Text Typology Research Articles

PSYCHODIDACTIC APPROACH TO THE CREATION OF TEXTBOOK TEXTS FOR THE PROMOTION OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF SCHOOL MATHEMATICS)

Introduction. The most important factor for students’ intellectual development is the teaching content. A textbook text is a didactic unit of teaching content. Therefore, the question arises about the requirements for modern textbook texts in the framework of the psycho-didactic approach. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted based on an analysis of the psychological features of the intellectual development of students within the psycho-didactic approach, which is based on the psychological and pedagogical rationale of the multifunctionality of modern mathematics teaching materials. Results and Discussion. The concept of development-focused educational text, which should be constructed as a multidimensional semantic space (hypertext), is introduced. Classification of development-focused educational texts is presented (using school mathematics as an example) based on the ontological theory of intelligence, targeting the enrichment of the main components of students’ mental experience – cognitive, conceptual, metacognitive, and intensional experience. Typology of pedagogical developmental texts of different types in teaching mathematics in middle school is given. Conclusion. The use of developmental textbook texts contributes to understanding mathematical material and developing students’ intellectual resources.

Colour naming and use preferences in Spanish text typologies (1492−1700)

This article is intended to provide a quantitative analysis of colour names and their appearance in certain text typologies between 1492 and 1700. The terms for colour increased in Spain’s Golden Age because of the need to describe Spanish and American reality in detail. A review of the specialised literature has provided us with a lexicon of 499 terms of which 277 colour words are recorded in Golden Age documents according to various diachronic corpora. The method for collecting and analysing texts has provided a lexicon of 66 terms for colour with different degrees of preference for a specific type of document. In addition, 23 of these words have been found to indicate greater numerical specialisation by typology. These lexical units are mediaeval terms used especially in scientific prose and lyric, followed by historiography and society prose. These quantitative data represent the initial stage of research to which other issues must be added in the future such as the context in which these terms appear and the semantic changes that occur in each of the texts.

DE M. BAKHTINE À J.-P. BRONCKART: ÉTUDE DE LA TYPOLOGIE DU DISCOURS

Problems of discourse typology increasingly attract the attention of linguists of various directions. This phenomenon is connected with the fact of society's transition to the digital presentation of information, which requires the creation of criteria for the classification of texts stored in various databases, access to them and their processing. The proposed study is based on the theory of speech genres of M. Bakhtin, who was one of the first to pose the question of classification of different types of discourse, basing his theory on the idea of utterance as a unit of speech. In general, M. Bakhtin's idea of speech genres can be represented by the formula: typical statements in typical circumstances. The article analyzes theories that have similar approaches to the creation of criteria for the typology of discourse, consider discourse as an interactive process associated with various types of human activity, which has an interactive and social character. In particular, the theory of discursive formations of M. Foucault is presented, which is based on the idea of the existence of ritualized forms of discourse that function in certain circumstances. The typology of verbal interactions by C. Kerbrat-Orecchioni is also analyzed, which claims that the meaning of an utterance is a product of "collaboration", that it is constructed jointly by the various speakers present. At the same time, interaction can be defined as a place of collective activity for the generation of meaning and, thus, a special role belongs to the context of communication. The theory of J.-P. Bronckart is also presented, in which the researcher focuses on the typology of texts and the analysis of linguistic units characteristic of each type of text (pronouns, argumentative and temporal determinants) and studies the general mechanisms of the production of texts/discourses and their structural properties, as well as analyzes the regularities of internal functioning of these texts/discourses.

A text typology of social media

Abstract This paper introduces an initial text typology of social media posts from a multi-dimensional (MD) perspective. Text types are “[g]roupings of text that are similar in their linguistic form” (Biber 1989: 13). This text typology is based on a new MD analysis of social media messages presented in the paper. The corpus consists of 60,000 social media messages in English compiled from Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Reddit, Telegram, and YouTube. After the texts were cleaned up, the corpus was tagged with the Biber Tagger and post-processed with the Biber Tag Count. Three dimensions of variation were determined, each representing an underlying parameter of variation. Once the texts were scored on each of the dimensions, a k-means cluster analysis was carried out, and the optimal number of clusters was determined using the Cubic Clustering Criterion statistic. A two-way typology was developed based on the dimensional characteristics of each cluster and on careful qualitative analysis of text samples.

Проблема синкретизма жанров новостных и репортажных текстов

In the format of this study – based on the material of publications from the weekly magazine «Expert» – the functional similarity of the news and reportage genres is recorded and analyzed. When analyzing news and reportage texts, the following aspects are taken into account: (1) the journalist’s illocutionary purpose; (2) the specifics of the text production and interpretation, as well as the author and addressee’s social roles; (3) rhetorical architectonics and text composition; (4) genre typology of texts; (5) text interpretation strategies used by the addressee. The collected body of factual material was divided into two groups of texts. The basis for the differentiation of texts was such a parameter as the dominant / peripheral coverage of facts of a news nature. It is established that the texts of the first group show the characteristics of the news or reportage genre, the aspect of news coverage of the actual fact is explicitly present (the history of the formation of the fact on the time axis, its dynamic or static nature, the reactions of representatives of various social organizations or political parties to this fact, the consequences of the actual event are traced). It is noted that reports reflecting a point of view on a fact or psychological reports are generated regardless of the facts that are relevant for coverage at the moment: the first type of texts is formed on the basis of data from interviews with experts in the covered issues, the second type – with famous personalities belonging to the creative workshop. The last position in this group of texts is occupied by reports covering the actual fact, which are often difficult to distinguish from news texts. These texts were attributed to the genre of reportage on the grounds that they do not contain an impartial narrative about the facts that have just happened, but the publication of information that has previously been analyzed and structured by the journalist. The second group is formed by texts that belong to genres that reflect a more universal theme, and therefore are less related to the coverage of actual facts of everyday reality. It is concluded that the reportage-news continuum is also preserved in these texts.

ECOTEXT IN TEXT LINGUISTICS

The article is devoted to ecotext as one of the text types in text linguistics. Modern text linguistics studying structure, semantics and text functioning is multisided and multidimensional in its interaction with the problems of discourse, semiotics, narratology, psycholinguistics which is explained by the extension and modification of the notion «the text» because of its heterogeneity and multimodality. Extension of the typological range of texts includes the problem of their typology into the agenda again. Ecotext as a comparatively new type of the text may fill one of the lacunas of text typology and contribute to the solution of the question on the creation of general, global and universal typology which could embrace all text diversity.

DISCOURSIVE PECULIARITIES OF ENGLISH HOROSCOPES

The article is devoted to the discoursive (compositional, lexical and pragmatic) features of English horoscopes as a kind of astrological discourse. The material of the study was a corpus of texts presented on the Internet. The total sample volume is 50 horoscopes. Compositional, pragmatic and stylistic features of horoscopes were considered as a subject of research. Astrological discourse is an integral part of the modern media space. Its growing popularity determines the relevance of such studies aimed at identifying the features of this type of discourse. The term "discourse" is understood as the communication of people from the standpoint of their belonging to a particular social group or in relation to a typical speech situation. There is now a great variety of texts that have an astrological character in the cultural English-speaking space. A significant proportion of them are texts containing various horoscopes. Study of the typology of horoscope texts in English, their structural, pragmatic, etc. characteristics, obviously, is an important stage in the study of astrological discourse in general. The main function of the horoscope is prediction (description of the future). A typical astrological horoscope, placed in the media space, declares knowledge about the influence of celestial bodies on the fate of people and their earthly events, according to which they can be predicted by the relative position of celestial bodies. The main characteristics of horoscopes are their lexical content, compositional structure and pragmatics. The study of the linguistic features of astrological predictions allowed us to identify the main functions performed by horoscopes in the media space: informative, appealing, persuasive and emotional. A horoscope is a polycode text that contains verbal and nonverbal signs. The latter include iconic signs and typesetting means. We see the prospect of further research in the study of the linguistic features of other genres of English astrological discourse.

APPLICATION OF KATHARINA REISS’ TEXT TYPOLOGY IN TRANSLATION – AN ANALYSIS OF MARK TWAIN’S THE DAMNED HUMAN RACE

Katherine Reiss is a prominent researcher in the field of second language acquisition and language education. Her work focuses on the role of text in second language learning, with a particular emphasis on text typology and text-based approaches to language teaching. Katherine Reiss's text typology is a framework for analyzing the linguistic features of texts and categorizing them into different types. By applying this theory, the study will examine translation of Mark Twain's The Damned Human Race to explain briefly how the text typology guides translation activities. This article will provide an overview of Reiss's text typology and its key components, including its use of the distinction between communicative and referential functions of language, and its classification of texts into four main types: informative, expressive, operable, and imaginative. The article will also explore the advantages and limitations of using Reiss's text typology in text analysis and discuss its potential applications in fields such as literary studies, language education, and language testing. Keywords: text typology, translation methods, translation practice, The Damned Human Race.

A STUDY OF THE C-E TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF REVOLUTIONARY TOURIST TEXTS IN THE MUSEUM OF THE WAR OF CHINESE PEOPLE’S RESISTANCE AGAINST JAPANESE AGGRESSION

Revolutionary tourist texts belong to tourist texts. Extensive research has been conducted at home and abroad on the translation of tourist texts. However, due to the differences in domestic and foreign tourists’ cultural backgrounds and the unique characteristics of revolutionary tourist texts, there is less research on the Chinese-English translation of revolutionary tourist texts. Taking the Chinese and English texts in the Museum of the War of Chinese People’s Resistance Against Japanese Aggression as examples, this paper explores the C-E translation strategies of revolutionary tourist texts based on text typology, aiming to provide a reference for translating such texts and promote the development of revolutionary tourism.

The Application of Newmark’s Text Typology Theory in Medical Translation

In recent years, with the rapid development of economic globalization proceeding, the medical exchanges among international countries have increasingly deepened, which further makes the significance of medical translation become more and more prominent. In this paper, a detailed introduction to Newmark’s Text Typology Theory and informative text was made. Then, from the perspective of Newmark’s Text Typology Theory, analyses were conducted on the lexical and syntactic features of medical text as an informational text and related translation methods were applied to medical translation. With the application of this theory, it was concluded that the practicality and specialty of medical translation were greatly improved, further providing some valuable references for the follow-up medical translation and enabling medicine to better serve the development of the medical field and benefit human health welfare.

A Corpus-based Study on the Usage of Passive Voice in English Political Speeches on the Guidance of Text Typology

Due to cultural and other differences, English significantly differs from other languages in many ways, and the usage of passive voice is one of these differences. According to the theory of text typology proposed by Peter Newmark (1988), all texts can be divided into informative text, expressive text and appealing text. As we all know, political speech plays a vital role in English-speaking countries such as Britain and the United States. Therefore, this thesis, based on previous studies, gives special attention to the usage of passive voice in different types of texts, especially in political speeches under the guidance of text typology, and further finds that the proportion of passive voice adopted in political speeches ranges from 2% to 20% and averagely accounts for 10% of the text, and most passive sentences in political speeches are used to state facts and emphasize opinions with American inaugural addresses from 1961 to 2021 as self-built corpus and quantitative analysis as its method. It is hoped that this study can provide some references for translators who are engaged in political speech translations.

Analysis of the legal and linguistic typology of human rights texts

This article discusses issues based on the analysis of legal texts on human rights. It also analyzes the problems of legal translation and explores the ideas of scientists on this topic. The selection of the characteristic features of a legal text as features of a legal translation is considered. These features are necessary for conducting pre-translation analysis and competent translation by both lawyers and linguists-translators.

Analysis of the legal and linguistic typology of human rights texts

This article discusses issues based on the analysis of legal texts on human rights. It also analyzes the problems of legal translation and explores the ideas of scientists on this topic. The selection of the characteristic features of a legal text as features of a legal translation is considered. These features are necessary for conducting pre-translation analysis and competent translation by both lawyers and linguists-translators.

ЛІНГВОКУЛЬТУРОЛОГІЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ СЕМАНТИЧНОЇ СТРУКТУРИ СТІЙКИХ ВИСЛОВЛЮВАНЬ З АНТРОПОНІМІЧНИМИ КОМПОНЕНТАМИ

In this article a linguocultural approach to the study of phraseology through the prism of linguistic and cultural interaction is offered; the role of set expressions with anthroponymic components in the language picture of the world is determined; the theoretical and methodological bases of the linguocultural aspect of set expressions with anthromonymic components researches are studied. It is the linguocultural aspect of the study of such language units as stable expressions, which include anthroponyms, that contributes to the identification of spiritual, moral, ethical values of each separate national and cultural community, making it possible to establish the interaction of language and culture, in particular, including determining the national specifics of investigated languages, and the separation of universal phenomena inherent in them. This research is based on the main idea of modern anthropocentric linguistics, that the human is in the focus of attention. It should be mentioned, that it is necessary to highlight the anthropocentric substratum of modern philological studies of phraseology, and their orientation on the investigating the phraseological semantics. In addition, it’s important to identify various mechanisms of the language and culture interaction on the example of set expressions with anthroponymic components, taking into account that the universal and national specific characteristics, reflected in such phraseological signs, are not fully studied (the centuries old historical memory of the nation, its psychology, mentality, social practice, economic and political structure etc.). The urgency of this study is determined by the ever increasing interest in modern linguistic researches to the theory of intertext, in particular, to the investigation of intertextual phraseology as an actualization of linguocultural concepts in the process of concept space modeling. The relevance of this article is defined by contrastive and typological approach to the analysis of linguistic material – set expressions with anthroponymic components, their intertextual connections and specifics of understanding. It serves to facilitate the identification of typological patterns and trends, and culturally stipulated interlingual differences of the language conceptualization expression in different ethnic groups. The feasibility of set expressions conceptual analysis is explained by scientific interest to the theory of intertextuality as a linguistic category, which will contribute to the accession of scientific studies in intertext, hypertext, precedentness, text typology etc.

Hur skapas en rebelltjej på svenska?

What’s a Rebel Girl in Swedish? On the Translation of Elena Favilli and Francesca Cavallo’s Good Night Stories for Rebel Girls
 Abstract: This article investigates the translation of Good Night Stories for Rebel Girls: 100 Tales of Extraordinary Women, a children’s book written and published by Elena Favilli and Francesca Cavallo in 2016. Within the framework of Gideon Toury’s Descriptive Translation Studies and Katharina Reiss’ text typology, the study focuses on the Swedish translation Godnattsagor för rebelltjejer: 100 berättelser om fantastiska kvinnor from 2017, including comparisons with the Danish, French, and Norwegian translations, with a view to discover the differences between the text versions. Analysis shows that the Swedish translation is less source-text dependent than the other translations, downplaying the fairytalization of the stories and tending to strengthen the informative component of the text. Poetic language and metaphors are less apparent in the Swedish translation, while hedging, explicitation as well as specification of time, place and chronology contribute to making the text more factual. A further finding is that more adult language is used in the Swedish translation. The article ends by summarizing the main findings and discussing a few explanations for the adaptation of the Swedish translation with regard to its target language context.

Translation of Children’s Speech in Frank Schaeffer’s Portofino

Abstract The theme of the article is a research into the issue of translation of children’s speech. The analysis will be conducted based on three excerpts from a novel – Portofino – written by a contemporary American writer Frank Schaeffer and translated into Polish by the author of the article, early in her career as a translator. First, the results of text typology investigation by Anna Trosborg (1997b), Paul Kussmaul (1995, 1997) and Christiane Nord (2018) regarding cognitive structuring, text structures, and general style conventions will be highlighted. Then the outcomes of the translation process research (TPR) on cohesive aspects and structuring by Michael Carl, Srinivas Bangalore & Moritz Schaeffer (2016) will be summarised. This will be followed by the discussion of findings of Paul Thompson & Alison Sealey (2007), Gillian Lathey (2011), and Anna Čermáková (2018) regarding the issue of repetition and the aspects of point of view. Subsequently, the notion of style in a work of fiction will be introduced and followed by the description of stylistic and linguistic means used to achieve it. This will include the discussion of speech and thought presentation (STP) scales proposed first by Geoffrey Leech & Mick Short (2007) and then developed by Mick Short in cooperation with Elena Semino (2004). Next, the stylistic features of children’s speech and its linguistic exponents will be outlined. The translation analysis will focus on stylistic and linguistic devices used by the author to imitate children’s speech in the source text and their rendering by the translator in the target text. The achieved effect and translation equivalence will be evaluated, possible reasons behind any loss in meaning will become identified and some final recommendations for translators will get defined.

Innovative Dynamic Matrix-Type Learning Environment Based on the Example of the St. Petersburg School of Conference Interpreting and Translation, Herzen University, Russia

The paper examines an innovative cluster-type matrix model for training interpreters and translators, based on recent developments in text and pragmatics theory, as well as on the scenario approach in education. The aim is to create a single, multifaceted space for open interpreter and translator training with an anthropological focus, drawing on the achievements in Russian teaching culture and best world practices, including a system of feedback from employers, to enable a flexible response to the needs of the society. To achieve the aim, an innovative interactive system of intensive interpreter and translator training has been developed based on a cluster principle and continuous education quality monitoring. At the heart of the system are a scenario strategy and a text typology approach. What is unique about the St Petersburg School of Conference Interpreting and Translation (SCIT)’s project is the fact that it is not just an educational programme or a system or an algorithm, but a dynamic matrix-type learning environment.It is a flexible model for professional retraining that presupposes a range of basic skills and can fill any gaps in the general translators’ competence and current performance by applying the professional environment matrix. The cluster approach provides a combination of in-person, distant and independent learning components, as well as increased transparency of the educational and professional spaces, opening up future employment prospects.The ‘diffuse matrix’ version of the innovative matrix principle in education underlies the diversity of methods employed by SCIT: methodological pluralism, dominant in the process of training, implies a combination of diverse techniques developed by different authors for the matrix, making it most flexible and the whole approach – customer tailored. It should be pointed out that the external diversity is strictly regulated and targeted by the project’s creators by means of a monitoring mechanism.The future of the model is seen in its use in Russia and other countries to train highly professional interpreters and translators in other spheres (for example, audiovisual translation). It could also be used at the final stage of higher vocational training; as a standard mechanism for improving professional skills and retraining; as well as a social harmonising element (creating new links among academic, educational, and professional activities).

A Tentative Proposal for Machine Assisted Human Translation (MAHT) – Tool-Specific General Text Typology

The aim of the present article is to contend the widespread but largely unfounded claim that MAHT tools (popularly known as translator ’s work-benches) are best suited for translating so-called technical texts. The article calls for establishing a separate MAHT tool-specific text typology by pre-senting what are – in the author ’s opinion – the most important features characteristic of an MAHT-suitable text. It transpires that it is difficult to simply relate this particular type of text to any of the existing classifications of translation-related or general text typologies (such as those advocated by, for example, Hatim & Mason 1990; Reiß 1983; Snell-Hornby 1988 or Kussmaul 1997) since the existing methodologies do not take MAHT-specif¬ic attributes into account. Therefore, the present article calls for an empi¬rical, corpus-based study that would help establish the relation between the proposed underlying features and actual text types as described elsewhere.

Тезаурусное моделирование английской терминологии типологии текста (на примере семантического поля термина “text type”)

The research objective includes systematization of English text typology terminology on the basis of thesaurus approach which involves constructing semantic fields and identifying informational-semiotic nature of terminology under study. Scientific originality of the paper lies in the fact that the researcher proposes thesaurus model of English text typology terminology. The research findings are as follows: the author develops semantic field of the term “text type”, explicates its semantic relations that constitute the system of English text typology terms.

Parallel Corpora and ST Analysis: EU Regulations on Immigration in the Specialised Translation Classroom

Starting from the assumption that “if corpora are to play a role in the translation professions of tomorrow, it is important that they impact on the education of the students of today” (Bernardini & Castagnoli, 2008, p. 40), this study endeavours to show how translation corpora of parallel texts (in English and in Italian) can be used in a Specialised Translation Master’s degree classroom. The point of departure is to examine parallel or aligned texts (originals and their translations) taken from the various European Union websites available for citizens to read and consult. The corpora currently being gathered include a variety of text typologies ranging from legal documents (such as regulations or directives), to administrative documents (such as White and Green papers) or informative texts (such as leaflets, brochures or web texts) (Felici, 2010, p. 101), all of them dealing with migration and asylum issues. The various types of documents are analysed quantitatively and qualitatively in class according to the following three main methodologies: Corpus Linguistics (Stubbs, 1996), Genre Analysis (Swales, 1990; Bhatia, 1993) and Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday, 1985; Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004). Classroom experiences in the past few years have shown that building ad hoc corpora (or do-it-yourself corpora as coined by Krüger, 2012, p. 514) for classroom consumption is a valuable and precious learning tool which enables students to hone their practical skills in the resource gathering process and consequently in the translation process itself.
 
 This study focuses on an EU regulation and shows how a lesson in class can be conducted with students at Cagliari University, Italy. The aim is to get students to work on the quantitative aspects along with the more qualitative linguistic elements of the ST (Source Text) in order to obtain greater awareness and understanding of professional translator strategies used by the professionals in the translation agencies of European Union institutions. From an educational and academic point of view, the linguistic and contrastive analysis of certain features of the ST along with the investigation of specialised terminology associated with contexts of migration and asylum and their equivalents in the TT (Target Text), have so far provided the Master’s students at Cagliari University with useful insights and sound knowledge of the linguistic characteristics of legal and institutional discourse in both English and Italian.