Typological Classification Research Articles

Accuracy of the typological classifications of the Late Glacial and Early Holocene osseous projectile points according to the new AMS dates of selected artifacts from Poland

Late Glacial and Early Holocene bone and antler artifacts are recovered from all over the Polish Lowland. Elements of projectile weaponry, in the form of various points made of osseous raw materials, were an important part of hunter-gatherer equipment of that time. We present the results of AMS dating of a unique collection of thirteen artifacts that had previously been chrono-culturally attributed by means of relative dating using typological approaches only. The results obtained are considered alongside current knowledge and typological arrangements for these types of tools in Europe. We also attempt to determine the interpretative potential of the technological studies to which the discussed osseous points were subjected in terms of possibly identifying processing techniques that can be specific to the given periods of the Stone Age. Suggestions made in this respect are verified through the radiocarbon dating results.

On Finnic and Khanty vowel harmony: domains, slopes and their role in typology

The main purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the inaccuracies in the article by Paul Kiparsky and Karl Pajusalu (2003). Their influential study suggests a typological classification of vowel harmony based on mostly Finnic languages and their dialects which is claimed to be supported by a particular OT analysis. However, in many cases, their example languages and dialects are hardly classifiable into the category suggested by them. Moreover, their OT analysis completely ignores cases of variation (including vacillation) in the example languages. The present study deals with the data available for Estonian (Mulgi and Northeastern dialects), Veps and Khanty, and demonstrates – mostly based on the same sources referred to by Kiparsky and Pajusalu – that the actual patterns of harmony are considerably different from the patterns described in their article. It is emphasized that many patterns do not arise from the behavior of neutral vowels but instead, they can be results of the length and the nature of the harmonic domain. The paper also introduces the notion of harmonicity slope, according to which the domain has no strict borders and in which the tendency for the vowels to harmonize gradually diminishes.

Fragility curves for rapid assessment of earthquake-induced damage to earth-retaining walls starting from optimal seismic intensity measures

The earthquake-induced damage to earth-retaining structures located along roadway network clearly affects the operations during the emergency and rescue phases in the immediate aftermath of a seismic event. The prompt estimation of the seismic vulnerability of a structure or a typological class of structures having a similar seismic behaviour is of foremost importance. In this framework, fragility curves represent an effective tool which can be adopted for quickly evaluating the seismic response of strategic structures. Aim of this study is to propose novel sets of fragility functions for earth-retaining structures, which adopt as input the Intensity Measures (IMs) best correlated to the response of the walls. First, target earth-retaining structures identified along the Italian roadway network are numerically modelled and then two-dimensional (2D) dynamic analyses carried out with reference to different geometrical features of the structure (i.e. height and shape of the walls) and configurations of the backfill. Metrics such as efficiency, practicality, proficiency, and sufficiency are assessed for different demand parameters (overall 35 IMs). The structure response is expressed in terms of horizontal displacement and rotation of the wall. Fragility functions for peak values of velocity (PGV) and acceleration (PGA) are developed. The fragility models are then applied for computing the seismic damage scenario associated to a real earthquake occurred in Central Italy in 2016. Predictive capabilities of the models are assessed by comparing surveyed damages. The proposed tools are useful in emergency management and also during preparedness phase to identify the priority actions and proper countermeasures for seismic risk mitigation.

The development of pottery production, specialisation and standardisation in the Late Neolithic and Transitional Chalcolithic periods in the Central Plateau of Iran

The prehistoric pottery recovered from Sialk, Ebrahimabad and Pardis sites, the Central Plateau of Iran was studied using the XRF, XRD and SEM/EDX analyses, as well as typological classification. These studies showed the occurrence of a gradual evolution in pottery making in each site from the Sialk I type fragile buff pottery of Late Neolithic period to the dense, strong and more impermeable Sialk II type red pottery in the final phase of Transitional Chalcolithic period. The relative similarity of compositions, and the presence of high- temperature minerals demonstrated a high degree of specialisation in the selection of raw materials and control of the firing temperature and atmosphere in the potters of the three sites in the final phase of Transitional Chalcolithic period.On the other hand, the pottery forms of different sites and historical periods show a great variety of types with astonishing similarities, very little changes are detected in pottery forms from the earliest Sialk I Neolithic pottery of Sialk site to the latest Transitional Chalcolithic pottery of Pardis site for nearly 600 years. However, despite the similarity of most of the vessel types the potters by producing new vessels differing in size or quantity tried to fulfil the changing needs of their communities, ascertaining the existence of specialisation in the three sites.Based on the evidence concerning similarities in the overall evolution pattern of pottery production technology as well as some of the characteristics of pottery such as form the existence of cultural/technical interactions and exchanges between the prehistoric communities living in this region in the specified time period seems to be extremely likely.

Russian Approaches to the Forest Type Classification

The results of researches characterizing the geographical distribution of forest-ecological, phytocoenotic, and genetic classifications of forest types in the Russian Federation nowadays are presented in the thesis. A comparative analysis was carried out for the following items: the inclusive concept of a classification unit (a type of habitat conditions; a type of forest); features of distinguishing the border of the classification units; classification features used to determine the type of habitat conditions; features of the classification of phytocoenoses used to determine the forest type; the degree to which the successional dynamics of forest stands are taken into consideration; the degree to which the influence of anthropogenic factors are taken into consideration; the level of implementation in forest management and forestry practice; regions of implementation. In the process of development of forest typologies, the concept of a forest type changed from understanding it as a forest area homogeneous by composition, structure, and appearance (homogeneity in space) in natural classifications to the concepts of a forest type, in which priority is given to homogeneity in origin (genesis), as well as developmental processes and dynamics (homogeneity in time) in genetic and dynamic typologies. Currently, there is the following forest type classification in the Russian Federation: forest-ecological, phytocoenotic, genetic, and dynamic. When classifying forest areas within the forest-ecological direction provided by E.V. Alekseev – P.S. Pogrebnyak, the priority is given to the characteristics of the habitat conditions. Within the phytocoenotic direction provided by V.N. Sukachev, the priority is given to the phytocoenosis characteristics. Within the genetic approach provided by B.A. Ivashkevich – B.P. Kolesnikov, a forest type is considered as a series of alternating phases – types of phytocoenosis within the same type of habitat conditions. In this case, phytocoenotic classifications can be a part of the genetic classifications for the climax forest phytocoenosis. And the dynamic approach provided by I.S. Melekhov is very close to the genetic one and is a superstructure over the classical phytocoenotic forest typology provided by V.N. Sukachev. The current use of forest typological classifications by forest inventory management enterprises in the Russian Federation was studied. A map of the geographical distribution of forest typologies of the above-listed directions of forest typology researches was created. Forest-ecological classifications are used mainly in the southern regions of the European part of Russia and the North Caucasus. Forest typologies created based on a genetic approach to the forest type classification are used in Western Siberia, in the south of the Far East and Eastern Siberia, and in some regions of the Urals. Phytocoenotic classifications of forest types are used in other regions of the Russian Federation.

The Architectural Terracotta Marks of Bracara Augusta (Braga, Portugal): A First Typology Classification

Architectural Terracotta (ATC) is one of the most common materials in excavations from the Roman period. These ceramic building materials are an essential component of construction. Some of these pieces show potter´s marks, of different categories, that allow access to the production world of these materials. This investigation is a first typological classification of the 1216 marks from ATC materials, collected from 41 archaeological sites in Bracara Augusta (Braga, Portugal). Most of the marks were collected from the domus of Carvalheiras, one of the most emblematic archaeological sites of the city, currently under a musealization process. With this work it was possible to correlate the studied marks with specific terracotta types (shapes), context distribution and associated chronologies. The results suggested an organized and dynamic production, and an open-market, supported by numerous officinae, certainly of different sizes. Some of them were located near the housing area and reveal the presence of a large number of workers, including women and children. Further approaches on mineralogical, chemical and technological characterization of ATC, linked with stratigraphy, are under development.

INVESTIGASI SEKTOR UNGGULAN PEREKONOMIAN KABUPATEN LOMBOK BARAT

Investigation of leading sectors is a strategic effort in planning regional economic development in the future. This research aims to; 1) describe the objective condition of the economic sector of West Lombok Regency; 2) analyze the growth pattern and classification of the economic sector of West Lombok Regency; 3) analyze and map leading sectors to improve the economy in West Lombok Regency. This research was conducted by observing the pattern of development of the structure forming GRDP. The unit of analysis used in this study is the sectoral GRDP structure of West Nusa Tenggara Province as the top region and the sectoral GRDP structure of West Lombok Regency as the bottom region (area of research analysis). The data used in this study is a type of secondary data. Research data sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics. The observation period is sectoral GRDP from 2016 – 2019. The research method used in this article is quantitative descriptive analysis. The available data were analyzed using descriptive analysis approach, Klassen Typology analysis and Location Quotient (LQ) analysis. The process of data analysis using Microsoft Excel application. The results of the analysis show that the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Sector has a contribution of 20.40 percent in forming GRDP with a value of Rp. 2222.29 Billion. Based on the results of the location quotient analysis, there are 12 basic sectors and 5 non-basic sectors. Based on the typology classification analysis, there are two sectors including the Advanced and Fast Growing sectors, namely the water supply, waste management, waste & recycling sector; and the transportation & warehousing sector, where both sectors based on location analysis are included in the basic sector category. Based on the classification typology analysis, the agricultural sector; the trade sector; and the company service sector are relatively lagging sectors, where the three sectors are included in the non-basic sector category.

Coastal adaptation to climate change through zonation: A review of coastal change management areas (CCMAs) in England

Climate change and accelerated rates in sea-level rise are expected to increase flooding and erosion on the world's coastlines. Coastal managers and planners face the challenge of helping communities to adapt to the changing coast. Traditionally hard engineering has been used to defend communities on the coast, but as this option becomes unsustainable and financially unviable, coastal managers are increasingly employing planning policy to mitigate the risk posed by coastal change. Zonation of coastal change areas and delineation of erosion extents, such as set-back lines, are used globally to restrict development in the coastal zone. In England there is policy in place to allow planning authorities to restrict certain development in areas expected to be affected by coastal change. This study aims to examine how coastal planning authorities in England have implemented coastal change adaptation policies, specifically Coastal Change Management Areas (CCMA). These areas should include sections of coast that will experience significant change over the next 100 years through erosion, accretion or flooding. Through an analysis of planning documents, we have found that since the policy was introduced in 2012, only 15% of coastal planning authorities have designated a CCMA, with just 5.7% of the coast of England designated as a CCMA. We have found that inadequate and ambiguous guidance has reduced the effectiveness of the national policy with coastal planning authorities unsure of which datasets to apply for delineating areas of coastal change. This has led to vulnerable coastal areas being omitted from CCMAs. The datasets that are available for mapping the coastal change areas are found to vary in erosion extent and do not account for expected increases in the rate of sea-level rise. We suggest that for coastal zonation and climate change adaptation policy to be successful, a robust methodology, including a classification of coastal typologies and their response to sea level rise, is needed to delineate the extent of erosion or coastal change over the next 100 years. Understanding and mapping coastal response to sea level rise will aid planning authorities to build more resilient communities on the coast.

Classification of european building stock in technological and typological classes

Nowadays it is known that the European building stock is energy-intensive and insecure: constructions need interventions both to solve performance and structural deficiencies and to reduce the current unsustainable energy waste. An intelligent retrofit for existing structures should offer an intervention integrating all the different performance requirements, such as structural safety, energy efficiency and architectural quality together with optimization of construction processes and costs. To this purpose, it is, therefore, essential to improve knowledge on the composition of the existing building stock. In this work, by analysing and processing the quantitative and qualitative data available from different countries, it has been possible to define an accurate building technologies map showing both the seismic-resistant structures and the envelope systems, the latter to evaluate also the environmental behaviour of buildings in terms of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and energetic consumptions. Afterwards, the seismic and climatic characteristics of all the European countries have been considered, so leading towards the definition of zones with different combined hazard conditions. Through all the possible combinations between these seismic and climatic zones, it has been conceived a hazard matrix, where different case studies can be placed aiming at showing potentialities of different retrofit solutions from seismic and energy viewpoints. The investigation of these case studies, which will be analysed in a companion paper, allows to cover all the possible constructions and hazards detected at European level, so to implement an analysis method to be used in every Countries in Europe.

A Comparative Description of Meters in Thai and Burmese Poetries

The article analyzes and classifies the meters used in Thai and Burmese poetry. Though both poetic traditions have a rich literary heritage and an advanced repertoire of poetic meters that their structural properties have not received significant scholarly attention. Along with summarizing preexisting scholarly research on the subject, the article provides description of meters used in traditional Thai poetry and their typological classification. The analysis of meters in Burmese poetry is based on the 18th century long drama ‘Maniket’ by Padethayaza as well as on a collection of short Burmese classical poems collected. The article describes and classifies the five meters of Thai classical poetry (klon, chan, khlong, kap and rai). Burmese traditional poetry used one or two syllabic meters as well as other meters, which have not yet been classified in the scholarly literature. The article concludes with a comparative analysis of rhyme in Thai and Burmese poetry.

Convergence Analysis of Economic Growth in South Kalimantan Province 2011-2019

This study aims to analyze the convergence of economic growth in South Kalimantan Province in 2011-2019 based on the level of income per capita. The population of this research is the districts in South Kalimantan Province. Subjects take in the form of levels of income per capita with secondary data sourced from BPS. The analytical tools used are economic growth, Theil index, Williamson index, and Klassen typology model. This study also analyzes the relationship between economic growth and income inequality using Pearson correlation analysis. The results of this study indicate that there is a convergence of inequality in South Kalimantan Province in 2011-2019 with an average Williamson Index value at 0.496 and Theil index at 17.928. Based on the Klassen typology classification, only Tapin District is in the category of high developed and fast growing region. The output on the Pearson analysis correlation shows that there is a non-significant positive correlation between economic growth and income inequality. Furthermore, South Kalimantan Province does not support on the Kuznets hypothesis for the period 2011-2019.

Factor Competitiveness of the Technological Advanced Services Sector in the European Union Countries: A Typological Analysis

Purpose: The article presents a significant and current research problem concerning the competitiveness of the technologically advanced services sector. The research aimed to assess the diversity of this phenomenon in the EU Member States and make a typology of Member States based on partial competitiveness indicators. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study uses a universal model of factor competitiveness - the adopted indicators can also be used to assess other sectors of the economy. Typological classification of EU Member States was made using Ward's cluster analysis. Findings: Several countries shape the level of competitiveness of the high-tech services sector in the EU. The first group comprises France, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, and Italy - it is characterized by a high level of production potential and factor competitiveness indicators. The second group comprises countries with low production potential but with the highest competitiveness indicators among the EU countries. These are Luxembourg, Cyprus, and Malta. Practical Implications: The typology of EU countries in terms of the production potential and competitiveness of the high-tech services sector is a source of information that can shape regional development policies of this sector in individual EU countries. The increasing importance of knowledge-based services in economic development, which includes the studied sector, is a crucial application value of the study. Originality/Value: The level of competitiveness of the technologically advanced services sector and the factors shaping it is a critical issue both in EU policy and in the development of individual countries. Research on the high-tech sector focuses mainly on manufacturing companies (high-tech industry), and to a much lesser extent, on service companies (high-tech services). The considerations contained in the article fill the research gap in this area.

Integrated mineralogical and typological study of Axe-God pendants from the Jade and pre-Columbian Culture Museum in Costa Rica

The mineralogical composition and typological classification of a group of 226 Axe-God pendants from the Jade and pre-Columbian Culture Museum (from the Instituto Nacional de Seguros) in San José (Costa Rica) was studied, using a non-invasive characterization technique and a novel stylistic classification scheme. Possible composition-design correlations were examined through descriptive and functional statistical analysis. This study constitutes an initial step towards the comprehensive analysis of this distinctive pendant design.
 

Concept to recognize crisis of organizational and institutional separation by Artificial Intelligence System

The sphere of anti-crisis management is highlighted in relation to the open variety of organizational and institutional separations that are typical for the higher forms of industrial and post-industrial economies. This article shows the typicity and relevance of critical management situations associated with the emergence of crises. Furthermore, it justifies the objective orientation to a dense (not sparse) stream of crisis situations requiring identification, ranking, and classification. A strict management interpretation of the separation crisis is given through an assessment of the nature of the dynamics of the separation state indexes. Also, the document presents a generalized typological classification of crises. This article shows the necessity of using a high-level Artificial Intelligence System for this purpose, an indispensable component of which is the classification component.

Geological Materials in Late Antique Archaeology: The Lithic Lectern Throne of the Christian Syrian Churches

The geological materials used in early Christian Syrian churches involve a lithic furnishing element: the lectern throne of the Syriac bema, a stone device used as a support for the holy books. Some inscriptions found in Syria suggest an interpretation for this artifact, located in the middle of the Syriac bema hemicycle, fronting the altar zone. These elements were made of basalt or limestone, depending on the geographical–geological context of the building. In this work, an unedited classification of the main typologies of thrones is proposed with a collatio between geo-archaeological data, epigraphic texts, mosaic inscriptions, literary sources, and findings. The role of this uncommon piece of furniture, uncertain up to now, is explained with a new interpretation coming from archaeological–architectural data combined with ancient sources. The study thus locates this architectonical sculpture in the building stratigraphy and also describes decorations from the lecterns, thus contributing to chronology analysis of published and unedited Syrian sites.

АРХИТЕКТУРНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ТИПОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ ЭТНОКУЛЬТУРНЫХ ТУРИСТСКИХ КЛАСТЕРОВ

The target programs for the development of tourism adopted by the government of the Russian Federation testify to the relevance of this sector of the economy. One of the developing areas of tourism is ethnocultural tourism associated with the study of the culture, life and traditions of numerous ethnic groups. Currently, the scientific and theoretical basis for the design of objects of ethnocultural tourism is insufficiently formed, there is no classification of such institutions in the system of tourist services. The aim of the study is to develop a universal typological structure of ethnocultural tourism objects - ethnocultural tourism clusters (ETC). The purpose of the study is to form a classification of ethno-cultural tourist clusters and on its basis to identify their typological characteristics. As a result of the study, a typological classification of ethnocultural tourist clusters is proposed. It is based on the previously developed three-stage system of organizing ethnocultural tourism for the Russian-Kazakh borderland. The proposed typological structure is based on the one-time carrying capacity of the ETC. Tourist service options determine different forms of tourist accommodation in the cluster system of ethnocultural tourism: in the houses of local residents in ethnic settlements, as well as in hotels and guest houses on the territory of the cluster. It is concluded that the proposed typological structure of ethnocultural tourist clusters is universal in solving the problems of multivariate tourist services in vast, undeveloped territories with a poorly developed transport infrastructure and rich cultural, ethnic heritage and similar in climatic and socio-economic conditions.

Reframing Architecture through Design

Reframing Architecture through Design

Illegal Parcelling in Cordoba (Spain): The Result of Illegal Urban Planning or Hidden City Development?

Illegal parcellings are a unique case within urban sprawl processes. They are characterised by originating against urban planning and by a lack of basic infrastructure. It is a phenomenon that has not been studied in much depth, and its typological aspect has been the least discussed element. This article analyses the illegal parcellings in the municipality of Cordoba, Spain, where their area has reached 4,606.88 hectares—this, compared to the slightly more than 2,800 hectares occupied by the consolidated city, gives an idea of the significance of the process. The main objective is therefore to present its territorial scope and, secondly, to propose a methodology for its typological classification. Research shows that this issue is important for a correct assessment of the phenomenon and that it must be addressed appropriately by the relevant administrations.

BURINS WITH TRANSVERSE SPALL AT THE UPPER PALAEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT OF ANETIVKA II

On the Upper Paleolithic sites the burins with transverse spall stand out. It should be noted that different researchers use different criteria to distinguish this group of items. Similar items among retouched burins at the Upper Paleolithic settlement of Anetivka II as well were identified. Anetivka ІІ is an Upper Paleolithic site of Bison hunters, located in the Northern Black Sea Region, on a cape of high right bank of the Bakshala river (right tributary of the Southern Bug), on the southern outskirts of Anetivka village (Domanivka district, Mykolaiv region). The site has been systematically studied since 1978.
 The site dates back to the 18000—19000 BP which corresponds to the maximum of the last glacial period. Anetivka ІІ is attributed as a long-term settlement with year-round presence of hunters on it, as evidenced by faunistic material. The flint industry of the site has spectacular Epigravettian features. Subsequently, in order to process a large number of burins from the settlement (more than 7000 pieces), a multilevel typological classification of these items was created, taking into account the maximum number of morphological features.
 The results of the study showed that it is advisable to single out transverse burins only on plates. They are present in groups of angle and retouched burins. However, within the groups their percentage is different. Among the group of angle burins the transverse ones are not numerous, although they were made purposefully. And their small number is connected with the specifics of production. An insignificant number of transverse retouched burins is connected with their accidental appearance on the site.

Система терминообозначений восточных заимствований в современном русском языке

The paper proposes a typological classification of eastern borrowings in the modern Russian language. The article describes types of eastern vocabulary, proposes a functional typology of foreign vocabulary and identifies the most appropriate generic term for eastern borrowings. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that the author tries to systematize the borrowed vocabulary and to reveal the status of “eastern” words. As a result, it is proved that eastern borrowings include assimilated equivalent words and non-equivalent words. According to the degree of a differential seme manifestation, they can be classified as orientalisms.