Typological Classification Research Articles

Profile of reflexives in Hill Mari

Abstract The paper provides a detailed examination of reflexive strategies in the Kuznetsovo dialect of Hill Mari (Mari, Uralic) filling in an existing gap in the description of anaphoric elements in Uralic languages. Firstly, I focus on simple lexical reflexives derived from the stem (ə̈)škə̈-. Having examined their morphosyntactic and binding properties, I adopt several typological classifications and approach the Hill Mari data from a cross-linguistic perspective comparing them to anaphors in other Uralic languages. Secondly, I consider other reflexive strategies employed in Uralic languages, such as complex (reduplicative) reflexive pronouns and reflexive detransitivization of a predicate, and I demonstrate that these scenarios are unavailable in the variety of Hill Mari under discussion.

Tradition and Sustainability in Vernacular Architecture of Southeast Morocco

This article is presented after ten years of research on the earthen architecture of southeastern Morocco, more specifically that of the natural axis connecting the cities of Midelt and Er-Rachidia, located North and South of the Moroccan northern High Atlas. The typology studied is called ksar (ksour, pl.). Throughout various research projects, we have been able to explore this territory, documenting in field sheets the characteristics of a total of 30 ksour in the Outat valley, 20 in the mountain range and 53 in the Mdagra oasis. The objective of the present work is to analyze, through qualitative and quantitative data, the main characteristics of this vernacular architecture as a perfect example of an environmentally respectful habitat, obtaining concrete data on its traditional character and its sustainability. The methodology followed is based on case studies and, as a result, we have obtained a typological classification of the ksour of this region and their relationship with the territory, as well as the social, functional, defensive, productive, and building characteristics that define them. Knowing and puttin in value this vernacular heritage is the first step towards protecting it and to show our commitment to future generations.

Иерархическая классификация географических систем

A hierarchical system is the result of dividing a set of objects into subordinate groups in order from highest to lowest, where each lower level reveals and clarifies the properties of objects at a higher level. There is a difference between the natural hierarchy of geosystems-geochors and the hierarchy of geomers, which leads to taxonomic classification. Theoretical basis for creating a hierarchical classification of geosystems are developed using a conceptual model of geographical cycles of accumulation and removal of factor load on territorial objects of various scales. The cone of chorological and typological connections is considered as the basic metamodel of hierarchical structure. For its research, we use descriptive geometry tools to represent the cone in the vertical and horizontal (plan) projections. The surface and unfolding structures of the cone with sections at different levels reflect the hierarchy. The planned projection in the form of concentric structures is considered as model of the archetype of hierarchy formation. The horological and typological classifications converge in the position “natural zone” as the “parent core” of the type of natural environment, which represents the zonal norm. The concentric model has various interpretations, in particular, it is described as a system of local coordinates, where each coordinate corresponds to the categories of seriality of geosystems, i.e. the degree of their factoral-dynamic variability relatively to zonal geosystems. In the coordinate approach, the classification looks like a ranked set of merons and taxa, where the meron categories are represented by quantum numbers of the coordinate series, and the taxon is a sequence of such numbers of different series (numeric code). The formation of hierarchical classification is based on the triad principle, when the taxon of the upper level is divided into three lower level gradations, which are arranged in a homological series according to the degree of seriality. There is an analogy between the hierarchical structure of the periodic system of chemical elements and the typological classification of geosystems, when the periods of the system of elements correspond to the high-altitude layers and latitudinal zones of geochor placement or hierarchical levels of geomer classification. An unfolding and plan projection of the classification cone of facies for the Prichunsky landscape of the southern taiga of Central Siberia in three basic categories of variability of different levels geomers are presented.

Cladding panel material as the basis for the typological variety of hinged facade systems

  The article discusses the variety of facing panels of hinged façade systems. Typological classification was made on the basis of a variety of materials used for facing panels. The author identifies 6 groups of materials: clay, wood, cement, titanium dioxide, metal, special components. Analysis is conducted on the 18 names of facing panels according to the following characteristics: cladding material, exterior, image application technology, weight in kg / m2, attachment, durability, and manufacturer. The article determines 6 criteria and 2 requirements for ventilated facades. Based on the typology of the material, the author outlines advantages and disadvantages of certain types of facing panels. The article determines the criteria and requirements set for ventilated facades. Leaning on the provided typology of material, the advantages and disadvantages of individual types of facing panels for hinged façade systems are indicated. The relevance of this research is substantiated by the growing need for modern technologies and means to make buildings look architectural and expressive due to an assortment of combinations of facing materials in hinged ventilated systems.  The study reveals a wide variety of characteristics and types of facing panels. The market offer fully reflects the modern production technology capabilities with regards to construction materials. Despite a number of restrictions imposed by the normative acts, facing panels fully meet all the requirements, as the construct of hinged façade panels in general. Thus, is safe to say that facing panels fully satisfy the market demand. Titanium dioxide panels purify the air, which is in line with the current environmental trends contributing to emission reduction and environmental cleanup.

Научное совещание «Теоретические вопросы классификации растительных сообществ России» (Ялта, 1–3 ноября 2021 г.)

Thirty years after the publication of the USSR vegetation syntaxa prodromus (Korotkov et al., 1991), the active work on the preparation of the Prodromus of the Russian Federation vegetation (Plugatar et al., 2020) has started. 29 contributions (incl. 5 via Skype), were represented at the Workshop “Theoretical problems of the classification of plant communities of Russia”, that took place in Yalta, Republic of Crimea, on November 1–3, 2021. Twenty six scientists (Fig. 1, 2) from St. Petersburg, Moscow, Novosibirsk, Ufa, Vladivostok, Yakutsk, Syktyvkar, Bryansk, Rostov on Don, Khanty-Mansiysk, Ekaterinburg, Nalchik, Kursk, Yalta) participated this meeting. The reviews of syntaxonomic systems of forests, steppes, meadows, and aquatic, halophytic, synantropic, alpine, arctic, petrophytic, see-shore vegetation and wetlands were represented. The problems, that have appeared after beginning the syntaxa checklists development, such as the validation of units, the dubiousness of some accepted syntaxonomic decisions, poor syntaxonomic knowledge of some regions were discussed. The directors of three Botanical Gardens (from Yalta, Novosibirsk and Vladivostok) of the Russian Academy of Sciences signed documents (Fig. 3) on the starting of a scientific consortium «National Network of Botanical Gardens of the Russian Federation», focused on joint fundamental researches in the vegetation science, ecology, bioclimatology and biogeography; on the development of the National classification of vegetation and National typology of habitats as a scientific basis for assessing the carbon balance, rational use of natural resources and vegetation conservation in the country. Resolution of the Workshop emphasizes the necessity to consider the development of the Russian national vegetation classification as a priority task for phytosociologists in Russian Federation for the next five years.

Hooked Pins in the Przeworsk Culture – Typology, Chronology, Distribution and Function

Thanks to the analysis of hooked pins in the Przeworsk culture, a new division of this category was introduced. A new typological classification of the hooked pins was made and their two types (1–2) and their subtypes (A–B) were defined. The article takes into account the territorial and chronological range of their occurrence, from the early Pre-Roman Period to Roman Period and the Migration Period. The function of the hooked pins is also presented.

O que tem de ser tem muita força... deôntica Contributos para a caracterização do verbo modal ter de

In this paper, we will aim at contributing to the linguistic characterization of the verb ter de/ter que [have to], pointing out some particularities that individualize it among the modal semi-auxiliaries of Portuguese. We will gather information from morphology, syntax, semantics and textual and discourse linguistics, also observed in examples collected from the CETEMPúblico corpus. The semi-auxiliary ter de, like dever [must], appears in the domain of necessity. Although the deontic reading prevails in several contexts, it is possible to find utterances of epistemic nature, external to the participant and even internal to the participant, following the typological classification proposed by van der Auwera and Plungian (1998). Its modal strength results from a maximum restriction of possible worlds (Kratzer 1981; 2012), being situated in the positive pole (certain/obligatory) of the modal verbs scale, which, in Portuguese, contemplates two other verbs, poder [can] and dever (Oliveira 1988). However, the prototypical strong obligation reading associated with ter de is only available in controllable by the subject situations and, even in these cases, the principle of politeness and the hedging effect can convert utterances with this semi-auxiliary into suggestions or recommendations, particularly in injunctive acts of a non-impositive nature and in certain expressive acts. From a syntactic point of view, and following a proposal outlined by Óscar Lopes (2005), we tried to evaluate the effects of the combination of ter de with different syntactic types of verbs, namely unaccusative verbs and unergative verbs. Besides the aspects mentioned above, it was necessary to consider criteria such as the aspectual class of the verb, the nature (impositional or not) of the discourse acts, and the intentionality and status of the interlocutors. As a rule, and taking into account the analysis of utterances from CETEMPúblico, unaccusative verbs combine with aspectual classes that predict an achievement and, in the face of the modal semiauxiliary ter de, they may activate readings that focus on needs determined by external or internal circumstances of the participant. Regarding unergative verbs, we see that the atelic verbs are present in predicates that configure processes and activate the reading of modality external to the participant, while the potentially telic verbs are articulated with accomplishments and may also assume a modal reading external to the participant. Careful observation of other examples may, however, open the way to new modal readings

Próba klasyfikacji typologicznej glinianych przęślików tarnobrzeskiej kultury łużyckiej

The article deals with the issues of clay spindle whorls of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. It is a category of artefacts closely related to the textile manufacturing, but still quite often marginalized by archaeologists in the studies of the excavation materials. It is probably the effect of their commonness and obvious purpose. They are usually mentioned in short in the form of descriptions and figures. The article presents the first attempt at typological classification of clay spindle whorls of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture, which was developed on the basis of the variability of the shapes of cross-sections of spindle whorls. In that way it was possible to distinguish eight basic types – spindle whorls with a rectangular crosssection (type I), spindle whorls with a lenticular cross-section (type II), spindle whorls with a biconvex cross-section (type III), spindle whorls with a plano-convex cross-section (type IV), spindle whorls with a convexo-concave cross-section (type V), spindle whorls with a lenticular-rectangular crosssection (type VI), spool-shaped spindle whorls (type VII) and miniature vessel shaped spindle whorls (type VIII). The material scope of the present research includes the finds of 129 spindle whorls coming from 41 sites of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. The analysed category of artefacts includes items discovered both at settlement and sepulchral sites, however, it should be noted that the items recorded in the second context are much rarer. The conclusions drawn from the research presented in the article are the issue of standardizing and systematizing the descriptions of spindle whorls in archaeological publications. In general, the descriptions should take into account the following data: the shape of the cross-section, the diameter, the height measured at the opening, the weight and any features visible on the external surfaces of the spindle whorls in the form of ornaments or damage. The secondary features are colour and an admixture tempering the clay. All the abovementioned parameters allow us to obtain a relatively complete image of an individual item and therefore they are helpful for archaeologists whose field of interest is prehistoric textiles. Moreover, remarkably valuable information is also the listing of this category of artefacts together with the materials found in a given feature, which allows drawing conclusions regarding their chronology. In addition, the article discusses the issues in the broadest possible range, aimed at presenting and developing various aspects related to spindle whorls. Due to detailed analyses, it has been proved that the spindle whorls can be a starting point for research on the importance of spindle whorls as a source for analysing and reconstructing the weaving of the population of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture, research on the chronology and cultural relations of the described taxonomic unit as well as research on its rituals and social structures.

ЛЕСОРАСТИТЕЛЬНЫЕ УСЛОВИЯ И СОСТОЯНИЕ КУЛЬТУР PINUS PALLASIANA D. DON ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЧАСТИ ЮЖНОГО МАКРОСКЛОНА ГЛАВНОЙ ГРЯДЫ КРЫМСКИХ ГОР

The objective of the research was to study the forest conditions and forest inventory characteristics of P. pallasiana in the eastern part of the southern slope of the Main ridge of the Crimean Mountains, the evaluation of its growth in connection with high-rise zoning and dynamics of soil properties. The studies were carried out using the methods of laying hypsometric profiles. Soil characteristics were studied in soil sections in five layers with an interval of 10 cm. The ecotopic grid of the Mountainous Crimea was used for the typological classification of phytocenoses. The features of the territorial distribution of artificial coniferous stands in the study area were analyzed using the data of space sensing of Landsat 8 satellite system. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that the forest crops of P. pallasiana in the eastern part of the southern macroslope of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains in the lower belt are characterized by low taxation indicators. With an increase in the height of the growing area, their state and growth intensity improve. Dynamics of forests conditions in the study area is associated with increasing dryness of the climate, a decrease in precipitation, the number of which decreases in the direction from the central to the eastern part of the southern slopes of the Main ridge of the Crimean Mountains. The high-altitude zoning of soil fertility is revealed. In the ecotopes of the middle belt, there is a decrease in the content of humus in the upper layer of the soil, which is associated with increased erosion processes in the territory of anthropogenic degradation of forest vegetation. High seasonal variability and instability of precipitation over the years, especially in the summer growing season, the weather conditions of which largely determine the implementation of growth and development processes, reduce the stability of the structure and composition of plant communities, form a negative ecological background, which determines the deterioration of the life state of P. pallasiana forest cultures. In the research area edaphic characteristics of forest crop ecotopes of P. pallasiana in the lower and middle belt correspond to forest-growing conditions such as dry sudubrava, and in the upper belt – fresh sudubrava.

Towards a unified analysis of three cross-linguistically correlated telic constructions in Romanian

Recent approaches to the theory of aspectuality assume that there is a conceptual similarity and cross-linguistic correlation between the (un)availability of goal-of-motion, strong resultative and aspectual cognate object constructions. This paper, examining Romanian data, brings further evidence in favour of the parallel between these three telic constructions and supports the tight correlation between them. It shows that although, at first glance, this verb-framed language shows patterns that seem to argue against the above correlation and especially against the unavailability of these structures, they prove to be only apparent counterexamples to it. Moreover, without questioning the typological classification of Romanian as a verb- framed language or the validity of the cross-linguistic correlation between these constructions, it reveals that a more detailed analysis of aspectual cognate object constructions in Romanian requires a different and more careful approach, which also takes into consideration the source of the diachronic data.

Classification of dictionaries of terms in special lexicography

The article is devoted to one of the recent problems of terminography, which studies terminological dictionaries, deals with the development of principles and bases how to comply terminological lexicons of different types, concerns with their classification, as well as arrangement and unification of national terminology. The problem of classification of terminographic editions is of great importance: it constantly attracts meticulous attention of Ukrainian and foreign linguists, however nowadays there is no any unified set of features for distinguishing dictionaries. Is was specified that modern terminological lexicography requires a classified description of terminological dictionaries of different types. Linguists create typologies, classifications, as well as specific and typological classifications of dictionaries. Schematically, the hierarchy of subordination of special editions can be displayed as it follows: linguistic dictionaries (type) → system dictionaries (subtype) → professional dictionaries (class) → terminological dictionaries (kind) → … (variable kinds). The meaning of the term „typology” is broader than the essence of the concept „classification”. Correspondingly, it is proposed to use the term classification of terminological dictionaries to denote an arranged description of terminographic editions with their division into types, subtypes, classes, and subclasses according to common features and purpose. It is found out that examined reliable typologies and classifications of terminological dictionaries are structured as taxonomic systems based on pragmatic features. They determine the special purpose of dictionaries, divide them according to structural, functional and other features, and establish characteristic features of mega-, macro-, and microstructure of editions. The researched typologies and classifications are not complete, as they focus only on available terminological dictionaries. The necessity of terminological edition classification was proved; it should be noted that possible perspective of variable kinds of special editions for the needs of time and science should be taked into the account, in particular, the “dictionary of the future” – a terminological dictionary of a combined type.

Диакритики в графической системе языка: нужно ли проставлять точки в ё?

The paper offers a sketch of a typological classification of diacritics, according to their role in the graphic system and their position in writing. The diacritics of the Russian writing are under consideration. The research focuses on the letter ё, highlighting traditions and practices of its use. The survey reveals current trends in the use of ё, based on attitudes of young people to it, and factors that influence the choice of ё when writing in different styles (formal/non-formal) and techniques: handwritten or printed (on the computer/other device). Ideological potential of the letter ё is noted, too.

ВЫБОР НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ И ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ РЕГИОНА НА ОСНОВАНИИ ТИПОЛОГИЗАЦИИ ВИДОВ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ В РАМКАХ СИСТЕМНОЙ ПАРАДИГМЫ

In the article the problem of choosing the key directions of digitalization of the economy of Russian regions is considered. The purpose of the work is to select the economic systems in which it is recommended to implement digitalization processes. The paper shows the advantages and disadvantages of the existing approaches to distinguishing between economic activities in comparison with classification within the frameworks of the system economic paradigm. The typology classification of economic activities allows to propose the concept of the system shape of a region as its system visual characteristic. Also, a new methodical approach to the economic assessment of the system development of the region is suggested. For each Russian region the characteristic system shape of the region, based on the region’s economic indicators, is constructed. Region’s system development deviation from the ideal is measured, and the hypothesis of a linear dependence of the measure of the deviation on the size of the “bottleneck” in the region’s system is put forward and confirmed.

Demographic and economic aspects of urban shrinkage in Serbia - typology and regional differentiation

Urban shrinkage is a process that many European countries have been facing in recent decades. It had started in highly developed regions at the time of deindustrialisation, but since the 1990s, this process has also affected Central, Eastern and South-eastern Europe, with different patterns and dynamics of urban shrinkage. The political and economic crisis in Serbia during the 1990s, as well as the transition from a centrally governed and urban-based industrialisation to a neoliberal market economy, has brought significant changes in the development of cities, which faced declining demographic and economic vitality. This paper is focused on the analysis of the intensity and dynamics of demographic and economic aspects of urban shrinkage in Serbia and on classification of cities according to the different phases of urban shrinkage. Typological classification was performed using the K-means clustering algorithm. The cluster analysis is based on the use of relevant demographic and socio-economic indicators, for the period from 2002 to 2011. After identifying cities that recorded an increase in total population and relatively stable economic development, three types of shrinking cities were determined according to the intensity of demographic and economic shrinkage - cities with low, medium and high shrinkage intensity. The analysis of the main patterns and factors that influenced the different levels of urban shrinkage enabled a better understanding of this phenomenon in Serbia. The results indicate the heterogeneity of urban space due to different levels of demographic and economic shrinkage, thus it can serve as a starting point for future research of uneven urban development in Serbia.

Poverty Reduction in Regencies/Municipalities in South Sumatra Province

Local Government expenditure is budgeting for all government needs and activities and managed under the authority of provinces, regencies, and municipalities through their respective regional heads. Well-targeted Local Government expenditure optimization has a significant impact on the regional economy. This research aims to determine poverty reduction in regencies/municipalities in South Sumatra Province, Indonesia, by examining the variable’s impact of social assistance expenditure, capital expenditure, and local revenue on poverty. The data used are primary and secondary data obtained from 15 regencies/municipalities in South Sumatra Province during the 2010-2018 periods. The analysis technique uses in this research were Poverty Mapping with Klassen Typology and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). Using the Klassen typology for poverty mapping in South Sumatra Province obtained four regional classifications (quadrant) based on poverty and economic growth: quadrant I (developed and fast-growing region), quadrant II (developed but depressed region), quadrant III (developing region), and quadrant IV (less developed region). The Klassen typology classification results: quadrant I include Palembang City, quadrant II includes Musi Banyuasin Regency, Muara Enim Regency, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, and Banyuasin Regency. Quadrant III includes Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, Prabumulih City, and Lubuk Linggau City. Also, quadrant IV includes Lahat Regency, Musi Rawas Regency, Ogan Ilir Regency, Ogan Komering Ulu Timur Regency, Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan Regency, Empat Lawang Regency, and Pagar Alam City. The t-test regression results showed that Social assistance expenditure and local revenue affect poverty reduction, while capital expenditure does not significantly affect poverty reduction. The F-test regression results showed that poverty reduction was affected simultaneously by social assistance expenditure, capital expenditure, and local revenue. Policies in social assistance expenditure and capital expenditure were not well-targeted. The policies expected to reduce poverty are to provide well-targeted social assistance expenditure and capital expenditure.

Las construcciones negativas en mapudungun. Una mirada tipológica

Este trabajo explora las construcciones negativas del mapudungun desde la lingüística tipológica contemporánea. A partir de datos recogidos en el campo y de una discusión bibliográfica previa, se establecen los esquemas de la negación prototípicos del mapudungun y sus variaciones. Finalmente, se propone una clasificación tipológica de las construcciones de la lengua de acuerdo con la negación estándar y no estándar, los indefinidos negativos, el tipo de mecanismo que utiliza la lengua. Se concluye con algunas reflexiones generales sobre el fenómeno de la negación en mapudungun y sus dimensiones tipológicas y areales.

Seismic Vulnerability of Masonry Lighthouses: A Study of the Bengut Lighthouse, Dellys, Boumerdès, Algeria

In Algeria, lighthouses are an essential element of the maritime landscape and constitute a substantial part of the local historical and cultural heritage, marked by a great variety of styles, architecture, geometrical forms, and materials. The study presented falls into the general context of pre- and post-seismic conservation of Algerian lighthouses, since all these stone masonry buildings are situated in areas characterized by a medium–high seismic hazard. In the paper, a relevant example has been analyzed: the Bengut Lighthouse, which has been classified as “National Heritage” by the Algerian Ministry of Culture and has been severely damaged by the Boumerdès that occurred on 21 May 2003. After an overview of historical lighthouses in Algeria and their morpho-typological classification, the case study of the lighthouse at Cap Bengut is presented, showing the results of a detailed survey of the geometric and constructive features and of the actual cracking and damage pattern. First, based on the critical analysis of this knowledge framework, a preliminary qualitative evaluation of the seismic vulnerability has been made, analyzing and classifying the set of local and global failure modes coherently with the observed structural pathologies and damages. Then, numerical modeling has been implemented in TreMuri computer code, performing a set of pushover analyses. This allowed the investigation of the criticalities in the response of the building to seismic actions, characterization of the dynamic behavior, and comparison with the actual observed damages, which are discussed, providing an interpretation of the global and local failure modes. Based on the results of the visual assessment and numerical analysis, guidelines for the retrofitting intervention have been proposed, by considering, on the one hand, the objective of effectively mitigating the elements of vulnerability pointed out by the results and, on the other, the main principles of conservation and restoration. The presented study and its results, in perspective, are intended to provide a basis for developing risk and vulnerability analysis of typological classes of historical lighthouses at a large scale.

The provenance of siliceous rocks from the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (Poland) used as raw-materials in the manufacture of siliceous artefacts from Central-Eastern Europe; An old problem in new light

One of the siliceous raw-materials used in the manufacture of artefacts and found in archaeological sites in Central-Eastern Europe is the “Jurassic flint from around Kraków” type, the origin of which is believed to be outcrops of Upper Jurassic sediments scattered throughout the southern part of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (Southern Poland). Unfortunately, the identification criteria of this siliceous rock remain unclear, which precludes it being distinguished as a separate variety of siliceous raw-material used in the manufacture of prehistoric artefacts.The early-diagenetic siliceous rocks from the Kraków region include chert concretions and bedded cherts which are hosted in particular limestone facies. The comparative analysis of chert concretions and bedded cherts from the southern and the northern parts of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland clearly demonstrate that the determination of their provenance based upon macroscopic features, microfacial development and/or the results of geochemical analyses is unjustified.The criteria used in the typological classifications of siliceous artefacts from archaeological sites in Central-Eastern Europe are frequently subjective, ambiguous and unrelated to the geological fundamentals. This precludes the association of any variety of raw-material used in the manufacture of artefacts with a particular source locality. Consequently, any speculation concerning prehistoric human migrations that is based upon the raw-material of siliceous artefacts varieties distinguished in such typological classifications are groundless.

Teaching and learning moments as subjectively problematic: Foundational assumptions and methodological entailments

This article takes a conceptual approach to an issue of pedagogical relevance—the presence of teaching and learning moments within educational environments. We suggest sources of philosophical confusions that design patterns for the classification and creation of typologies of classroom events. We identify three foundational assumptions with the way in which classroom events are analyzed: (1) Describing a classroom event (how it may be identified and described as a teaching and learning moment); (2) Devising a procedure for co-classifying events (introducing a typology distinguishing teaching and learning moments); (3) Repurposing decontextualized events to fit a preferred analytic model (distorting the phenomenology of events for the purpose of classifying these as teaching and learning moments). Hitherto these assumptions have obscured the phenomenal integrity of the learning environment; since the topic sought is based on critical incidents according to analysts’ interests, but not on the actual identifying details of the setting as made available by the participants. While teaching and learning moments are generic issues, in methodological terms these matters have to be explored in their details. In our article, we align ourselves with particular research approaches, namely ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, that facilitate close analysis of ‘perspicuous settings’, such as classroom interactions, through which phenomena such as teaching and learning moments are made visible as collaborative accomplishments.

IDENTIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERS' ROLE IN THE SOCIAL ENTREPRENEUR OF SEA CULTIVATION OF VANAME SHRIMP (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Mariculture of vaname shrimp, which is based on the social entrepreneur, is one of the strategies to improve the coastal welfare community. This concept focuses on enhancing the community's economy and environmental sustainability. To succeed in the business, an active role and stakeholder involvement is needed. This study aims to identify and map the role of stakeholders that influences business activities. Data analysis is carried out descriptively based on the results of identification, the typology classification, and the analysis of Dependence Mapping. The results of the study state that the role of stakeholders is divided into the internal and the external. The typology classification shows the educational institutions expect the role of definite owned by the group leader, the research and suppliers, the latent-discretionary by operational and marketing executives, the expected-dangerous by local governments, provincial governments and community leaders, the latent-dormant by the mass media and NGOs, the latent-discretionary by private companies, the latent demanding by financial institutions and MSMEs, and the expected-dependent by end consumers. The groups of stakeholders that influence the business are 1) High Interdependence consisting of group leaders, operational executors, finance and marketing, suppliers and private companies, and 2) Power Stakeholders consisting of end consumers, community leaders, local governments, educational and research institutions. Keywords: social entrepreneur, stakeholder, vaname, dependence mapping