Types Of Wagons Research Articles

Marathon2Operation, a Shift2Rail project for radio communication and simulation of train dynamics for distributed power within long trains

The paper reports the main objectives of the European research project Marathon2Operation (M2O). This project aims to define the best train configurations with distributed traction and communication via GSM-R radio technology, compared to longitudinal dynamics and to demonstrate their safety through a safety analysis independently assessed. The analysis involves trains with two up to four traction units. The trains analyzed are randomly composed, considering different types of wagons and different mass distributions along the train, to be representative of the operational reality. The first results of the project allow identifying some families of distributed traction trains (these are coupled trains) that have a behavior of longitudinal dynamics (also considering the degraded operation, i.e. with radio problems) similar to that of some trains currently running.

Analysis of the possibility of the use of tough side bearers in the covered wagons design for the light-weight loads transportation

Abstract At the present time in Ukraine and CIS countries the volumes of transportation of utilized and light-weight packaged cargos have increased. Conditions for the transportation of these loads require the formation of a fleet of specialized covered wagons. Their development, production and tests are carried out in order to create and supply this type of wagons to the railways of Ukraine and other CIS countries. At the same time, insufficient purchases financing does not allow the formation of a corresponding fleet of wagons with new designs. Therefore there is a need to replenish the fleet with wagons taking into account the available wagon structures. Specialized covered cars having side bearings with gaps can be used as such structure. There is a need to fully investigate the functioning of the replacement of contact side bearings by side bearings with gaps in order to ensure the necessary level of running qualities of the mentioned cars. The results of such studies are presented in the article.

CALCULATION OF PARAMETERS OF RAILWAY STRUCTURES OF RAIL STATIONS ON THE SAFETY CRITERIA

Purpose . The aim of the research is to search for and develop a universal method that allows calculating the parameters of railroad tracks in railway stations by the safety criterion. Technique . It is established that when performing maneuvers at stations, there is a prohibition on the automatic coupling of the rolling stock when it stops in curved sections of the track. This is due to the prevailing uncertainty in the precise definition of the safe conditions for the interaction of rolling stock. In practice, this causes the need to monitor the process of cohesion of wagons involved employees. The existing methods of calculation make it possible to determine the conditions for effective interaction only in circular and s-shaped curves without a straight section and have a number of limitations on the application. However, the conducted analysis of the circuits of the track development of existing stations made it possible to allocate almost two dozen fairly common design interaction conditions. The most accessible and universal way, providing a result close to the experiment, is the simulation of the process of cohesion of rolling stock on sections of paths of different configurations. To create a model, it is necessary to implement an algorithm that includes the solution of a number of problems: 1) the creation of a mathematical model of the path section under study; 2) simulation of the position of the interacting cars and their consoles at any point of the investigated section of the track; 3) determination of the trajectories of the axes of coupling of the automatic couplings of wagons and lines, characterizing the distance between the axle of coupling of cars (total removal of consoles), as well as the effective gripping width of automatic couplings, depending on the geometry of the track; 4) simulation of the conditions of interaction between two cars and determining the effectiveness of automatic coupling. Results . The use of computer simulation allows significantly expanding the possibilities of investigating the conditions for the interaction of wagons on sections with different geometric parameters. Thus, the conditions and the character of the interaction processes of the automatic couplers of wagons (on the example of a long-platform platform with a length of 26,22 m) are defined on the sections of conjugation of a circular curve with a straight and s-shaped curve without a straight insertion, when the wagon is not placed entirely on the curve ( l c < 2 l + n ). The method makes it possible to determine the restrictions on the use of s-shaped curves with direct insertion. As a result of the simulation, the lengths and sizes of the radii of the curves are obtained, which ensure the efficiency of performing automatic clutch operations with long-wheel wagons. It is established that the design and dimensions of some long-wheelbase wagons do not provide the conditions of adhesion on the switches of grades 1/6 and 1/9. Such wagons should be allocated to a separate category of extra-long-wheelbase, for the use of appropriate security measures in the shunting work with them. In addition, the size of the zone is determined, within which the conditions for the interaction of wagons are not ensured, which is important for placing freight fronts and other structures in connection with the railroad development plan. Scientific novelty . An imitating model of the process of interaction of wagons on sections of paths of various designs has been developed. In this case, the additional transverse displacement is taken into account when determining the coordinates of each trolley separately. Its computerization allows to investigate the parameters of railway structures and to establish the requirements for the design and geometric parameters of the track, which ensure the effectiveness of the cohesion of the wagons. Some types of wagons have been established, the execution of maneuvers with which can create critical conditions for interaction. Practical importance . Formalization of the conditions creating restrictions on the performance of shunting operations makes it possible to identify wagons that create unfavorable conditions for interaction, to localize the most dangerous sections of tracks at stations and to allocate safe technological routes for skipping long-distance wagons. The use of simulation results in the design and reconstruction of railway stations will minimize the participation of a person in the process of coupling cars, improve the efficiency and safety of shunting operations, and extend the use of automation systems in the future. The developed simulation model also makes it possible to perform an assessment of the conditions for ensuring safe approach gauge in railway transport.

Towards the Implementation of Optimal Train Loading Plan in the Athens-Thessaloniki Freight Services

The main goal of train loading optimization is the proper assignment of loading units onto the wagons, taking under consideration numerous factors like the maximum axle load restrictions, the condition of the railway infrastructure, the operating conditions, safety regulations etc. The typical expression of the problem is usually formulated under one of the two following assumptions: (a) the commodity load is predefined or (b) the number and type of wagons is fixed. The current work describes the steps that were followed and enabled the analysis, optimization and integration of the train loading plan into the information system that supports the new railway service of TRAINOSE for containers transport on the Athens – Thessaloniki line. This new service, named iCS, was launched in December 2013 and ever since operates on a daily basis. The work includes a literature review, a mention of the pragmatic aspects that influence container transport and train loading plan, the presentation of the heuristic which is implemented in the information system of iCS service, a validation process against a mixed integer optimization model and finally concludes with the proposed solution for the iCS wagon loading problem.

Towards the Implementation of Optimal Train Loading Plan in the Athens-Thessaloniki Freight Services

The main goal of train loading optimization is the proper assignment of loading units onto the wagons, taking under consideration numerous factors like the maximum axle load restrictions, the condition of the railway infrastructure, the operating conditions, safety regulations etc. The typical expression of the problem is usually formulated under one of the two following assumptions: (a) the commodity load is predefined or (b) the number and type of wagons is fixed. The current work describes the steps that were followed and enabled the analysis, optimization and integration of the train loading plan into the information system that supports the new railway service of TRAINOSE for containers transport on the Athens - Thessaloniki line. This new service, named iCS, was launched in December 2013 and ever since operates on a daily basis. The work includes a literature review, a mention of the pragmatic aspects that influence container transport and train loading plan, the presentation of the heuristic which is implemented in the information system of iCS service, a validation process against a mixed integer optimization model and finally concludes with the proposed solution for the iCS wagon loading problem.

Technological conditions of intermodal transhipment terminals in Poland

The following paper introduces comparison and evaluation of two intermodal transport technologies. The first of them is “rolling motorway” technology, better known as “Rollende Landstrasse” or ”Ro–La”, while the second one is called pocket wagons technology. We present general characteristics of chosen intermodal freight transport technologies in a form of a brief description of both intermodal technologies. Moreover, we describe initial processes, loading and operations in the case of the two mentioned technologies. The paper contains as well as computing example and the schemes of intermodal freight transhipments terminals for “rolling motorway” and pocket wagons technologies and inevitably means of transport to be used in the technologies. The chosen wagon types taken into consideration are as it follows. In case of “Rollende Landstrasse” technology we chose wagon types of 602S, Saadkkms and Saadkms and in case of the second technology the chosen types of wagons are: Sdggmrss, Sdgnss and Sdgmnss. Different kind of wagons in mentioned technologies are pictured and briefly described. Additionally, freight wagons – potentially used in the mentioned technologies – are evaluated with use of selected methods applicable in evaluation of alternatives. Wagons are evaluated under the specified conditions, especially with taking into consideration chosen operational parameters of them. In conclusion we relate to current condition of internal transhipment terminals in Poland and other aspects that concern them.

OPTIMIZING THE USE OF EMPTY WAGONS IN THE DEFICIT OF ROLLING STOCK

In the current economic conditions it becomes necessary to increase the competitiveness of railtransport. Due to the lack of cars and their poor condition, there are situations when it is impossible totimely provide the required type of wagons all shippers because railroads suffer some losses. To purchasenew rolling stock requires significant investment, so there is a problem of rational use of available transportunits in operation. One option is the rationalization of the development of new approaches to car traffic,such as the use of new information management systems that help decide the operational staff.

Identification causes of cracking on the underframe of wagon for containers transportation – Fatigue strength assessment of wagon welded joints

This paper describes a methodology used to identify causes of cracking nearby the welded joint on the underframe of wagon type Sgmns for the transportation of containers and swap bodies. Because of complex mounting, bending and welding technology of underframe bottom part, it was not possible to solve this problem with a commercial software. The aim of this analysis is to identify and register the residual stresses that appear after the process of mounting of the underframe bottom part. According to the TSI standard and norm EN 12663:2000, the fatigue strength analysis of Sgmns wagon for containers transportation was done. The analysis was done to discover kind of loads which induce cracks in the welded joints. The obtained results for the case of maximum vertical load were shown. The analysis of obtained results identified that cause of cracking on the bottom part of underframe of wagon type Sgmns is fatigue.

The Influence of Double Acting Hydraulic Piston on Tractive Forces for Towing Vehicle on Steering of Wagon Type Articulated Tracked Vehicle(English)

Tracked vehicles have been in use for many years ago thus, there has been increasing interest in articulated tracked vehicles for various applications such as they can be used as transporters for heavy equipment or as heavy earth-moving machines. Generally, it has been accepted that the wagon-type articulation of tracked vehicles is the simplest type of articulation. However, previous analysis has shown that this kind of articulation createsa problem to steering in the straightening-up position. This paper deals theoretically withthe possibility of changing the hydraulic piston, which used now in articulated tracked vehicles by a double acting hydraulic piston as another solution.It explains the effect of two forces of the piston on the outside tractive force and inside tractive force for the towing vehicle, when using a conventional wagon-type articulation of tracked vehicles with the introduction of double acting hydraulic piston in the system.It show that the length to the width ratio of the towing tracked vehicle is the main factor that affects much more than the other on the forces of the towing vehicle, where the value of this ratio (less than one) gives a good straighting up. Keywords: tracked vehicles, articulation of tracked vehicles, thrust force, hydraulic piston

Determination of dynamic sizes during the process of impact of railway wagons

The objective of research in this paper refers to the theoretical and experimental determination of dynamic sizes that occur during the process of impact of railway wagons. At the process of wagons impact as well as at the time of changes of movement regime (starting, stopping, and braking), the longitudinal forces that significantly affect the stress-deformational state of the supporting wagon structure occur. In the process of developing and designing new types of wagons and in the process of identifying the behavior of existing types of wagons, it is necessary to know the values of the most important dynamic sizes that occur during the process of impact. In this paper, a method for determining these sizes is formed by using the theoretical models of impact of wagons. Results of numerical simulation of impact are compared with the results of experimental tests, which were conducted according to international regulations. Research has shown that the results of numerical simulations coincide with the results of experimental tests, with certain exceptions. It is concluded that theoretical model can be used in determining the most important dynamic sizes that occur during the process of wagons impact.

RESEARCH ON THE COMPATIBILITY OF THE CALCULATION METHODS OF ROLLING‐STOCK BRAKES

One of the main tasks approached by the European Union is the liberalisation of railway transport service market. The foremost problem solved in this paper is the interoperability of various railway systems in the countries of the European Union. Thus, the immediate goal is to solve the problem of the interoperability of different railway systems used in the European Union. A distinction between railway track gauges (from 1435 to 1668 mm), particular couples of wagons, various clearances of rolling stock, different systems of infrastructure etc. are the main impediments. One of the problems in the nearest future will be the evaluation of the brakes of different wagons produced in Western Europe and the former Soviet Union. Freight trains in Lithuania consist of these two types of wagons, and therefore some problems of correcting the results of calculating braking distances and brake force may arise. The main object of this research is to investigate the methods evaluating the brakes of rolling‐stock and to assess the possibilities of integrating and harmonizing these different methods. The reliability of the methods evaluating the brakes of rolling‐stock is one of the most important components enabling the interoperability of railway transport in the EU network. The brakes of Russian wagons are calculated by MPS Rules for Traction Calculations, approved by the Russian Ministry of Transport (till 2004 ‐ Ministry of Communication Ways of Russia)). On the other hand, the brakes of the wagons produced in Western Europe should be calculated applying TSI (Technical Specifications for Interoperability) methodology. The main parameter following TSI (Technical Specifications for Interoperability) methodology is braked mass and following MPS (Railway Transport Ministry of Russia) method ‐ a pressing force of the brake shoes. The questions of determining the braked mass of wagons and correcting mean braking distance are presented. The compatibility of two different evaluating methods is discussed. Finally, the basic conclusions are given.

LOW NOISE GOODS WAGONS

Within the framework of a project called “low noise train”, the Deutsche Bahn AG (DB AG) is currently expending a good deal of effort in initiating the development of a goods train that radiates significantly lower levels of wayside noise than do conventional goods trains. The present paper is based upon a collection of results of sound level measurements made by the UIC and the DB AG on wayside noise produced by goods wagons. For A-weighted sound-pressure levels, these results indicate that wheel/rail interactions are the dominant sources at speeds around 80 km/h on most types of wagons. Radiated noise levels are strongly influenced by the kind of braking system as well as by the condition of the rail surfaces. Other parameters appear to play a much smaller role in establishing wayside noise levels. Measurements designed to locate sources of radiated noise on dedicated goods trains have recently been carried out in order to increase our understanding of the mechanisms involved and to study the effects of sound-abatement measures on the level of rolling noise. These measurements were made with one- and two-dimensional configurations of microphone arrays. Several results of these studies are given here. In general, the conclusions drawn from the investigations are very promising, and, at least from an acoustical standpoint, the goal of realizing a “low noise goods train” appears achievable.

The Wagon Type Walker for Aged Patients with a Walking Difficulty

The Wagon Type Walker for Aged Patients with a Walking Difficulty