Types Of Raw Materials Research Articles

НОВЫЕ ДАННЫЕ О НЕОЛИТИЧЕСКОМ ГОНЧАРСТВЕ НИЖНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

The article presents data on newly discovered ceramic complexes obtained during archaeological research of the Neolithic sites of the Lower Volga region (Taskuduk, Priozernaya, Algay) in 2021-2022. The results of statistical, morphological and technical-technological analysis of ceramics made it possible to compare the ancient pottery production in different landscape zones of the Lower Volga region: the semi-desert Northern Caspian region and the steppe Lower Volga region. New radiocarbon data obtained at the Isotope Research Laboratoryof the Russian State Pedagogical University in the name of A.I. Herzen (St. Petersburg), and drawing analogies with other well-known sites in the region (Tenteksor, Zhe-Kalgan I, Varfolomeevskaya site) allow us to consider the newly discovered complexes as simultaneous and attribute them to the Late Neolithic.Morphological analysis of pottery complexes belonging to different cultures made it possible to reveal both common features (shape of vessels, flatness, decoration of vessels with pricking and indentation, presence of thickening on the inside of the rims) and differences (shape of pricks, ornamental compositions and motifs). The Neolithic materials of the Lower Volga region can be united within the framework of the Lower Volga cultural-historical community (LVCC) with division into regional cultures: Orlovskaya, Dzhangar, Kairshak-Tenteksor (Seroglazovskaya), which have signs of a common origin, common patterns of development and cultural interaction during all the Neolithic. The researchers revealed the existence of an early Neolithic center of the origin of pottery in the Lower Volga region, traced its evolutionary development and regional characteristics, reconstruct the archaic (pre-pottery) ideas of the ancient population about silts as a raw material for the production of dishes. In contrast to the Northern Caspian, where archaic traditions of silt selection were preserved even at the late stage of the Neolithic, in the steppe Volga region the new types of raw materials, such as silty clays and clays, appeared simultaneously with the traditional types and then became widespread. Identification of the causes of this phenomenon (climate changes or the emergence of new groups of the Neolithic population) requires further research.

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSTALLATIONS WITH MICROWAVE POWER SUPPLY FOR PROCESSING RAW MATERIALS AT AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

The developed methodology of designing installations with microwave power supply for heat treatment of raw materials of agricultural enterprises is described. The scientific problem is the low energy efficiency of installations designed for heat treatment of raw materials with steam-water mixture, convective heat supply, the absence of continuous-flow installations for farms that ensure the preservation of consumer properties of the heat-treated product at reduced operating costs. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing the scientific and technical foundations of installations with microwave power supply for processing raw materials at agricultural enterprises. (Materials and methods) Carried out three-dimensional modeling of the structural design of the installations in the Compass 20 program, determined the electrodynamic parameters of the “generator-resonator” system in the CST Microwave Studio program. (Results and discussion) Resonators of different structural designs have been developed for different types of raw materials, in which electromagnetic safety is ensured by forbidden waveguides, decelerating systems in the form of a chain of connected resonators, comb, cylindrical spiral, rod ring, counter pins. In resonators with curved surfaces, several magnetrons of the same frequency or operating at close frequencies with dissectors were used to change the frequency of the generator and increase the number of types of vibrations, and mixing, transporting mechanisms that allow maintaining the well of the technological process less than 0.5 and observing the dimensions of the raw materials in accordance with the depth of penetration of the wave. It was found that when using several magnetrons, the concentration of the electromagnetic field energy in the resonator volume and the reduction of radiation losses are achieved using ceramic reflectors. The values of the intrinsic Q-values of the resonators were determined to evaluate the thermal efficiency coefficient. (Conclusions) Using the examples of an animal colostrum defroster, instant milk pasteurizer and a three-section hop dryer with air-cooled magnetrons, the implementation of the scientific and technical fundamentals of designing microwave equipment for processing raw materials of agricultural enterprises was shown. It was revealed that they provide ways to achieve a continuous mode of operation of the equipment in compliance with electromagnetic safety without a shielding housing by implementing metal-dielectric resonators with decelerating systems and ceramic reflectors with an optimal arrangement of waveguides with air-cooled magnetrons on the curved surfaces of the resonators.

Optimization of the protein product formulation based on safflower production waste

The global volume of feed production is growing annually, for example, in 2021 it increased by 2.3%, to about 1.2 billion tons against 1.19 billion tons in 2020. The production of compound feeds is a complex technological process that allows you to obtain a final feed product with the required characteristics from several types of raw materials. The effectiveness of the finished feed depends on its chemical composition, nutritional value, form of release, etc. Each type of feed mixture is made according to a certain recipe, taking into account the type of animal or bird, breed, direction, age and contributes to the maximum disclosure of the genetic potential of an individual. The main indicator of the high quality of compound feeds is their balance in accordance with the needs of animals in irreplaceable nutrition factors. Compliance with this provision ensures a high conversion of compound feeds into livestock products. Therefore, along with the expansion of the feed base at the expense of traditional types of feed, it becomes obvious that there is a need to expand the possibilities of using non-traditional feed products, especially of plant origin. However, there is currently no effective and simple technology for recycling waste after processing oilseeds, which is an effective and simple method with significant innovative potential in the feed industry. One of the promising directions in the development of waste management technology for processing oilseeds is the use of extrusion after rational preparation of this process, which includes an even distribution of waste and valuable components.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИХ ДОБАВОК РОСЛИННОГО ПОХОДЖЕННЯ ДЛЯ МАЙОНЕЗНОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ

Mayonnaise and mayonnaise sauces hold a significant place in the diet of a modern person. Their production volume world-wide has a constant tendency to increase. The product range is expanding, considering the modern trends in healthy nutrition.Consumer demand for mayonnaise products with low fat content, free from animal-d erived ingredients, enriched with vitamins, trace elements, and dietary fibers, necessitates the search for new functional additives and the study of their technological prop-erties. The article presents the results of a study on the properties of vegetable fiber (cake), different fractions of crushed seeds and flour of flax, sesame, pumpkin, and their mixtures. A comprehensive thickener based on flax products is proposed.The use of plant-based functional additives in the production of low-fat mayonnaise and mayonnaise sauces allows for the enrichment of these products with a complex of beneficial nutrients and dietary fibers while contributing to the formation of a stable emulsion product.When developing recipes for water-fat emulsion products with a significant proportion of the water phase, it is necessary to consider the properties of the components, their influence on the quality of mayonnaise, and possible changes in properties during the production process. An important technological characteristic of special functional additives in low-fat mayonnaise products is their ability to retain water, thereby regulating the viscosity and consistency of the final product.Analysis of research and publications has shown that considerable attention is given to expanding the range of functional mayonnaise products (including dietary, vegan, and enriched with beneficial nutrients). Starches, pectins, microbial polysac-charides, a wide range of E-additives obtained from algae and tree resin are suggested as rheological additives in low-fat mayonnaise and mayonnaise sauces. Flour, cake, meal, and protein isolates obtained from them serve as effective thickeners.The aim of the article is to study the properties of both individual types of plant-based functional additives and their mixtures, as well as to establish the possibility of regulating a parameter such as moisture-retaining capacity for mixtures containing the same type of raw materials, including cake, flour, and crushed seeds in different ratios.The moisture-retaining capacity of the studied samples was determined using the centrifugation method. The highest moisture-retaining capacity is observed in flax seed cake (806.2%), while crushed pumpkin seeds show the lowest capacity (104.7%) due to their high fat content. The possibility of adjusting the moisture-retaining capacity parameter of mixtures of cake, flour, and crushed seeds by varying the amount of individual components in complex additives for low-fat mayonnaise was studied. A proposed recipe for eggless mayonnaise utilizes a complex based on flax products with a ratio of flax cake, flour, and crushed seeds (fraction with particle size up to 0.5 mm) of 1:1:0.5, respectively. For the produced mayonnaise with 25 % fat content and the complex functional additive, the emulsion stability indicator was determined, meeting the requirements of the relevant Ukrainian standards for mayonnaises and mayonnaise sauces.

Study of qualitative composition and quality indicators of black thorn (Prúnus spinósa L.) leaves

In recent years, researchers have been interested in new types of plant raw materials that are not pharmacopoeial to date. Such raw materials are leaves of black thorn, a plant widely distributed in the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as easily cultivated. Due to the lack of regulatory documentation, the purpose of this study was to conduct a set of qualitative reactions to confirm the proposed groups of biologically active substances, as well as to determine the quality indicators of black thorn leaves as a step in the standardisation of this type of raw material. In the course of qualitative reactions the presence of such groups of biologically active substances as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and polysaccharides was confirmed in the leaves of black thorn (Prúnus spinósa). The composition of the flavonoid fraction was analysed by the method of HELC; the presence of such substances as rutin, hyperoside, vitexin, astragalin, and quercetin in raw materials was established. Numerical indices were determined according to GF XIV methods, The content of phenolic compounds was also confirmed by the Folin-Cicalteu method.

Study of the mechanical properties of knitted fabrics

In this article results of analyses physical-mechanical properties of 3 new structures of fleecy knitting interloping made by cotton yarn of different linear density at the flat knitting machine TERROT have been offered. The influence of the location of the lining thread on the physical and mechanical properties of the lining knitted fabric in the composition of the newly formed, it turned out the place of their use can be determined by the type of raw material.

Provenance of polished stone tools from the Baradla Cave, Aggtelek, North-Hungary

The Baradla Cave has been an open and used natural cavity since ancient times. 20 pieces of polished stone tools of various raw materials were revealed from the cave site, which were analysed using non-destructive methods. Source areas were identified for those raw material types which have detailed mineralogical and rock chemistry data available. The main raw material types are blueschist and contact metabasite, defined as a close and a distant raw material, respectively. The latter was widely known for its excellent mechanical properties. In addition, subordinate greenschist-amphibolite, serpentinite, sandstone, limestone, basalt litho-typed polished implements were also identified from the Cave, but their source area can be determined only tentatively from the available analyses and previous publication data.

Portland cement with puzzolan additive with increased strength properties

The following work refers to the issues of increasing the strength of portland cement with pozzolanic additive due to some multifunctional additive. Currently, it is the multifactorial additives for ready-mixed concrete that are in demand, which differ from others in their multicomponent composition. In this respect, lithoid pumice, which is a new type of aluminosilicate raw material for the cement industry, can make worthy competition.

Диверсифікація джерел вуглеводневої сировини для виробництва моторних палив в Україні.

DIVERSIFICATION OF SOURCES OF HYDROCARBON RAW MATERIALS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MOTOR FUELS IN UKRAINE © А.V. Сhernyavsky, A.B. Grigorov, Doctor of Technical Sciences (National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", 61002, Kharkov, Kirpichev str., 2, Ukraine) The article presents the results of the analysis of existing domestic and foreign data on the use of various hydrocarbon raw materials and technologies for the industrial production of motor fuels. The use is substantiated in motor fuel technology of such raw materials as: agricultural crops, solid combustible fossils (hard and brown coal, shale and lignite), production waste (used lubricating oils and used car tires) and consumption (polymer products). World trends and technologies has been analyzed, which are the most often used today in the field of motor fuel production from various types of hydrocarbon raw materials, alternative to petroleum raw materials. It has been determined that biofuel based on ethyl alcohol, despite its high resistance to detonation and environmental properties, has a lower heat of combustion, high solubility in water and hygroscopicity, compared to classic petroleum fuel. Technologies for obtaining components of motor fuels from coal raw materials and shale, in particular gasification and hydrogenation, are characterized by the complexity of the process, high temperatures and pressure of the process and the need to use expensive catalysts. The use of production waste in motor fuel technology is due to the fact that sulfur, which is in the raw material, is poison for catalysts and can become part of the final product. And to give it the properties of commercial motor fuel, it is necessary to carry out additional cleaning. Among the considered raw materials, as a result of the low cost, relative ease of processing and the level of quality of the obtained final product - commercial motor fuel, the most promising are secondary polymer materials, represented by polyethylene and polypropylene products. The processing of secondary polymer raw materials into motor fuels or their components, using catalytic low-temperature pyrolysis (temperature up to 600 °C) on a zeolite-containing catalyst, allows you to obtain products that can be used in specific operating conditions, for example, in shipping, as marine fuel. Keywords: raw materials, ethyl alcohol, coal, gasification, hydrogenation, polymers, catalytic pyrolysis, motor fuel, marine fuel. Corresponding author: A.B. Grigorov, e-mail: grigorovandrey@ukr.net

Использование ГИС для изучения запасов лекарственного растения Пермского края с целью развития региона России

The degree of preservation and condition of the natural vegetation cover are the most important indicator of the ecological well-being of the Russian regions. Conservation and rational use of plant resources is relevant in connection with the state programs of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation, as well as state import substitution programs. The Perm Krai is a Russian Region with a wide variety of flora. Hyperici herba is a promising type of medicinal plant raw materials. Hyperici herba is used as a raw material for the production of anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, immunotropic, adaptogenic, sedative, antidepressant, antioxidant, astringent, diuretic drugs in various dosage forms worldwide. The aim is to assess the resources and quality control of Hyperici herba, which grows in the Perm Krai for the possibility of further development of this Russian region. In this article, the peculiarities of the growth and distribution of Hyperici herba are revealed, quality control is carried out, the most promising areas for harvesting medicinal plant raw materials are identified. The medicinal plant materials harvesting was performed in the summer of 2022 by our own inventory expeditions to 13 districts of the Perm Krai. The Garmin ETrex Vista C navigator was used to determine the thicket’s growth geographic coordinates. Electronic distribution maps of medicinal plants were built in the ArcView program. The main resource indicators calculation was carried out according to the generally accepted method for determining the medicinal plants stocks. The phytochemical analysis of the harvested raw materials was performed in accordance with the 14th edition of the Russian State Pharmacopoeia. Information processing was carried out on personal computers in Microsoft Excel for Windows. Thus, the use of multifunctional GIS tools visually and clearly presented research information in the form of resource and phytochemical maps. This electronic cartographic material can be used in planning and prospects searching for the development of this Russian region in the future.

Дослідження перспектив використання агробіомаси в напрямку забезпечення екологічної та енергетичної незалежності підприємств АПК

The article conducts a study indicating the importance of bioenergy as one of the main directions of renewable energy. Bioenergy occupies a leading position in the global market and plays a significant role in replacing fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Bioenergy, in particular the use of agrobiomass, has great potential in Ukraine for energy production. However, now the development of bioenergy in the country lags behind the European level. In order to facilitate the development of this industry, it is necessary to use the available agrobiomass resources and introduce modern energy production technologies. It is further defined that for the development of bioenergy in Ukraine it is important to create a favorable legislative environment and infrastructure. It is necessary to attract investment in the industry, support research and development of new technologies, as well as have specialists trained who can effectively implement bioenergy projects. The study revealed that one of the ways to use agrobiomass for energy production is to grow energy crops such as straw, corn and sunflower stalks, corn silage, organic components of household waste, sewage sludge and waste from livestock breeding enterprises. For optimal use of agrobiomass, it is necessary to take into account environmental and socioeconomic aspects, ensure the sustainability of raw material supplies and develop efficient production technologies. The publication provides data on the consumption of renewable heat energy in Ukraine during 2007–2024. Different types and methods of energy production from agrobiomass are described and a classification of technologies for the gradual transformation of agrobiomass into energy products is presented. The publication also considers the methodology of economic efficiency of waste use for biofuel production in comparison with their traditional use at the State level. The advantages and disadvantages of energy use of agrobiomass are highlighted, as well as different types of biofuel production and raw materials used for this purpose are considered.

G. Khomych, A. Horobes, Yu. Nakonechna, I. Choni, N. Teslenko USE OF PECTIC -CONTAINING RAW MATERIALS IN DESSERT TECHNOLOGY

The article is devoted to the expansion of the assortment list of raw materials in the technology of food products and the use of pectin-containing fruit raw materials in the technology of desserts. The purpose of the article is to improve the technology of dessert products by using semi-finished products (puree, jelly juice) from blackcurrant, gooseberry, cranberry, chaenomeles fruits to enrich the nutritional and biological value, improve the structural and mechanical properties of finished products and maximize the resource potential of raw materials. The chemical composition of pectin-containing fruit raw materials and its processing products (pomace, puree, gelatinous juice) was studied and the presence of a high content of pectin and phenolic substances in their composition, which are mainly localized in the skin of fruits and berries. It is shown that gelling juices from fruit raw materials contain a higher content of pectin and phenolic substances compared to puree, which indicates the expediency of their use in the technology of jelly-like desserts. Based on the experimental studies, the effect of gelling juices from various types of pectin-containing fruit raw materials on the strength and structural-mechanical properties of desserts, and it was determined that the best indicators are characterized by samples of dessert products with the addition of 50% of gelling juice from the prescription amount of gelatin. The technology of making panna cotta dessert using gelatinous juices has been improved. It is recommended to use a compositional combination of gelling juice from pectin-containing fruit raw materials with gelatin as a structure- former to get a panna cotta dessert, because there is a complex interaction of pectin substances of fruit raw materials and gelatin, the nutritional and biological value of the finished products increases, the maximum use of the resource potential of the raw materials is achieved, which indicates the greening of production.

MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY FOR CERTAIN TYPES OF PLASTIC WASTE

The issue of segregating plastic waste from the general stream of municipal solid waste and its recycling and disposal is a pressing environmental and socio-economic problem. Given that existing plastic waste recycling facilities in Ukraine are underutilized and partially operate on imported raw materials, the problem of separating and processing certain types of plastic waste from Ukraine's overall solid waste flow is extremely urgent. Plastic wastes are categorized by disposal complexity into three groups: 1.With good properties (clean, sorted, easily disposed of, and up to 90% of similar materials can be used during recycling); 2. With medium properties (containing a certain amount of pollutants, that require sorting, and their processing involves additional costs such as selection, washing, etc., resulting in only 20-30% of their initial quantity being recycled); 3. Difficult-to-dispose wastes (heavily contaminated and mixed, their processing is often not cost-effective). Polyethylene is one of the most common types of plastic wastes in Ukraine, accounting for 34% of all plastic waste. It was discovered that low-pressure or high-density polyethylene is one of the most marketable types of secondary raw materials in Ukraine, making the separation and collection of this type of plastic waste economically beneficial. The aim of the study is to justify the possibilities of extracting and disposing of plastic waste from the flow of municipal solid wastes in specific cities of Ukraine. This has been implemented by the public organization "City of the Future" in partnership with the Odesa State Environmental University.

БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ДАЛЬНЕВОСТОЧНОГО РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО СЫРЬЯ В ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ ЧАЙНЫХ НАПИТКОВ

In Russian Far East, one of the types of plant raw materials, which exhibits high antioxidant activity, is fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium). We studied the safety of this raw material and a tea drink produced from it. The studies were carried out in the period 2021–2023. Aqueous extracts of Dahurian rose hips (Rosa davurica), cranberries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) were used as additional raw materials. We herein present the data on microbiological contamination study and hygienic indicators of the safety of used plant raw materials, the duration of safe storage of the finished drink based on fireweed, as well as the compliance of raw materials and products with the requirements of regulatory documentation, including Technical Regulations of the Customs Union “On food safety” 021/2011.

Improvement and development of technological foundations for creating new formula of soy protein products using local raw materials of the Republic of Uzbekistan

The article provides information on the technology for improving the quality of oilseeds. The importance of new agricultural technologies is noted in decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Ministry of Agriculture to provide methodological assistance to farmers and entrepreneurs who sow and process soybeans. There is an urgent need to study the structure and chemical composition of soybean seeds cultivated in the Republic of Uzbekistan to improve the known technologies for obtaining oils from them, especially for food purposes. To implement the above-mentioned order of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, in the regions of the republic, more than 5,000 t/p of soybean oilseeds were sown, from which a crop of more than 80 thousand tons was harvested, which is 0.64 c/g. Cultivation and processing of soybean seeds as an oil crop and raw material for obtaining high-quality edible oil is intensively developing. The production of soybean seeds is one of the most valuable types of agricultural raw materials, the production of which, especially in the regions of the republic, is constantly increasing.

Phytochemical composition of the underground part of Paeonia tenuifolia L. and leaves of Petrocoma hoefftiana (Fisch.) Rupr.

The phytochemical composition of plants is very diverse and includes many biologically active substances, and their combination determines the pharmacological activity. This article examines the phytochemical composition of the underground part of Paeonia tenuifolia L. and leaves of Petrocoma hoefftiana (Fisch.) Rupr. It was found that the studied objects contain glycyrrhizic acid, peucedanin, flavonoids, phloroglucides, tannins, ascorbic acid. The studied plants can be considered as a new type of plant raw materials, promising for further study.

Comparison of the Properties of Calcium Silicates Derived from Different Raw Materials

The limited deposits of natural wollastonite in our country and the labor intensity of its extraction and processing, make promising the development of methods of its synthesis based on various types of domestic plant and fossil raw materials, especially industrial waste. The use of rice husk ash and calcium oxide in the solid-phase synthesis of calcium silicates ensures the content of β-wollastonite in their composition at the level of naturally-occurring Miwoll10-97. The obtained results indicate greater efficiency of amorphous silicon dioxide for the synthesis in the solid phase of calcium silicates. Synthetic calcium silicates, like naturally occurring wollastonite, have a pronounced alkaline surface nature, with the acid-base characteristics not influenced significantly by the sintering temperature, as well as the type and ratio of initial components. Calcium silicate produced from zeolite-siliceous rock has the smallest particle size and the narrowest particle size distribution, i.e. the most homogeneous structure. All investigated calcium silicates increase the wear resistance of epoxy materials, and low-porous silica sand-based fillers are more effective, providing high resistance of filled epoxy materials to climatic factors as well.

АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ СПОСОБЫ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ПИЩЕВОЙ И БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЦЕННОСТИ ХЛЕБОБУЛОЧНЫХ ИЗДЕЛИЙ

The article discusses the relevance of increasing the nutritional and biological value of bakery products, including gluten-free production, by introducing food plant raw materials in natural and processed state into their formulations. The materials for the analysis were publications in leading Russian and foreign peer-reviewed journals issued from 2016 to 2023. The use of various types of food raw materials as ingredients that increase the nutritional value of bakery products has been analyzed and systematized. It is noted that the optimal content of the ingredients, which increases their nutritional and biological value, decreases their energy value, and does not have a negative effect on their sensory, structural and mechanical characteristics.

Исследование особенностей культивирования молочнокислых бактерий в подсырной сыворотке и уфпермеате для получения β-галактозидаз

Lactic acid microorganisms are potential sources of the β-galactosidase enzyme, which can be used for the hydrolysis of lactose in the production of low- and lactose-free food products, as well as a catalyst in the biosynthesis of lactulose, galactooligosaccharides, and other valuable food additives. The need of lactic acid bacteria for the presence in the cultivation medium of additional sources of carbon, nitrogen, and other components significantly increases the cost of bacterial β-galactosidases. Lactose-containing raw materials, in particular whey and its UV permeate, are a promising and fairly cheap analogue of expensive complex media for the cultivation of lactic acid microorganisms. In this work, the features of cultivation of various types of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG, Lactococcus lactis ssp.) in different types of secondary milk raw materials (whey and UV permeate) were studied.. It has been shown that cheese whey is a more favorable medium for their growth than UV permeates. The highest concentration of lactic acid was obtained in experiments with L. acidophilus. To accelerate the growth of lactic acid bacteria in the permeate; it was proposed to use the addition of 2% peptone.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНАЯ ОЦЕНКА РЕСУРСОВ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНЫХ ВИДОВ АЛЮМОСИЛИКАТНОГО ОГНЕУПОРНОГО СЫРЬЯ ДАЛЬНЕВОСТОЧНОГО РЕГИОНА РОССИИ

The presence of a refractory industry characterizes the degree of industrialization. countries. Of the more than two hundred countries in the world, there is a developed refractory industry in about 35 countries. In Russia, the extraction and production of natural refractory raw materials is carried out in small quantities, amounting to units of percent of the total required quantity. The main raw material for its production is scarce and expensive alumina imported from China and other countries, 2/3 of which fall on aluminosili-cate refractories. According to the results of regional and thematic works on the territory of the Far Eastern Region of Russia, the scales of development of high-alumina formations of various genetic types have been determined: sedimentary-metamorphic (sillimanite, distene, andalusian), hydrothermal-metasomatic (alunite, alunite-dickite, alunite-diasporic), sedimentary (kaolinite), magmatic (anorthosite, labrador-anorthosite, nepheline and leucite), according to physico-chemical and technological properties (alumina content of 20-40% or more, fire resistance over 1580°C), the results of industrial research satisfying the requirements for refractory raw materials of alternative types. The presented rather extensive factual material on natural types of fire-resistant raw materials in the Far East testifies to the great potential for the formation of a raw material base for the production of refractories, the prospects of which are quite definite for the economy.