities, 4% of dolomite lime is applied as a stabiliser. These dolomite lime lowers soil moisture content and shows that the pH of the soil rises from 4.69 to 6.1.

Restoration of dilapidated pipeline networks using polymer hoses

The paper considers a set of issues affecting the actual problems of operational repair and restoration work on underground pressure water and drainage pipelines made of various materials that have exhausted their standard service life and are subject to numerous defects in the form of cracks, joint divergences, rust growths, fistulas and others. The aim of the work is to consider trenchless technology as a promising method of repairing dilapidated pipelines, which uses the application of polymer hoses to the inner surface of pipeline networks. The general requirements for flexible polymer sleeves and their characteristics, the scope of application of sleeves, as well as requirements for structural materials used in the production of flexible polymer sleeves are considered as the subject of research. The result of the work is an analysis of the sequence and essence of preparatory operations, including in-line diagnostics and a coding system for the results of visual inspection of pipelines. As conclusions, examples of calculating energy savings during water transportation before and after repair and restoration work at an exemplary facility are given, depending on the technical characteristics of the hoses used, as well as their thickness, depending on the depth of the pipeline.

Versatile ionic liquid gels formed by dynamic covalent bonding and microphase separated structures.

It is challenging for ionic liquid gels to achieve the combination of rapid self-healing with high toughness. Here, ionic liquid gels (DI-PR) were prepared from readily available materials. A dynamic covalently bonded oxime-carbamate was prepared from polycaprolactone diol, isophorone diisocyanate and dimethylethyleneglyoxime, followed by addition of the "rigid-flexible" cross-linking agent rutin to chemically cross-link the polymer chains and afford the ionic liquid gels, DI-PR. The tensile strength, elongation at break and toughness of the DI-PR gels were as high as 16.5 MPa, 1132.6%, and 52.6 MJ m-3, respectively. The toughness is similar to that of natural silkworm silk (70 MJ m-3) and wool (60 MJ m-3). After stretching, the DI-PR can rebound within 1 s, their room temperature self-healing rate is as high as 92%, they remain functional over the temperature range -50 °C to 140 °C and the interface with a steel plate has an adhesion toughness of >2000 J m-2. These properties mean that the DI-PR gels are particularly suitable for use as anticorrosion coatings for submarine and underground gas and oil pipelines. The use of rutin, which combines rigid quercetin-based structural units with flexible glycoside-based structural units, as a cross-linking agent, provides a new method for improving the toughness of soft materials through its synergistic interaction with hard and soft chain fragments of polyurethanes.

Simulation and experimental study of buried natural gas pipeline leak detection based on sound source characteristics

Buried pipe-line leakage will affect the thermal characteristics of the soil environment, leading to a poor soil environment. In addition, leakage of natural gas possibly produces an explosion and subsequent fire, which has fatal harm. Sustainable detection of underground gas pipe-line leaks is a significant part of current research. In this study, a method for leak detection of buried natural gas polyethylene pipe-lines based on sound source characteristics is investigated. The simulation software was applied in analyzing the variation of leakage rate and sound source in buried pipes under different leakage conditions including mainly different leakage apertures and pipe pressures. Also, an experiment platform was built to verify the simulation results. These results can provide help for gas pipe-line leakage detection and safety protection.

Hyperbolic Attention-Driven Deep Networks for Enhanced GPR Imaging of Underground Pipelines

Hyperbolic Attention-Driven Deep Networks for Enhanced GPR Imaging of Underground Pipelines

Special issue on intelligent sensing and monitoring of underground pipelines

Special issue on intelligent sensing and monitoring of underground pipelines

Assessment of the state of engineering systems based on remote sensing data

The composition of melioration systems includes underground pipelines, drains, hydraulic structures that may fail and require repair, but it is impossible to detect a problem area without monitoring the area of the system by antediluvian methods or conducting survey work. The purpose of the work: to justify the use of soil moisture maps obtained by the DJI PHANTOM 4 MULTISPECTRA UAV to identify problem areas of the reclamation network or vice versa absence. Aerial photography was carried out in May 2021 on the treated section of the drainage and humidification network of the Yakhrom floodplain of the Moscow region. As a result of the survey, a digital terrain model, an operational humidity map based on the calculated NDWI water index were obtained. The flight altitude of the quadcopter was 180 m above the earth's surface, the pixel size of the image of the earth's surface to be 7.9 cm. According to the results of aerial photography on the selected site, the absolute marks of the earth's surface vary from 134.67 to 135.23. On average, the slope of the earth's surface of the selected site is 0.002 in the direction from northwest to southeast. There are no pronounced microforms of relief moisture in the surface layer of the soil obtained in the field corresponds to the variety of color areas of the NDWI water indices highlighted on the operational humidity map. In the soil conditions of the studied area, the moisture content of the surface soil layer is logarithmic with the normalized difference water index NDWI. The correlation coefficient is 0.9 ± 0.06, which indicates a very high relationship between the studied indicators. Such a map can be used to identify problem areas of the reclamation network.

Improving the Navigation System of Underground Pipe Defect Detection Device

This article addresses the issue of noise and drift in microelectromechanical gyroscopes and their impact on measurement accuracy in engineering applications. The use of a complementary filter is proposed to combine information from the accelerometer and gyroscope to reduce inaccuracies. Research shows that the accelerometer has better result repeatability, which is important for obtaining stable measurements. At the same time, the gyroscope may be more effective in measuring translational movements. The selection of sensor sensitivities and proper parameter tuning are crucial aspects. A developed system is capable of effectively filtering and measuring the angle of an object, and the use of a complementary filter improves measurement accuracy. The proposed approach can be successfully utilized for accurately detecting the angle of position of a measurement setup in defect inspection of underground pipelines.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Based Mapping of Underground Pipeline Network Distribution

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Based Mapping of Underground Pipeline Network Distribution

Experimental studies of the control process of the working body of a single-bucket excavator

The operator's actions are studied when controlling a single-bucket excavator when digging a trench for underground pipeline laying. The angular parameters of the working body of a single-bucket excavator are obtained. The time of the full cycle of soil development and the main elements of the software and hardware complex for collecting and processing data are determined. The dependence of the time of a technological operation on the angular parameter of the working body of the excavator is obtained. Keywords single-bucket excavator, trench, working body, operator, hardware and software complex