Abstract
In Algeria, lighthouses are an essential element of the maritime landscape and constitute a substantial part of the local historical and cultural heritage, marked by a great variety of styles, architecture, geometrical forms, and materials. The study presented falls into the general context of pre- and post-seismic conservation of Algerian lighthouses, since all these stone masonry buildings are situated in areas characterized by a medium–high seismic hazard. In the paper, a relevant example has been analyzed: the Bengut Lighthouse, which has been classified as “National Heritage” by the Algerian Ministry of Culture and has been severely damaged by the Boumerdès that occurred on 21 May 2003. After an overview of historical lighthouses in Algeria and their morpho-typological classification, the case study of the lighthouse at Cap Bengut is presented, showing the results of a detailed survey of the geometric and constructive features and of the actual cracking and damage pattern. First, based on the critical analysis of this knowledge framework, a preliminary qualitative evaluation of the seismic vulnerability has been made, analyzing and classifying the set of local and global failure modes coherently with the observed structural pathologies and damages. Then, numerical modeling has been implemented in TreMuri computer code, performing a set of pushover analyses. This allowed the investigation of the criticalities in the response of the building to seismic actions, characterization of the dynamic behavior, and comparison with the actual observed damages, which are discussed, providing an interpretation of the global and local failure modes. Based on the results of the visual assessment and numerical analysis, guidelines for the retrofitting intervention have been proposed, by considering, on the one hand, the objective of effectively mitigating the elements of vulnerability pointed out by the results and, on the other, the main principles of conservation and restoration. The presented study and its results, in perspective, are intended to provide a basis for developing risk and vulnerability analysis of typological classes of historical lighthouses at a large scale.
Highlights
Modern Mediterranean towns consist of many UnReinforced Masonry (URM) buildings that are more than 100 years old and were generally designed and built to withstand only vertical, static loads, whereas the inertial seismic loads were not explicitly considered
Algeria has been mainly affected by moderate was hit by many destructive earthquakes
Offshore lighthouses in Algeria are sometimes more than 150 years old, despite being in a region prone to seismic hazard
Summary
Bartolomei, lighthouses represent both a historical and cultural source for the architectural maritime heritage of a country, besides being physical markers of the coastal landscape [1]. The origin the introduced for the first time in the Mediterranean basin by the Greeks in the [2]. As lights name of the island where the Lighthouse, long held to be the first edifice of its kind, is in the distance, these lighthouses shine, during the night, over the Mediterranean Sea, to indicate their situated. Because of the relevance of their maritime function and architectural value, and stylistic variations. Catalogues of the lighthouses, semaphores, and beacons within the Mediterranean region
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