Typological Classification Research Articles

Popular science books in Russian libraries: Status, problems and prospects

The authors discuss the findings of the study “Popular science books in Russian libraries”. The purpose of the study was to get data on the existence, quantity and relevancy of these publications in the libraries. The authors cite the results of the survey and provide their conclusions on the libraries’ managing their popular science collections and related user services. The digital survey was based on Yandex Forms service and comprised quantitative data acquisition and analysis. The authors conclude that with the government’s focusing on science popularization among the population, the libraries act proactively, promote popular science literature and hold various events. However, further system organizational and methodological support is needed to build the unified system of straight interdepartmental control of popular science literature publishing and relevancy, and to improve libraries performance in this area. The authors specify several problems, in particular, lacking the common approach to publishing and using of popular science literature. The solutions lie in new approaches toward typological classification of this targeted publications and target user audience.

Genius loci of the city of Padua in the context of Slovak travelogues of the 19th century

The authors’ decision to “read” and semiotically analyse the city’s text based on travelogues stems from their aesthetic, historical and informational value, the possibility of incorporating them “into the network” of other texts about Padua, thus shaping city image. The authors’ research on Slovak literature and culture also determined the choice. As a time frame, the nineteenth century is not accidental; the Slovak cultural environment (the territory of present-day Slovakia) witnessed the development of the travelogue genre and journeys to Italy. By interpreting and semiotic analysis of the selected authors’ travelogues and works, the paper draws attention to the uniqueness of Padua, the ways of its representation and the grasping of the urban space, which until now despite its importance in education, sciences and art has remained unnoticed in literary studies. Considering that only four Slovak travellers included Padua in their writings during the studied period, all of their works were reviewed to uncover their texts’ semantic potential. Interpretive immersions thus reflect the experiential reception of the author’s city image and perceiving its architectural structure. Through this, the authors develop a network of texts about Padua and support the typological classification according to its specific function or image. This paper articulates a variant of the Slovak phenomenon of Italian travel and a view of the meanings associated with urban spaces and places. It reflects the importance of travel writing for understanding the (literary) cityscape and its transformations and opens space for further research on the subject.

Experience in applying large language models to analyse sociological data obtained as a result of interviews on students’ perception of entrepreneurial activity

Modern society is experiencing a digital transformation of various spheres associated with the development of artificial intelligence and big data. The introduction of large language models (hereinafter referred to as LLM) into scientific research opens new opportunities, but also raises a number of questions, which makes it relevant to study the peculiarities of their application for qualitative data analysis in sociology. The purpose of this article is to explore how LLM can influence the methodology and practice of sociological research, and to identify the advantages and disadvantages of their application. The authors rely on the use of the Calude-3 LLM to qualitatively analyse empirical data from a sociological study of students’ perception of ­entrepreneurship. The possibilities of LLM in the analysis of qualitative data are revealed: analysis of sentiment, construction of logical conclusions, classification, clustering, and formation of typologies. The advantages of using LLM are shown: increased data processing speed, saving time and resources. The application of LLM becomes a tool to optimise the research process in sociology, allowing to deepen the analysis of qualitative data, but it also has a number of limitations: social and political bias, difficulties with hallucinations. It is necessary to increase the transparency of models, improve their interpretability and explainability and reduce their social and political bias as well as ethical and legal regulation of the use of LLM models.

ABOUT THE PROTOTYPOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE DWELLING

Throughout human history, housing has been crucial for human existence, serving as shelter, a symbol of social status, economic prosperity, and cultural identity. Studying archaeological data from different times and peoples has enabled the analysis of the main stages of the development of one of the fundamental values of human material culture - housing. Housing stands as concrete evidence supporting hypotheses and scientific discoveries, offering insights into the life, culture, and traditions of specific epochs. Its extensive evolutionary journey has been shaped significantly by advancements aimed at optimizing living conditions, influenced by societal norms, domestic practices, and scientific advancements. This ongoing evolution has defined housing's architectural characteristics, including differentiation of family, household, functional planning, work, and communal spaces, alongside spatial and expressive architectural elements. It encompasses the development of individual housing units within broader building and settlement frameworks, encompassing diverse housing types and their typological classifications, as well as applying construction and technical methods. This study examines the distinctive typological groups of housing, characterized by their structural underpinnings. These groups are delineated by key factors influencing the inception of formative architectural techniques, such as the early development of functional-planning solutions rooted in familial and regional contexts, and cultural traditions. Additionally, the article explores the architectural evolution of housing, analyzing how prototype components have shaped the phased development of residential functional-planning structures over time. This research contributes to a broader series of investigations into typological evolution of housing, aiming to deepen our understanding of its transformative journey across different historical periods.

Typological classification of attitudes toward premarital sexual behavior among Chinese undergraduates

BackgroundPremarital sexual behavior (PSB) is a controversial topic in China. However, in recent times, changes in attitudes have led to PSB being more common among college students. This study investigated the attitudes of Chinese undergraduates toward PSB to identify whether a typological classification exists among them.MethodsA total of 278 undergraduate students from two public universities in Mainland China completed a 17-item survey that included five dimensions( emotions, responsiveness, sexual health, sexual freedom, and condemnation) on attitudes toward PSB. Data were collected online from April 2023 to July 2023.ResultsThe PSB questionnaire demonstrated good reliability and construct validity in this study, with a Cronbach’s α of 0.759 and a KMO value of 0.769. Meanwhile, a series of models were estimated specifying one through five latent classes and three typologies on the attitude were identified: “Affective,”“Avoidant,” and “Open.” After the best fitting model was determined, multiple analysis of variance testing of different factors such as gender, year of study and where one came from were found to have significant effects on attitude complexity (p < .01).ConclusionThis research will contribute to the dissemination of information on PSB in China, which will be helpful in understanding relevant issues associated with PSB.

Resistance and stylistic reverence: A typological study of colonial facades in Tlemcen (Algeria)

Abstract In Algeria, which was colonised for over a century, the arrival of the French colonisers led to the introduction of new architectural styles imported from Europe. This adoption of an exogenous style in a different cultural context was only made possible by French military domination. Importing and imposing a style was not always easy, as Algerian resistance was as much stylistic and socio-cultural as it was military. To illustrate this point, we have taken the case of the historic city of Tlemcen (Northwest Algeria), where the French occupiers met with stylistic resistance complicating the achievement of their colonial project. Our research raises the following question: What forms of stylistic resistance are manifested in colonial architecture in the city of Tlemcen? Our aim is to identify the specific characteristics of colonial architecture in Tlemcen, in order to bring out the signs of stylistic resistance that testify to a desire to maintain a local cultural identity despite the colonial influence. The typological analysis of colonial facades serves as a tool and a means of providing in-depth understanding of architectural facades and typological classification in view of the diversity of styles and ornamentation of colonial facades in Tlemcen. This resistance manifests itself in European revivalism in Tlemcen, which involved an exceptional effort aimed simultaneously at composition and a search for stylistic anchorage and originality. It also manifested itself at the level of the native population, who stepped in to protect their cultural heritage and identity against the colonial authorities. Moreover, a certain form of stylistic reverence can be detected, expressed in avoiding pronounced aesthetic or stylistic expressions, favouring instead a more universal and timeless appearance.

Morphology and photovoltaic architectural integration: students’ explorations on the ‘fifth façade’ in Lima’s multi-family projects

The aesthetic integration of solar systems with multi-family buildings remains rare in Latin American countries. This article considers sixty-five projects by architecture students in Lima (Peru) to establish compositional criteria using typological classifications of the solar system layout on the roofs, volumetric composition, and their relationship with façades and lower spaces. The results show a wide range of variables that must be resolved. However, there are limitations to understanding this integration when dealing with the inclination of roofs as well as the coherence and geometric arrangement in irregular configurations. More emphasis is required on understanding the interior organisation and its implications for solar systems when designing multi-family houses. Previous research on the quantification of solar incidence has already been published; however, more research for further aesthetic assessments in medium-density multi-family dwellings could be carried out in the future.

Use of the fuzzy algorithm in samples with imprecise descriptions to define typological domains.

The identification of homogeneous spatial domains is an important step in mineral resource modeling. Inspired by the growing integration of machine learning into geostatistical modeling, this study addresses the fuzzy algorithm for automated definition of typological classes, thus improving the reliability of information. The biggest challenge in building the 3D model is optimizing the time spent grouping the domains since 53% of the samples in the database have inaccurate lithological descriptions. A combination of statistical analyzes of grades and geological characteristics was carried out to set up the fuzzy inference system based on expert knowledge. The results were verified by comparing the clustering obtained with other machine learning techniques. The algorithm proved to be effective in maintaining a better separation of typologies. Other benefits achieved using computational intelligence were the quantification of uncertainty in lithological descriptions; replicability and standardization of concepts for defining groups and automation of steps, allowing agile updating of the model when new data is inserted

Seismic Scenario Losses Estimation Based on the Vulnerability of Pre-Code Masonry Buildings in the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon

ABSTRACT The metropolitan area of Lisbon is the region of Portugal with the highest seismic risk, given the coexistence of moderate-to-high hazard with high population density and building stock exposure. The present work addresses the seismic risk assessment of pre-code masonry buildings in this region, accounting various typological classes and conservation states in order to evaluate the consequences in terms of economic losses. The analyses are conducted through a seismic probabilistic approach, considering the site-specific ground motion through a non-stationary stochastic method. The results can serve as a useful guide for decision-making in developing regional seismic risk mitigation strategies.

RELIGIOSITY IN KAZAKHSTAN: VALUES AND MEANINGS

This paper's goal is to examine Kazakh religiosity through a comparative analysis of Turkic religiosity, as the two cultures are closely related in terms of origin, history, language, and religion. Based on an empirical description of representative data collected in both countries in 2018 by the World Values Survey, the analysis of religiosity has been carried out. The paper's subject is defined through considering religion as a value and pointing out the similarities and differences between the meanings and ideas of religion in Kazakh and Turkish. A typological classification of the two groups as believers is attempted, based on empirical analysis; the Turks are categorized as practicing Muslims, while the Kazakhs remain classified as nominal or non-practicing Muslims. This essay also illustrates the key variables shaping Kazakhstan's religious environment, including radical Islamism, the view that "failed" modernization is to blame for the growth in religiosity, and religious rebirth as a part of national revival process.

DAMPAK EKOWISATA KAWAH PUTIH DI KECAMATAN RANCABALI BANDUNG TERHADAP SOSIO-EKONOMI MASYARAKAT DAN LINGKUNGAN SERTA STRATEGI PENGEMBANGANNYA

The high perception of Kawah Putih Ecotourism management in involving the community in economic activities still has no impact on increasing people's income and standard of living, so it is necessary to analyze the impact of Kawah Putih Ecotourism development on the socio-economy and environment of the surrounding community and its development strategy. First, it is measured with ecotourism parameters for implementation to determine the economic impact on society which is analyzed with income inequality and Klassen typology. Social impact analyzes its positive and negative impacts. The physical environment is analyzed through environmental awareness parameters and development strategies using IFE-EFE, SWOT and QSPM techniques. The results of the research evaluating the application of the principles and criteria of Crater Ecotourism obtained quite high performance results. While the economic analysis of the average per capita income of the community is relatively small for economic growth, the classification of the Klassen typology of the Kawah Putih community is still considered a disadvantaged area. The social impact of the community is categorized as moderate with a slightly larger percentage of negative impact. The level of environmental awareness is still felt to be quite high. Kawah Putih ecotourism priority strategy is to implement quality and licensed management and services by prioritizing honesty, hospitality, comfort and cleanliness to create tourist loyalty so as to improve the economy, social community is more inclined to positive impacts with high environmental awareness. Keywords: Ecotourism, Socio-Economic, Environmental, Development Strategy

Tackling digital payment frauds: a study of consumer preparedness in India

Purpose This paper aims to present a study to measure “Consumer Preparedness” (CP) towards digital payment frauds by considering factors such as awareness regarding fraud risk (“Awareness”), implementation of measures (“Protection”) and actions to be taken in case of fraud (“Responsiveness”). Design/methodology/approach This study reviews existing literature to understand various typologies of digital payment fraud. The data of 372 consumers was collected using a structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Chi-square. CP score was calculated based on awareness score, protection score and responsiveness score. Findings The study shows that the score for the level of awareness was low, for the level of protection was moderate and for the level of responsiveness was high, leading to an overall moderate level of preparedness. Further, a moderate association was observed between demographic factors and the level of preparedness. Practical implications The authors recommend proactive and reactive measures for Central Banks regarding central fraud registry and intelligence exchange, consumer fraud vulnerability assessment model and mandating fraud risk management controls. Further, financial institutions are recommended to permit payment from registered devices only, implement strong customer authentication (including biometric authentication) and conduct periodic awareness sessions. Originality/value The existing body of knowledge does not have a model or scoring mechanism to assess the preparedness of consumers to tackle digital payment fraud. The research paper adds a classification of fraud typologies and an exploratory approach to measure the CP score.

Changes in the Characteristics of Suburbanization in the Warsaw Metropolitan Area in the First Decades of the 21st Century

This paper presents the results of a study on the nature, pace, and directions of socio-economic and spatial changes in the Warsaw Metropolitan Area (WMA) related to the suburbanization processes taking place there. This paper’s contribution to research on suburbanization processes and the uniqueness of the research approach used are related to the dimensions of suburbanization analyzed and their integration while distinguishing types of municipalities, as well as an attempt to present the course and dynamics of changes in suburbanization in municipalities depending on their location, their development potential, and the time of appearance of suburbanization in their areas. In the course of our research, data on municipalities from the Local Data Bank were used, and that made it possible to trace the changes occurring in 2002–2021. The selection of analytical characteristics took into account a wide range of socio-economic diversities of the area related to changes in population, construction activity and housing stock, land use and spatial policy, and economic factors and those associated with investment attractiveness. The components of diversification were used to develop the typological classes of municipalities. The final result of this study is the identification of the specificity of suburbanization in the WMA which is reflected in the social, economic, and spatial aspects of the functioning of municipalities.

Теоретические предпосылки изучения ФЕ-терминов и их вариантов в английском языке делового общения

This article studies theoretical material in the field of phraseology and terminology of business English, placing special emphasis on the variability of phraseological units and terms. The paper presents an analytical review of recent and relevant dissertations, monographs and research articles on business phraseology and terminology as well as variability thereof. The lexical composition of business language and the role of phraseological units in it are examined. The review lists a number of articles explaining the trend towards phraseologization of numerous terms used in business communication. Further, the paper studies current views on the structure of the meaning of the term and examines three main approaches to the definition of the term. Special attention is paid to the motivation of terms and lack of motivation of phraseological terms. The process of terms becoming phraseological units and vice versa is investigated, as well as the transfer of existing phraseological terms into a new phraseological-semantic field; terms describing these processes are considered. Further, the review mentions academic works looking into ways of enriching the terminology of modern business English with new phraseological terms, which include metaphorical and metonymic interpretations of the prototype. In addition, studies into phraseological variation are presented, analysing the concept of phraseological variant and its typological classifications; works on terminological variation are listed. The phenomenon of variation is considered in terms of both expression and content. The review of existing scholarly works confirms the need for further careful research into phraseological terms and their variants.

Risk Assessment of Road Blockage after Earthquakes

This paper presents a safety tool to assess the risk of road blockage during and after emergency situations, mainly due to earthquakes. This method can be used by public authorities to calculate the risk of road paths prone to blockage in case of seismic events. Typological classes of elements interfering with roads, such as unreinforced masonry and reinforced concrete buildings, unreinforced masonry and reinforced concrete bridges, retaining walls, and slopes, are considered. The mean annual frequency (MAF) of exceedance of a blockage limit state is calculated for a path with redundant road segments considering fragility curves from the literature. A practical example is presented for Amatrice, a town in Central Italy hit by the 2016 earthquake. After verifying that the MAF of exceedance demand is lower than the capacity for two roads, a strengthening solution is assumed for two buildings in the path, resulting in a reduction by more than 50% of the MAF demand. For a higher safety level, a bypass is proposed obtaining a demand/capacity ratios four orders of magnitude lower than that obtained with strengthening solutions, highlighting and quantifying the beneficial effect of removing vulnerable structures along the path.

Ecological problems of technogenically disturbed lands on the Absheron Peninsula

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The study area occupies an important place in our republic’s economic, political, and agricultural development. It is very important to properly use the land of an area with such an advantageous position. In addition to rich deposits of oil, gas, and gas condensate, the Absheron Peninsula has widespread mineral deposits (limestone, gypsum, crushed stone, bentonite, sand, etc.). Currently, the accumulation of waste in the territory of quarries and dumps after the extraction of non-metallic minerals on a large scale has led to the formation of technogenically disturbed areas. On the territory of the quarries themselves and adjacent lands, well-developed soils are widespread (irrigated ordinary gray soils with different granulometric composition and thickness, semi-desert gray-brown soils). During the extraction of deposits, as a result of the use of multiton machines and mechanisms, these lands were subjected to varying degrees of technogenic degradation, lost their fertility, and have not yet been studied either genetically or economically. Therefore, when writing this article, the main goal was a large-scale study of these lands and the development of recommendations for their restoration. Various scientists have conducted research on the geochronology of the formation of the soil and vegetation cover of the Absheron Peninsula, the degree of exposure to technogenic impacts, the development of a typological classification, mapping and modeling them to a fertile state in order to evaluate them in terms of biological productivity. However, it has not been possible to fully study the land and use it in different economic sectors. For this reason, an important topic of our time is touched upon in the presented article and is chosen again due to its relevance. As an object of study, the soil and vegetation cover of the territory where organic and non-metallic resources of the peninsula were mined, as well as lands that remained outside the scope of large-scale research, spread over the deformed areas of the Absheron Peninsula, were chosen. In order to give the research a greater scientific-theoretical and scientific-practical orientation, we laid soil-vegetation sections, described natural vegetation, and took sam- ples for laboratory analysis from reference places in the study area,. According to the analysis in the studied soils, it can be said that the amount of dry residue, which is considered the main indicator of the degree of salinity, ranges from 0.172-2.312% in the upper reaches of the accumulative-humus layers, which indicates that a small part of these soils has a predominantly weak medium, strong and very strong salinity.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Building typology of Albanian kulla stone houses in the Balkans

This paper aims to establish a unified typology for the culturally significant kulla stone houses built in the cross-border region of Kosovo, Albania, and Montenegro during the 18th and 19th centuries. Despite some attempts at typological categorisation on the national level, a joint typology for this region currently needs to be improved. Based on existing literature and field research, the paper identifies the specificities of different geographical locations while validating the core attributes common to all typological variations. The findings suggest that the joint typological classification of kulla in the Balkans should primarily be based on architectural elements and, to some extent, setting, building materials and techniques, while functional composition is consistent across all types. The paper argues that defining a common typology for the Albanian kulla stone houses in the Balkans is crucial for evaluating, preserving, and developing kulla as serial properties and for their future regional development.

SUITABILITY OF PHYSICAL ELEMENTS FOR URBAN PARK UTILIZATION: A STUDY ON RAJEKWESI PARK IN BOJONEGORO URBAN AREA

Urban parks are expected to balance the city ecosystem by reducing air temperature and increasing oxygen levels, becoming a space for community interaction, beautifying the urban environment, and reviving economic activities around it. According to the public green open space (GOS) typology classification, Rajekwesi Park is an urban park in the Bojonegoro Urban Area. However, there are still problematic physical elements in utilizing Rajekwesi Park as a public GOS. One of the issues with the park is the lack of functioning park lights, which limits visibility at night. These problems affect the decline in the ability of urban parks to attract people to engage in activities. It is necessary to measure the suitability of physical elements for urban park utilization in Rajekwesi Park. The evaluation was conducted using scoring analysis techniques with data obtained from descriptive evaluative analysis based on six variables: ecology, water catchment, socio-cultural, aesthetic, economic, and disaster management. Based on the analysis results, it can be concluded that the suitability of physical elements in Rajekwesi Park is in the appropriate category, with a score of 75%. The suitability includes all variables with a suitability score ≥ 59.8%. These variables include ecology with an appropriate class, water catchment with a quite appropriate class, socio-cultural with an appropriate class, aesthetic with an appropriate class, economic with an appropriate class, and disaster management with a quite appropriate class.

Глоттогенез Г. Гийома в свете данных общего, индоевропейского и романского языкознания. Часть 1

In this article, the phenomenon of linguistic glottogenesis is studied, which in G. Guillaume's psychosystematic theory is interpreted not as the oldest process of formation of a natural sound language, but as a linguistic change that took place at a short cut of the evolution "Latin – French", and in the works of his followers is considered as a "phenomenon of the development of French analyticism". The article analyzes three concepts of the word-sentence in modern linguistics (none of them coincide with the interpretation of this term in the works of G. Guillaume's followers): 1) as an undifferentiated unit, that goes back to the "diffuse syntax", which fits in with the ideas of syncretism of the "primitive" culture of A.N. Veselovsky; 2) as one-part (nominative and impersonal) sentences; 3) as situational statements that perform the function of remarks in dialogical communication. The syntactic studies of the 20 th – 21 st centuries have shown that the core of the Indo-European utterance is not the nominality defended by G. Guillaume and his followers, but verbal predicativity (argumentative-and-predicate structure). The research into the process of the Indo-European language type evolution elicits the "pre-inflectional" character of Indo-European languages at the "initial" stage of the development, contrary to Guillaume's basic position. Empirical evidence suggests that, synthetism and analyticism, not being the main characteristics in typological classification, are shown to explicate its two types – inflectional and agglutinative. In the history of Indo-European languages, in addition to the shift from synthetic constructions to analytical ones, there was often a reverse process as well.

A framework of freshwater and saline lake typology classification through leveraging hydroclimate, spectral, and literature evidence

Separating saline and freshwater lakes is of immense importance for monitoring lentic ecosystems and assessing surface freshwater availability. However, conventional lake typology often relies on in situ salinity measurements, thus limiting the feasibility of a global application. To enable an effective workaround, we here propose and test a framework that classifies saline and freshwater lakes through systematic, integrated leveraging of hydrological, climatological, spectral, and literature evidence. In principle, saline lakes were sequentially identified if a lake is (1) located at the drainage terminal where salinity tends to build up as a result of lacking surface outflow (hydrological evidence), (2) distributed in an arid/semiarid climate with lacustrine evaporites visible from a high-resolution multispectral image (climatological and spectral evidence), or (3) documented to be (sub)saline or have measured salinity exceeding the maximum freshwater threshold (literature evidence). We applied the HydroSHEDS hydrography dataset, the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, and a large volume of spectral satellite images and literature to implement this framework. This framework was tested on the Tibetan Plateau using the Landsat-based, 30-m-resolution UCLA Circa-2015 global lake mask, and the result was benchmarked against the Chinese national lake survey. Our collected literature shows a 95% agreement between the lake types classified using hydrological, climatological, and spectral evidence alone and those documented in the literature. After further corrections based on the literature evidence, our final classification reached an overall accuracy of nearly 70% in terms of lake count and 94% in lake area, implying that the efficacy of our method tends to favor relatively large lakes. Given such promising accuracies, we further applied our framework to Australia, showcasing its effectiveness for lake typology classification without additional in situ surveys across the world’s most saline continent. While our method, in theory, results in a conservative recognition of saline lakes and should not be considered a complete substitute for in situ surveys, the proposed framework demonstrates potential for performing global-scale freshwater and saline lake typology classification with reasonable accuracies, using only remote sensing images, open-source hydrography and climate data, and existing literature.