Typological Classification Research Articles

ChatGPT는 합의적 평정의 동료가 될 수 있는가? - 질문 유형 분류에서 ChatGPT의 활용 -

ChatGPT는 합의적 평정의 동료가 될 수 있는가? - 질문 유형 분류에서 ChatGPT의 활용 -

Late Roman glazed pottery from Aquincum

This study aims to present a part of the already evaluated Late Roman glazed pottery record from Aquincum and, thus, provide a typological classification based on our current knowledge. It is important to note that the present study does not include the complete – mostly fragmentary – ceramic record, comprising thousands of objects, but focuses only on eighty artefacts representing traditional types. The current evaluation concerns vessel types used on a daily basis: containers (jugs, pitchers, and bottles), serving (bowls) and drinking vessels (mugs, cups, drinking cups), mortaria, and simple lamp variants. In addition to presenting the finds, the study provides a brief general survey of glazed pottery and other Late Roman ceramic vessel types with lead glazing. In addition to presenting the finds, the study provides a brief general survey of glazed pottery and other Late Roman ceramic vessel types with optional glazing.

Eye movement corpora in Adyghe and Russian: an eye-tracking study of sentence reading in bilinguals.

The present study expands the eye-tracking-while reading research toward less studied languages of different typological classes (polysynthetic Adyghe vs. synthetic Russian) that use a Cyrillic script. In the corpus reading data from the two languages, we confirmed the widely studied effects of word frequency and word length on eye movements in Adyghe-Russian bilingual individuals for both languages. We also confirmed morphological effects in Adyghe reading (part-of-speech class and the number of lexical affixes) that were previously shown in some morphologically-rich languages. Importantly, we demonstrated that bilinguals' reading in Adyghe does differ quantitatively (the effect of language on reading times) and qualitatively (different effects of landing and previous/upcoming words on the eye movements within a current word) from their reading in Russian.

Unintended consequences of climate change adaptation: African case studies and typologies on pitfalls and windfalls

ABSTRACT Climate change adaptation concerns mechanisms for responding to local climate change impacts to improve livelihoods of and decrease risks to affected stakeholders. In this article, we present evidence and novel insights from selected climate change adaption cases studies in Sub-Saharan Africa, shared directly by climate change practitioners. Our aim is to foster awareness and comprehension for local, national and transnational actors, enabling better decision-making, project implementation and policy design. To achieve this we describe and assess positive spillovers and negative externalities of climate change adaptation. Building on our collection of case studies, we focussed on classifying adaptation projects according to a set of typologies identified by the researchers. To further explain the typology classification related to the occurrence of (un)intended (side) effects, we identified factors that may enable sustainable adaptation scenarios based on lessons shared about the investigated projects. These systems are based on existing political economic research on the state-of-the-art ‘4E’– method (representing enclosure, exclusion, encroachment, entrenchment) evident in the literature and case study applications, which we adapted to fit our research questions. The factors include collaboration across scales, data availability and learning, bottom-up involvement/participation. We also formulated the positive counterpart of each of the four E dimensions. One finding was that the category lose-win, where the intended goal was not achieved, yet a positive spillover occurred, would be more likely to emerge with the factors ‘bottom-up participation’ as well as ‘learning across scales’ being present.

Craftmanship, Operation, and the Configuration of Social Space: The Case of the Middle Neolithic Pottery Workshop Site of Imvrou Pigadi, Thessaly, Greece

ABSTRACT This paper examines, in parallel, two key archaeological material groups: the kilns and the ceramics from the exceptional tell site of Imvrou Pigadi, the first known and systematically excavated Middle Neolithic pottery workshop in Thessaly. The study forms an all-encompassing, material-based, and scientifically integrated framework based on macroscopic and microscopic analyses, including typological classification and geoarchaeology with an emphasis on micromorphology, as well as an examination of spatial organization. Direct and indirect evidence for standardization and specialization in technology and production practices points to advanced pyrotechnological knowledge and expertise in pottery manufacture at the site. Moreover, the paper examines the social interplay developed around pottery production by discussing cooperation and the organization of social space within the community. Overall, this analysis touches upon the discussion of the wider community of pottery manufacturing centers in Neolithic Thessaly and places the site within its cultural context, offering new insights into craftsmanship and social reciprocity.

Regarding one flint item from the collection of the Upper Paleolithic site Kaystrova Balka IV

The Kaystrova Balka IV site was discovered by A.V. Dobrovolsky in Kaystrova Balka in 1933. In 1936, A.N. Rogachev examined the collections from Kaystrova Balka sites and made their technical and typological classification. Then, these materials were transferred to the Odesa State Historical and Archaeological Museum. In 1971, S.V. Smirnov published the flint inventory from the Kaystrova Balka IV site.
 The purpose of the article is the typological attribution of flint product from the collection of the Upper Paleolithic site of Kaistrova balka IV.
 The scientific novelty. In the 20th century and now, the typological method is widely used for processing archaeological collections. This method is widely used for collections of sites of the Stone Age, when we do not always understand what we are working on. On the basis of the typological analysis of the products of knepping of flint (core, chips, etc.), a reconstruction of the technology of staged primary splitting is proposed, thanks to which a new typological attribution of the product is proved.
 Conclusions. Іn general terms, it is possible to reconstruct the technology of primary splitting at the Kaystrova Balka IV site. At the first stage, the platform was prepared (most likely with one strike). At the second stage, the blanks were spalled. The spalling could also occur without the initial preparation of the rib, which is typical for the prismatic technique. At the third stage, one massive spall was made. After that, further splitting could occur with or without making a rib.
 This reconstruction of primary splitting at the Kaystrova Balka IV site allows us to assume that the examined item appeared at the first or second stage. Thus, this item is a flake, which was chipped from the nucleus at the very beginning of the primary splitting.

Spatial Distribution and Typological Classification of Heritage Buildings in Southern China

Heritage buildings are a crucial aspect of a country’s cultural heritage, serving as a means of preserving and passing down its history and traditions to future generations. The heritage buildings in southern China possess significant conservation, utilization, and research value. However, research is lacking on the spatial distribution characteristics and subdivision types of these buildings in the region. This study aimed to investigate the spatial agglomeration and distribution characteristics of heritage buildings in southern China, as well as the factors contributing to the formation of these spatial distribution patterns. This article focused on the protection of 981 heritage buildings in southern China since the founding of China. The study examined the buildings’ spatial agglomeration and distribution characteristics from various dynasties and subdivided types. It utilized the average nearest neighbor analysis, unbalance index, and kernel density estimation to analyze this distribution. Additionally, this study also investigated the primary factors influencing the spatial distribution and differentiation of these buildings. The results demonstrated the following: (1) In general, the spatial distribution of heritage buildings in southern China is characterized by unevenness and clustering, with a concentration in the eastern coastal and Sichuan provinces. (2) In terms of temporal dimension, the spatial distribution of heritage buildings exhibits unique characteristics in various dynastic zones. (3) In the type dimension, the number of different types of heritage buildings varies greatly. (4) Further analysis of the distribution and types of heritage buildings indicates that quantitative differences are primarily influenced by natural, human, and socio-economic factors. This research was unique as it explored the geospatial distribution characteristics and determinants of heritage buildings. It offers a valuable perspective on the spatial distribution of heritage buildings and can serve as a reference for future studies on the preservation and protection of such buildings in China. Additionally, the findings can provide guidance for the management and rational use of heritage buildings in southern China.

Archaeological Evidence of Medieval Sugar Production in Sicily: A Reassessment

SINCE MEDIEVAL TIMES, the impact of sugar production and consumption on European social, cultural, and economic development has been huge. The introduction of sugar cultivation entailed knowledge transfer and new technological requirements, such as the manufacture of sugar pots used to crystallise sugar, which is often the only archaeological evidence of its production and consumption. Sicily was one of the major sugar producers in medieval and post-medieval times, and many studies based on written sources are devoted to this phenomenon. However, the archaeological evidence seems comparatively scarce. This paper reviews the contexts and materials already known in Sicily, as well as research conducted under the EU-funded Marie Skłodowska-Curie SPotEU project. A typological classification based on sugar-pot shape and size is proposed here. This study allows the reconsideration of the archaeological evidence on the island and discusses changes in the design of sugar pots over phases, contexts and sites.

A typological study on the syntactic variations of counterfactual clauses

ABSTRACT This paper differs from previous studies that focused on counterfactual markings by establishing a typological classification of counterfactuals (CFs) based on syntactic variations. By taking this approach, the paper is able to answer questions surrounding the downgrading of counterfactuals and its effects on clause linkage, clause order and TAM expression. The author proposes a new working definition that emphasizes meaning while also considering form. Through a survey of 155 languages, the paper provides evidence that the syntax of counterfactuals is more diverse than previously thought, challenging mainstream views on their connection to conditional frameworks. Non-conditional CFs like coordination or insubordination which tend to get marginalized in linguistic analysis and description are also explored in the paper. The preliminary systematization of data presented here will encourage an overall rethinking of the syntactic variations of counterfactuals.

Renovation of residences from previous historical eras and styles

The central part of historic cities is developed by ordinary residential buildings that do not correspond to the current architectural and functional requirements and building codes, and therefore require comprehensive reconstruction. Therefore, it is essential to explore the types of residential development in historic cities and the current state of the planning structure of historic apartments, which will allow for professional restoration in the future. The purpose of this research was to determine the current state of historic buildings, and their architectural features, and to propose the basic principles of reconstruction of residential buildings of different historical eras. The research used general scientific research methods (method of comparison, method of analysis) and special methods: typological classification, architectural and planning, three-dimensional, stylistic and retrospective analysis, and graphic comparison. It has been established that in modern urban development today there is a significant share of residential buildings from previous historical eras and styles, consisting of: detached urban estates with their courtyard, ordinary street buildings of 2-4 floors with courtyards, offices and entrance gates, multi-storey buildings, etc. Detached urban estates have now lost their original function as housing and are mainly used as public facilities. Residential buildings of street-level construction have several disadvantages, from the chaotic redevelopment of apartments with access to bathrooms through kitchens or the development of dark rooms to the loss of structural stability of the buildings. Thus, to improve the comfort level of existing apartments in residential buildings from previous historical eras, it is advisable to develop comprehensive programmes for the reconstruction of this type of housing. The practical value of this research is that the recommendations for the reconstruction and preservation of residential buildings from previous historical eras can be used in the reconstruction of existing residential buildings in the central historical cities of Ukraine, and considered in strategies for the reconstruction of residential buildings after the end of the Russian-Ukrainian war

MODEL OF ILLEGAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING PROCEEDS FROM CRIME

In the interests of developing the theoretical provisions of the methodology for classifying the typologies of the risks of laundering proceeds from crime and financing of terrorism in big data from a variety of data sources of organizational systems, a study is being made of the signs of illegal economic activity. Theoretically substantiates and synthesizes a reference model of illegal economic activity of organizational systems. This model considers four stages of possible illegal economic activity of organizational systems. The stages have symbols: “institutions, organizations, structuring and actions”. The structure and composition of the elements of these stages has been analyzed. For the stage of establishment, an analysis of the sources of data necessary for counteraction was carried out, signs of illegal economic activity characteristic of this stage were identified. For the organization stage, it has been established that it is necessary to use an additional data source containing data on the competence of the head of the organizational system. For the organization stage, it was found that it is the most secretive, so it is necessary to further analyze the activity in managing systems in their telecommunications environment. The alphabet of signs of income laundering risks , presented in a linguistic, categorical form is considered. Synthesized and scientifically substantiated events in fragments of interactions of organizational systems. The categorical alphabet containing letters similar to the letters of the alphabet is considered, its formalization is carried out. A scientific substantiation and synthesis of models of individual typologies that form a generalized mathematical model of the typology of the risk of laundering proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism has been carried out. Among these models, two have been identified that provide automatic classification of typologies of individual risks and selection of words in the Markov alphabet A±2, denoting objects. It is concluded that the categorical alphabets  or provide a classification of typologies of individual risks of laundering proceeds from crime and financing of terrorism in big data of organizational systems, in an automatic mode. The classification of typologies is possible at all stages of illegal activity; for this, it is necessary to use several sources of big data.

Green spaces for whom? A latent profile analysis of park-rich or -deprived neighborhoods in New York City

This study investigates the diversity of neighborhood types in which green spaces, particularly parks, are either concentrated or sparsely distributed across different segments of society in New York City. Using a latent profile analysis, the study presents a probabilistic classification of neighborhood typologies based on various combinations of multiple explanatory factors related to their socioeconomic characteristics as well as green space provision indices. Findings reveal that not all parks are designed equally nor do they have uniform impacts on certain social groups and places, but the distribution patterns of parks exhibit complex variations across a geographically and socially diverse collection of neighborhoods in New York City. The findings and methodology of this study can offer valuable reference data for policymakers and urban planners to establish more appropriate and context-sensitive solutions for urban greening and green space development that better address the diverse needs of various socioeconomic groups.

A Typological Approach to Imperfect: Encoding Types and Semantic Features

Imperfect was first referred to in the linguistic field quite a long time ago as a special combination of tense and aspect. However, it has long been regarded as subordinate to Imperfective and to exist merely in some Romance, Latin, Greek, Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavonic languages, thus receiving little specialized research. To conduct a thorough and detailed analysis of Imperfect, the present study established 105 language samples across the world. The imperfect meaning, with different encoding devices, is found in most language samples around the world. Based on the typological classification of their encoding types, the semantic features of Imperfect are then discussed to provide a better comprehension of the universals and characteristics of the types. This multi-dimensional research attempts to call attention to this underestimated concept in linguistic research into tense and aspect, and to provide the research of Imperfect with a rationale in expectation of more systematic studies of Imperfect in the future.

Child-to-Parent Violence Specialist and Generalist Perpetrators: Risk Profile and Gender Differences.

Like other forms of domestic violence, child-to-parent violence (CPV) is a social and health-related problem. The identification of risk factors has preventive and therapeutic implications. This paper analyzes the risk profiles and gender differences of 206 CPV cases between 12 and 28 years of age (58% males) from clinical and judicial contexts in Spain, assessed using the Child to Parent Violence Risk (CPVR) Assessment tool. Two profiles were compared according to the extent of their violence: those using only CPV (specialist, 64.1%) and those also using other types of violence (generalist, 35.9%), as coded by professionals working with the cases. Generalist perpetrators had a significantly higher prevalence in terms of the bidirectionality of the violence (being victims at home), bullying victimization, empathy problems, anger management issues, attitudes justifying violence, antisocial behavior, failure of previous interventions, violence between parents, cohabitation problems other than CPV, problematic education style, and inversion of the hierarchy. Females were less likely to be generalists, and, in the case of female specialists, violence from parents and issues in the family context may have been among the main explanations for their violence. The results suggest differences between groups, which is consistent with previous research, but also the need for more accurate typological classification methods.

Role of length-scale in machine learning based image analysis of ductile fracture surfaces

Recent advancements in machine learning (ML) techniques have opened up new opportunities for using image analysis to solve materials science and engineering problems. In this work, we have used an ML-based workflow to classify the fracture surfaces of dual-phase steels subjected to different stress states. This task is not straightforward, as the ductile fracture surfaces of many metallic materials exhibit similar features, such as dimples. The ML-based workflow uses a pre-trained convolution neural network in unsupervised mode to extract image features, which are then reduced in dimensionality using principal component analysis. Next, images are clustered and classified using K-Means and K-Nearest Neighbors algorithms, respectively. Our results show that the accuracy of the ML-based technique is sensitive to the length-scales of the fracture surface images, and the critical length-scale corresponding to the maximum accuracy depends on the typological categories being classified. A physical interpretation of the critical length-scales associated with the fracture surface images is provided through quantitative fracture surface roughness analysis. Our work demonstrates the potential of using unsupervised ML-based techniques for fractography of ductile materials, especially for typological classification. More importantly, it emphasizes the importance of length-scales in image analysis in materials science and engineering.

Chinese synthetic verbs: a further challenge to manner/result complementarity on the basis of lexical root meaning analysis

Abstract This paper introduces Chinese synthetic verbs and analyses their contributions to debates in manner/result complementarity studies and cognitive typology studies. Chinese synthetic verbs simultaneously express manner information and path/result information, but encode them into separate root slots under Beavers and Koontz-Garboden’s (2012. Manner and result in the roots of verbal meaning. Linguistic Inquiry 43(3). 331–369) scopal modifier test, so they differ from English “manner+result verbs” and further challenge the manner/result complementarity hypothesis. Synthetic verbs followed by redundant path/result verbs constitute double-framing structures that twice encode the framing information, and the non-motion case, i.e., the “synthetic verb+result verb” structure, supplements Croft et al.’s (2010. Revising Talmy’s typological classification of complex event constructions. In Hans C. Boas (ed.), Contrastive studies in construction grammar, vol. 10, 201–235. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company) classification that only includes the motion case, so that Chinese synthetic verbs complement the discussion on double-framing structures. This paper thereby further falsifies the manner/result complementarity hypothesis and provides an overall illustration of the double-framing structure in cognitive typology. This paper also illustrates the diachronic changes of manner, which might be universal and await further investigation.

Antler Comb Production in the Settlement at Suceagu-Rădaia (Cluj County). A Contribution to the Study of the Cultural Contacts at the Beginnings of the Migration Period

The authors are presenting the antler combs discovered as part of the rural settlement at Suceagu – Rădaia, Cluj County. From the very beginning of the archaeological research, the numerous fragments of processed antler pointed towards the presence of a workshop similar to those already known at Bârlad – “Valea Seacă” or from other contemporary settlements in the Central-Eastern European region. The typological classification of the combs discovered here illustrated the presence of three types of combs having a single row of teeth and semi-circular handle, as well as double-sided combs. Of great significance is the zoomorphic decoration present on one of the combs belonging to one of the combs having a single row of teeth and semi-circular handle. The association of combs with a single row of teeth with double-sided ones represents a chronological as well as a cultural “marker” for the Early Migration period, other known analogies pointing towards the area of the Late Roman Pannonian Limes. Double-sided combs are found in a small number in the Sântana de Mureș – Černjachov environment, the chronology of these types of combs, as well as of other small finds identified in the Suceagu – Rădaia settlement, accounting for the presence of antler comb workshops here, during the chronological stages D1-D2. The presence of a production centre for double-sided combs at Pericei, a site positioned beyond the north-western limes of the former province of Dacia Porolissensis, represents a milestone that marks a possible route for cultural influences reaching towards the settlement at Suceagu – Rădaia. To conclude, the present study illustrates the existence of a cultural mixture between the local Sântana de Mureș – Černjachov milieu with northern cultural influences coming from the environment of the Germanic federates in the area of the Pannonian limes. Such a complex phenomenon should have its beginnings around AD 400, at a time when the important cultural environments of the Sântana de Mureș – Černjachov and Przeworsk cultures are starting to fade out of their existence. Mediation between the areas of southern Poland and north-western Transylvania took place, as indicated by the spatial distribution of numerous metal or ceramic artefacts through settlements in eastern Slovakia and north-eastern Hungary, areas that acted as real bridgeheads over the Carpathian Basin.

Assessment of the body posture of junior high school students in the context of their physical activity

Introduction. Posture defects constitute a social problem and can cause negative changes in many aspects of our lives – in both physical and mental health. Prophylaxis and an appropriate degree of physical activity, which affects harmonious development, are very important here. Objective. The objective of the study was to assess the body posture of junior high school students and to determine the degree of their physical activity, and then to check whether there is a correlation between them. The study group consisted of 53 people from a junior high school in Wrocław, aged 14 to 17. Material and methods. To assess physical activity, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used, which contains 7 questions regarding activity in the last 7 days. Body posture in the sagittal plane was examined using photogrammetry, and typology classification was based on Wolański’s method modified according to Zeyland-Malawka. Results. The results of the study were subjected to a statistical analysis, which shows that the studied group of adolescents is mostly characterized by a kyphotic type of body posture, while the least common is the balanced type. The level of physical activity of the study group can be described as sufficient, but it is worth noting that only 6% of the respondents are characterized by an insufficient level of physical activity, and only 7.5% are characterized by a high level of physical activity. Conclusions. In further analyses, it was examined whether there is a correlation between body posture and physical activity. It was found that there are no statistically significant differences between these two features in the study group.

كلمة العدد (الإنجليزي)

Learning is based on scientific research and sober studies, provided that the researcher is free from the consequences of a position that he/she seeks or fears from. And this is what the ancestors have always done, so they were bright lamps in the tracts of Arabic. Their books and dictionaries are the best witness to that. Arabic is one of the broadest languages, and one of the most vocabulary, and those who dealt with its service and sought to develop it in keeping with its time realized the breadth of its meanings. In accordance with the framework of the magazine's concern - within its scope of competence - to advance research in linguistics and its related areas, this issue contains five research papers and a book review. Four of these papers belong to the field of linguistics, and one of them belongs to rhetoric. The first research, "Partial deceptive analogues between the Arabic and Turkish languages," is a contrastive study whose distinction comes from paying attention to the comparison between Arabic and Turkish, which despite its closeness to Arabic in terms of vocabulary, is not paid much attention to in this research direction. As for the second research, "Language and meaning from the perspective of embodied simulation theory," it starts from the perspective of cognitive or perceptual linguistics, in order to try to address the procedural tools that can lead to understanding how meaning is perceptually and conceptually formed in the mind of the language user. The third research is "Language and Identity in the Discourse of Edward Said’s Memoirs". It falls within the social linguistics related to identity that deviates from the traditional framework in this type of studies that is not usually concerned with people and media. This is because it provides us with an important, real example to study one of the manifestations of intense linguistic identity the singularity of Edward Said. In order to conclude that the discourse of identity and its association with language for him represents a unique bilateral aesthetic discourse laden with connotations and implicit messages, by making an alignment and a paradox that depends on the employment of the achievements of the foreign, empowered, incoming essay tongue; To express the identity of the mother's tongue and money. As for the fourth research, "The Chronology of Metaphor from Ancient Rhetoric to Interpretive Rhetoric," it is concerned with rhetoric. It falls within the orbit of its renewal investigations, by tracing the concept of metaphor in traditional Arabic rhetoric and in the contemporary trend called interpretive rhetoric, in which metaphor has become a method for analyzing discourse, contributing to understanding the meaning and building new connotations that led to the emergence of the metaphor mechanism in the field of expanded rhetoric. The fifth research is “Interpretive Semiotics: A Study of the Levels of Interpretation and Perception”. Its interpretive semiotic perspective examines the concept of “signs” that were able to transform the elements of existence and the universe into abstract symbolic worlds, all with the aim of observing the components of signs and explaining their methods of work and their endless semantic process. As for the presentation of the book "Linguistic Change and Linguistic Diversity...", it is an important review in defining a pioneering modern contribution to the field of historical linguistics, typological classification of languages, and documentation, by focusing on presenting examples that draw attention to isolated marginalized languages. In addition to the scientific issues that we benefit from through the presentation of the book, the reader benefits - and this is an important piece of information derived from the presentation of the books - getting acquainted with a group of specialized scholars, represented here by a person who is celebrated in the book, and he is Lyle Campbell, who devoted most of his effort to studying the Central American languages. In addition to getting to know the three editors and co-chapters, all of whom are distinguished academics in the book's core subjects. The research papers presented reflect a realistic picture of contemporary and other linguistics research, whose branches and subtleties of specialization vary, and ranges between the two approaches: theoretical and applied, although some of them are sometimes dominated by the theoretical side, which is not sufficient. Added to this is the significance of these researches on the paths of using the scientific term and the need to review it and try to edit and control it.

H-BIM and Artificial Intelligence: Classification of Architectural Heritage for Semi-Automatic Scan-to-BIM Reconstruction

We propose a semi-automatic Scan-to-BIM reconstruction approach, making the most of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, for the classification of digital architectural heritage data. Nowadays, Heritage- or Historic-Building Information Modeling (H-BIM) reconstruction from laser scanning or photogrammetric surveys is a manual, time-consuming, overly subjective process, but the emergence of AI techniques, applied to the realm of existing architectural heritage, is offering new ways to interpret, process and elaborate raw digital surveying data, as point clouds. The proposed methodological approach for higher-level automation in Scan-to-BIM reconstruction is threaded as follows: (i) semantic segmentation via Random Forest and import of annotated data in 3D modeling environment, broken down class by class; (ii) reconstruction of template geometries of classes of architectural elements; (iii) propagation of template reconstructed geometries to all elements belonging to a typological class. Visual Programming Languages (VPLs) and reference to architectural treatises are leveraged for the Scan-to-BIM reconstruction. The approach is tested on several significant heritage sites in the Tuscan territory, including charterhouses and museums. The results suggest the replicability of the approach to other case studies, built in different periods, with different construction techniques or under different states of conservation.