Types Of Wagons Research Articles

Investigation of container strength when fixed in an open wagon equipped with pneumatic bags

Ensuring the efficiency of railway transport in international traffic needs the development of combined transport systems. Container transportation is the most relevant among them. Containers are usually transported by rail on platform wagons. Along with this, the lack of platform wagons in operation makes it necessary to use other types of wagons for container transportation, such as open wagons. The fastening of containers in open wagons is carried out using pneumatic bags. To study the effectiveness of applying such a fastening scheme, the load of the container during transportation in an open wagon was determined. The conducted research will contribute to creating recommendations for improving rail transport operations' efficiency.

The Impact of the Change Type of Wagon on the Efficiency of the Single Wagon Consignments

Abstract The transportation of shipments by rail is usually more expensive than other modes of transport. The costs are dependent on different factors, like the length of the train route, energy consumption based on traction, or the number of crew members in the train. The total price for using the railway infrastructure is also calculated, as is the total weight of the railway vehicle—the weight of the shipment and the weight of the wagon. The different types of wagons have different properties. For the operators, it is an ideal situation to have good values of the technical coefficient of tare. In the case of good values, the operator has effectively used their vehicle park. Railway transport should be affordable for customers. By operating non-efficient wagons, transport is more expensive and has low efficiency. By reducing the dead weight of the wagon, it is possible to reduce the cost rate. In synergy with this, more efficient and eco-friendly transportation can be achieved by reducing energy consumption. By reducing energy consumption, it is possible to get closer to the goal of the European Union, which is to reduce greenhouse gases from transport.

IS THE DEPENDENCE OF PASSENGER STRESS ON THE PERCEIVED QUALITY OF TRANSPORTATION IS MORE COMPLEX THAN WE INTENDED? EXPANDING THE METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF RESEARCH AND DECISION MAKING

Purpose. Development of a methodological basis for measuring the dependence of passenger’ stress on the perceived quality of public transport service. Its achievement will contribute to certainty in management situations, when the task of the transport operator's management is to reduce the stress level of passengers. Research methodology: Research methodology: First survey was conducted by the Joint Stock Company "Ukrainian Railway". We found the most important attributes of the quality of transport service for passengers by types of wagons, the advantages and disadvantages of trip, the desired vectors of the customer value of the transport service. The second survey was conducted in the Luxembourg on the travel behavior of residents and commuters from neighboring countries. The results showed that the quality of the transport service perceived by the passenger is the main factor of stress. The dependence of passengers' stress level on attributes and aggregated perceived quality is complex. Therefore, when studying it, it is necessary to apply measurements along many dimensions. Scientific novelty. An important interest of transport operator is the dependence of passenger stress on the perceived quality of transport service. Point-oriented approaches to its study do not provide complete information that the management of the transport operator needs when developing measures to reduce passenger stress. The literature on passenger stress is analyzed from the point of view of the completeness of management information, which is necessary for transport operator to reduce passenger stress. The results of the literature review are checked in the authors' own research, which they conducted in Ukraine and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. New approaches to measurement of the dependence between passenger stress and the perceived quality of transport service are proposed. They form a broader methodological basis for research and management in this area. Practical significance. The application of the proposed approaches by the management of the transport operator will allow it to make decisions on regulating the quality of the transport service in order to reduce the stress of passengers on the basis of more complete management information.

Changing the working conditions of the mineral wool cupola during the transition from an open type to a closed one

The widespread use in the industry of mine furnaces of the wagon type requires the organization of management of their gasdynamic and thermal regime. In the mode of operation of a cupola with an open grate, its thermal mode is characterized mainly by the peripheral movement of gases with a significant difference in the ratio of heat capacities of gas flows and materials. The use of forced removal of exhaust gases from the shaft furnace contributes to an earlier transition from a peripheral to a predominantly central movement mechanism. By increasing the degree of rarefaction on the grate to 0,71‒0,73 bar, it is possible to increase the level of melt temperature, temperature pressure and air blast flow, exhaust gas temperature while improving the conditions of heat exchange between gases and heated materials. This process will be accompanied by a continuous decrease in the productivity of the unit with an improvement in the stability of the melting process. A further increase in the level of rarefaction on the grate contributes to the gradual transition of the mechanism of movement of gases from the peripheral to the central one with a deterioration in the parameters of the wagon melting.

A Refined Model for Carbon Footprint Estimation in Electric Railway Transport

There is a plethora of methods in the global literature that can be used to measure CO2 emissions from electrified transport. But are these methods reliable, and do they offer us a true view of how much exactly of this greenhouse gas is being produced by electric rail transport? We answer this question by proposing an improved CO2 emission estimation model based on cargo transport. Unlike other works, our studies include four crucial steps: (1) estimation of energy consumption in electrified rail cargo transport; (2) estimation of energy losses in the railway traction system and high voltage transmission lines; (3) CO2 emission estimation in traditional powerhouses; and (4) determination of the intensity of the CO2 emissions from electrified rail cargo transport. Based on our method, we concluded that the intensity of CO2 depends not only on the type of fossil fuel used for energy production but also on the parameters of the cargo train, such as its length and weight or the total number of wagon axles (which depend on wagon type). The achieved intensity of CO2 emissions in electrified rail cargo transport slightly varies from those reported in the global literature. Among the most important reasons responsible for this are the conditions under which these tests were conducted. Nevertheless, our results shed new light on how CO2 should be measured. We proved that the decarbonization of electrified rail cargo transport will never be possible without infrastructure modernization. In addition, based on a case study, we also delivered knowledge on how to reduce the environmental impact of electrified rail cargo transport.

Identification of objects based on the data of tenzometrical systems with using methods of machine learning

Objective. To increase the quality of work of tensometric systems, using data obtained from the strain gauge system in the form of maps of the passage of moving objects, it is necessary to conduct research on the data of the strain gauge system and develop a set of algorithms, thanks to which it is possible to obtain the characteristics of railway cars in rolling stock and carry out identification of railway objects objects with a minimum error for further use of the obtained results in the construction of a system of identification and weighing of moving objects through tensometric systems. Research methods. To build a system for identifying different types of moving objects through single-platform railway scales in motion, it is proposed to use machine learning methods, namely neural networks and clustering algorithms. The software implemented as part of scientific research is written in the Python programming language using numPy, sklearn, statistics, and other libraries. Findings. Using such methods of machine learning as convolutional neural networks, clustering, perceptron and relying on the reference data of railway objects that can be used on the territory of Ukraine, a number of algorithmic solutions were obtained and implemented in the form of software, which identify the type of car by such characteristics such as the axle of the cart, the axle of the wagon, the ratio of the base of the wagon to the length of the wagon between the couplings, the weight of the axles. Using the weight coefitient for a specific tensometric system, during the calibration of the scales, the dependence of the weight of the car on its type and the mass of each of the axles was obtained. The originality. After conducting a study of the data on the passage of railway carriages and auto couplings through single-platform scales, it was established that the types of wagons can be categorized by such characteristics as the ratio of the base of the wagon to the length of the wagon between the auto couplings, the axle, weight. To obtain the ratio of the wagon base to the length of the wagon between autocouplings, it is necessary to perform data segmentation and clustering as follows - the wagon base is found as the distance between the middle of two bogies, and the length of the wagon between autocouplings as the middle of the distance between the bogies to the middle of the autocoupling. Practical implications. Using such methods of machine learning as convolutional neural networks, clustering, perceptron and others, an algorithmic solution for data processing of strain gauge systems was obtained, which allows to increase the accuracy of the identification of wagons, while reducing the dependence of the results on the speed of the wagons, which allows to increase the capacity of weighing systems of enterprises

АНАЛІЗ ДІЇ РИНКОВИХ ЧИННИКІВ, ЯКІ ВИКЛИКАЮТЬ НОВІТНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РИНКУ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ВАНТАЖНИХ ВАГОНІВ

The transition of JSC "Ukrzaliznytsia" to the market implementation of services for the use of freight cars caused a drop in demand for the Company's cars over the past three years by more than 1.5 times. At the same time, the decrease in the total volume of cargo transportation by rail transport amounted to about 3%. The purpose of this work is to study the market factors that influenced the change in demand for wagons of JSC "Ukrzaliznytsia". It is proposed to form trends in the market of services for the use of freight cars. The study showed that the structure of demand for JSC "Ukrzaliznytsia" wagons is uneven. It directly depends on the types of wagons offered, their condition, the price of use, as well as the type of cargo being transported. Freight wagons for the transportation of bulk cargo (raw materials, grain, oil products, metals and products thereof) are in the greatest demand among customers. The company's largest income from this service is generated by large clients. They mostly order wagons for transporting bulk cargo. Demand for other types of wagons is generated by small companies. However, their share in the income structure is insignificant. Reserves of JSC "Ukrzaliznytsia" allow to satisfy the increased demand for freight cars. Among the factors that influenced the decrease in demand for the Company's wagons, the following stand out: competitors' provision of newer wagons; untimely change of price offers; untimely repairs of freight cars; bureaucratic obstacles in providing the service; outdated approach to pricing. According to the results of the research, the authors have formed general trends of the market of services for the use of freight cars. Threats negatively affecting the demand structure of this market are outlined. Selected opportunities, the use of which will enable JSC "Ukrzaliznytsia" to compete with other owners of freight cars that provide them for use.

FUNDAMENTALS OF MODULAR DESIGN OF PROSPECTIVE NEW GENERATION PASSENGER SLEEPING WAGONS

Purpose. The aim of the work is to study the directions for creating promising competitive passenger sleeping wagons based on the application of the principles of their modular design. Methodology. The research is based on the analysis of literature sources, formation of a system of wagon modules and development on their basis of possible variants of modular design of passenger sleeping wagons and assessment of prospects for their application based on mathematical analysis of the degree of unification of car designs. Findings. In the course of research, it was established that the design of promising passenger sleeping wagons of the new generation should be based on the principles of significantly improving the quality and comfort of passenger transport based on the use of new layout schemes and relevant principles of modular design. The basic geometric module of passenger wagons of any functional purpose assumes increase in width of its body of 3,4 m. Systems of modular design of passenger sleeping wagons in several variants developed on the basis of the offered new layout schemes providing application of two lateral or only one vestibule located in one end wagons or in the middle of their bodies. The proposed layout schemes also provide for increasing the width of longitudinal passages in passenger rooms, equipping wagons with different numbers of bathrooms depending on the type of wagons for their intended purpose, equivalent in size parameters berths in reserved or compartment wagons of the appropriate class. Originality. The scientific novelty of the work is that for the first time, based on selected concepts, a system of modules for the design of passenger wagons for various functional purposes, their definitions and evaluation of the prospects of the proposed modular design systems for passenger wagons. Practical value. Developed systems of modular design of promising passenger sleeping wagons and compartment wagons of the new generation provide a significant increase in their comfort levels, improve the quality and safety of passenger transport, as well as significantly reduce the timing and amount of funding for cars of different classes and purposes, maintenance and repairs during operation.

REPAIR OF CEMENT, GRAIN, MINERAL WAGONS AND GONDOLA CARS IN A SINGLE FLEXIBLE ASYNCHRONOUS FLOW

The publication updates the issue of wagon repair in modern conditions and highlights the main problems associated with the method of organization of work. Low productivity is due to outdated equipment and worn-out rolling stock, poor training of staff involved. The article contains the main provisions of changing the method of repair, calculating the possibility of loading production positions, calculating the program of repairing wagons, determining the number of ways of their routes, analyzing the shortcomings of flexible asynchronous flow, developing solutions for testing flexible flow in computer simulations. Summarizing this material provides an opportunity to consider and develop a project based on the Stryi Wagon Repair Plant for flexible flow or its modification to increase repair capacity. The article calculates the time of repair of wagons by the flow method and using a flexible asynchronous multichannel method of repair, the graphs show the difference in downtime between the same types of wagons and the type of repair, provided that they are taken in the same condition before repair work. From these calculations, it can be concluded that the streamlined method of repair has exhausted all its resource potential, and will continue to incur the cost of paying employees, maintenance of equipment and other costs associated with production.

Options for placement and transport of bulk goods by rail

One of the main conditions of increasing economical efficiency of bulk freights transportation is development and justification of technical norms of cargo loading into a wagon, which enables to increase the efficiency of a wagon usage. The analysis showed that the load capacity of a wagon is not used fully and in order to increase the load capacity of a wagon, the variants of bulk cargo transportation by railways were proposed. Options for transporting bulk goods in bags and in soft containers (big-bags) were considered in the article, also their comparison was made, for further release of specialised wagon fleet for transporting export types of cargo. The purpose of the study is to justify the choice of wagon type for the transport of bulk goods by rail. The research methods are based on the existing methods of searching for rational freight transportation by rail. The methodology for calculating variants of cargo placement in a wagon is presented. The technical and economic efficiency calculation of considered variants for cargo transportation by railways is done, which in its turn will make it possible to determine the rational variant for bulk cargo transportation. There are recommendations for bulk cargo transportation by railways, which in its turn will help to choose the right and rational type of railcars and maximally use the carrying capacity of railcars according to transportation conditions.

JUSTIFICATION OF FILLERS USING IN THE BEARING STRUCTURES COMPONENTS OF FREIGHT CARS

To reduce the load on the freight cars frames under operational conditions, it has been suggested that to use fillers in their components. Fillers using is advisable in the most loaded elements of the bearing structure, namely, the spine beam. Therefore, a necessary condition for filler using in the spine beam is the creation of its closed structure. The dynamic load of railcars was carried out, taking into account the proposed provisions. Calculations have shown with filler using, the maximum accelerations acting on the bearing structures of wagons are 4% lower than those accelerations obtained for bearing structures without fillers. The results of determining the main strength indicators of bearing structures of freight cars are presented, taking into account the fillers using in their components. It has been established that the strength of the frames of the considered types of wagons under the main operating conditions is ensured. At the same time, the maximum equivalent stresses in the bearing structures of wagons are 4-9% lower than those in typical frame structures. The conducted research will contribute to the creation of innovative structures of rolling stock and reduce the cost of its maintenance work in operation.

Выбор варианта размещения и перевозки сыпучих грузов железнодорожнымтранспортом

One of the main conditions for using the efficiency of the use of freight traffic is the substantiation of the technical standards for loading into a carriage, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of using a freight car. The analysis showed that the carrying capacity of the car is not fully utilized, and in order to increase the carrying capacity of the car, options for the transportation of bulk freight transport have been proposed. The article considered options for the transportation of bulk cargo in bags and soft containers (big bags), they were also compared, for the further release of a specialized wagon fleet for the transportation of export types of cargo. The aim of the study is to substantiate the choice of the type of wagons for the transportation of bulk cargo by rail. The research methods are based on the existing methods of searching for the rational transportation of goods by rail. A methodology for calculating options for placing cargo in a car is presented. A technical and economic calculation of the effectiveness of the options under consideration for transportation by rail has been made, which in turn will determine a rational option for the transportation of bulk cargo. Recommendations are given for the transportation of bulk cargo by rail, which, in turn, will make it possible to correctly and rationally choose the type of carriage and make the most of the carrying capacity of the carriage, depending on the conditions of transportation.

Strength assessment of the body of a weight checking wagon type 640-VPV

In the article, necessary to design and build new and modern weighing wagons to replace the outdated ones, but this will take some time. Thus, before the construction of new wagons and the optimal use of existing wagons, it is necessary to extend their service life. Extension of the service life of weighing wagons involves determining the current technical condition and residual resources of these wagons. For this purpose, a survey and analysis of the main bearing elements and structural parameters of the bodies of the weighing wagons were carried out.

An experimental analysis of the forces impact of a new structural design of a three-axle railway bogie to a track

The article describes the analysis of the impact of a three-axle bogie ELH-3R installed under a platform wagon type Samms on the railway track. The computer calculation of indicators of the track impact is described when the wagon moves along tangent and curved track sections with radii of 430 and 650 meters. While doing that, the cases of the movement of the platform wagon in an empty and fully loaded state were considered. The simulation was carried out at different motion speeds depending on the investigated track on sand or gravel ballast. Based on the calculation results, an assessment of the compliance of the indicators of the three-axle bogie impact on the track with the requirements of the corresponding standards was made.

Повышение универсальности вагонов-цистерн для перевозки нефтехимических грузов

Objective: Characterise the methods for optimisation of tank wagon fl eet. Determine the advantages obtained by the proprietor from wagon modernization. Establish the opportunity for increasing universality of rolling stock on the example of modernisation of tank wagons designed to transport petrochemical cargoes. Methods: Parameters of tank wagons for petrochemical cargo transportation in operation were compared to those of a modernised wagon. Structural elements of a wagon that require modernisation to be consistent with current regulatory requirements were identifi ed. Results of calculations and tests were analysed, and wagon certifi cation was carried out. Results: Ways of modernisation of tank wagons are shown. Primary wagon structural elements that require modernisation are described. Strength, fatigue strength and stability calculations were carried out. Safety valve throughput capacity is calculated, and requirements for this index during transportation of petrochemical cargoes. Optimum design for a drain device is established. A series of engineering prototype verifi cation tests in situ was run, including durability tests which confi rmed the possibility of safe operation of a modernised wagon throughout its service life. The wagon was certifi ed for compliance with railway rolling stock safety requirements. Practical importance: The studies conducted confi rm possibility of modernisation of petroleum and oil tank wagons for transportation of a wide range of cargoes. This would allow create a project for tank wagon modernisation. The novel wagon type is included in the Cargo Wagon Design Reference Guide. Proprietor can implement modernisation of wagons in accordance with the developed modernisation project

Formation of a cargo frame for a cargo express

Subject of research — the study of the structure of flow forecasting potential volume of traffic and in view of the potential senders of the cargo according to schedule to ensure train traffic market category. The relevance of the work is related to the globalization of world business and the rapid development of international relations, in particular, JSC “Russian Railways” is already implementing a service for accelerated cargo delivery — “Cargo express”. This service has successfully proven itself in many areas. It is necessary to consider the possibility of forming this service on the route “Moscow–Vladivostok”. Used analytical studies of the size of the presentation of cargo by potential senders, the method of exponential smoothing is used for forecasting. The definition of the “Cargo Express”, given the options for the formation of freight trains, examines the key points when travelling of the train in the direction “Moscow–Vladivostok”, the characteristic structure of the intended traffic at key points, made a forecast of estimated volumes of the production of goods for the years to 2030. Analysis of the structure and size of freight traffic will continue to assess the frequency of trains plying market category set the order of its formation, determine the number and type of wagons required for each paragraph of the passage, make an accurate transportation planning and hard route schedule, and provide an additional attraction as key customers and small and medium-sized customers on the rail. The development of terminal and logistics complexes should become the basis of the cargo frame in the studied direction.

The mechanism’s study of fixing a container on a freight wagon type Rgs

In freight transport is constantly evolving in the world. An important role in development of freight transport is the increasing usually a speed to 180 km/h of freight trains. In multimodal transport, all the goods are transported in containers. Therefore, the freight is mostly containerized. Several containers in freight trains are transported on Rgs freight wagons. On Rgs platforms of freight wagons are bolts of which the containers are fixed. The role of these bolts is very important because when the train takes the curve or brakes ward, containers could leave the wagon’s platform. In this paper, we represented a Rgs Wagon loaded with two containers. We have to mention that the dimensions of wagon and containers have been made using original projects. Furthermore, we are approached the theoretical aspects referring to the clamping system. We set out to accomplish a through search of both the used bolt to Rgs wagons and new model of bolt. This research was caried out with the help of finite elements method. The design part and the study with finite elements were made in NX 12 software from Siemens. Because of these bolts types they following stress: normal, shear and von Mises. As a consequence, we deduced that the second bolt type is more reliable.

Press Archives. Engineering Ideas 110 Years Ago: Tunnels, Wagons, Green Power Generation

Engineering ideas 110 years ago focused on new solutions in the field of transport civil engineering, discussing design of railway tunnels under rivers, lakes, and sea straits. Not all of them have been built till now, e.g. the tunnel under Bering strait. Mechanical engineers thought about new type of wagons to carry perishable goods, and electrical engineers developed projects to use tidal energy as a source of power supply.

Justification for reducing the weight of the frame of the platform car for transporting containers in modular electric freight trains

Background: The article describes the rationale for reducing the metal content of platform cars of a modular electric freight train (MEFT) due to the distribution of traction power across the composition and reducing internal kinetic forces in the train. The calculation of the volumetric model of the car frame under the action of the weight of containers and quasi-static load, the analysis of the distribution of equivalent stresses is made. The effects of introducing these types of wagons into modular electric freight trains are considered.
 A railway train of locomotive traction is a complex mechanical system in which dynamic processes occur due to the traction force of locomotives, fractures of the profile and track plan, braking and releasing the brakes, different rates of pressure change in the brake line, and uneven resistance to movement of the locomotive and cars [1]. When driving the MEFT formed a much smaller amount of internal kinetic energy, allowing to reduce the load limit on the hitch and the frame of the wagons to transport more cargo with equal traction power by reducing the coefficient of tare of the train. In addition, running MEFT will improve the handling and safety of trains, reduce operating costs for passing train flows by reducing energy consumption for traction, braking, reduce the time for testing the brakes, the number of car, locomotive and crew hours. We predict significant (up to 7 times) reduction of loads on the coupling devices and the frame of cars, if the strength condition is met.
 Aim: To justify the possibility of reducing the loads on the auto-coupling equipment and metal structures of the frame of platform cars as part of modular electric freight trains by reducing the longitudinal forces in the auto-coupling devices due to the distribution of traction power across the composition.
 Methods:
 
 special engineering methods for traction calculations applied to railway transport;
 engineering and technical methods of calculation and design of platform cars;
 finite element method;
 a system method that allows you to identify various direct and indirect relationships in the analysis of the selection of frame structures of platform cars.
 
 Results: We justified reduction of loads on auto-coupling devices and load-bearing frames of platform cars in MEFT. It is revealed that the decrease of axial compressive loads on the automatic coupler device with 2,500 kN in the car locomotive hauling up to 400 kN at the car the IAEG will help to alleviate the weight of the metal frame of the wagon-platform for transportation of containers and reduce packaging of the car is 1.6 t, by 7.3 %. The reduction in the cost of the car will be 76.8 thousand rubles, or 3.84 %.
 Conclusions: The author offers a justification for reducing the weight of container cars-platforms of a modular electric freight train, on the basis of which it is possible to reduce the metal content of cars and transport a larger amount of cargo with equal traction power in comparison with a train of locomotive (concentrated) traction.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis and Prediction of Ground Vibrations Due to Heavy Haul Railway Viaduct

The ground vibration wave induced by the viaduct section of the heavy freight wagons is transformed into the ground vibration problem under the condition of point source excitation after it is transmitted to soil through pier. When the speed and axle load of wagon become larger and larger, the impact on the surrounding buildings will also increase. In this paper, the ground vibration around Shenshan Village in section of Shuo-Huang railway line is monitored and numerical analyzed; the 3D numerical model of the Bridge-Pier-Field-House system is established. The relationship between peak vibration velocity (PPV) and the distance to the pier caused by heavy freight wagons at different speeds and different type of wagons is analyzed. The power function relationship between the two when measuring line perpendicular to the centerline of railway is verified. Based on the modified Sodev’s equation, the relationship between PPV of ground points and wagon speed, axle load, and soil properties is proposed, and the value of every parameter in the formula is discussed in detail. The concept of energy index is put forward for the first time in the formula, and the relationship between energy index and wagon speed and wagon weight is analyzed by regression analysis. The accuracy of the calculation model and prediction formula is verified by comparing field test results; an analytical method is proposed to predict the ground vibration induced by viaduct.