Types Of Packaging Research Articles

Assembly Solutions for Cost-Effective Heterogeneous Integration with Disparate Die Types

The semiconductor industry is driving to enable high volume integration of disparate die types via Heterogeneous Integration. These die can come from a range of wafer sizes fabricated in different technology nodes. This emerging package type creates new challenges regarding assembly efficiency and yield. Traditionally, flip-chip assembly process flows have utilized a single placement tool for the placement of the single die type onto the target substrate. For applications with multiple die types, a series of placement tools have been configured in a production line, with each tool dedicated to the placement of a specific die type. This paper and presentation explore the implications of this type of solution in the era of Heterogeneous Integration. Impacts on product yield, throughput, manufacturing efficiency, and overall cost of assembly will be explored for a broad range of Heterogeneous Integration die configurations. Based on a sensitivity analysis for the range of die types expected in these applications, a novel approach to optimization of overall assembly economics will be proposed. Appropriateness of this novel approach will be explored for a range of packaging solutions, including Flip Chip, 2.5D, 3D, and Fan-Out.

Chiplets Integration: Simplifying the Landscape

Heterogenous integration and the use of chiplets are the logical outcome of several factors effecting the IC industry’s drive towards higher and higher performance, and to accomplish this at minimum total product cost. This drive to heterogenous solutions has created a new development cycle in the IC Packaging industry to get ready for these product needs. The choice of which package to use for chiplet-based designs is driven by several important factors, most importantly, the type of die-to-die interface that is being used. This bus largely defines the physical structure such as line and space requirements, and the electrical performance which influences the type of materials used as dielectrics and design practices which must be enabled to permit a successfully product design. There are a growing number of package configurations to accommodate these chiplet integrations, but in vast majority of real-world applications, there are only a handful of package types, with clear rationale guiding package selection. This paper will examine the different approaches for heterogeneous packaging and try to simplify the IC packaging selection process, and provide guidance for real-world implimenations. Although there are many different trade names in the industry there are only a few basic categories, and once this is understood the package selection should seem much less daunting.

Comparison of the environmental impact of typical packaging systems for food cold chain express based on life cycle assessment

With the rapid growth of e-commerce in the food industry, Food Cold Chain Express (FCCE) services have experienced significant expansion. These services typically entail extensive use of packaging items, including insulation boxes, insulation bags, and refrigeration materials, etc. This usage potentially leads to significant environmental burdens, encompassing resource consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and waste disposal. This study conducts a comparative environmental impacts analysis of two food cold chain packaging systems using life cycle assessment (LCA), for ice cream transportation. The reusable vacuum insulated panel (VIP) box packaging system demonstrates superior environmental performance when compared to the disposable expanded polystyrene (EPS) box packaging system across all evaluated impact categories. The results suggest that conclusions regarding lower environmental impact cannot be exclusively based on the choice of insulation material. The weight of the packaging and the transportation distance also exert a significant influence on the overall environmental performance of the systems. Furthermore, minimizing the environmental impact of dry ice usage by exploring alternatives is highlighted as a crucial aspect of sustainable packaging practices. The results provide valuable insights for optimizing cold chain packaging systems in the pursuit of environmental sustainability.

Immersion Tin Plating Enabling Reliable Wettable Flanks on QFN Packages

The automotive market increasingly uses bottom-termination IC packages, like Quad-Flat No leads (QFN) packages, for miniaturization, cost reduction and performance. QFN lead frames are electroplated with 8?12 um of tin for PCB soldering, but subsequent singulation exposes the copper-alloy lead frame at the cut edges. On these exposed lead flanks a solder fillet does not form, making Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) of solder joints on lead-less packages not reliable. A solder fillet on lead flanks also improves the reliability of solder joints. Therefore, the automotive industry strives for a tin plated wettable flank on lead-less packages. Several approaches, e.g. dimpled or step-cut leads, to create a wettable flank are in use or development. Disadvantage of these methods is that only a part of the flank is tin-plated. Immersion tin plating processes are able to fully plate lead flanks. However, the maximum ~1.5um of standard self-limiting displacement immersion tin processes is too thin to comply with the durability requirements of automotive tin solder finishes. This contribution will discuss an immersion tin-plating process, machine concept and test results for a >2 um tin plated wettable flanks. The immersion tin plating process consist of the following process steps: 1. A high-pressure spray rinse prevents incomplete tin coverage by removing copper burrs formed during singulation. 2. A selective descaling process removes the natural copper oxide film on the exposed copper leads. 3. A selective activation process creates a high tin nucleation density to obtain a fine-grained tin layer. 4. The autocatalytic immersion tin process plates a 2 ? 3um tin layer in 45-60 minutes at 70-75oC. 5. An anti-tarnish process protects the tin layer against oxidation. Finally, rinsing and drying remove all traces of the used chemicals from the packages with tin plated flanks. A machine concept for the immersion tin-plating process is currently under development. The lead-less packages are processed directly on Standard singulation tape rings without repacking or manipulation of the packages. This enables a throughput of 20 tape rings per hour with the full package traceability required for the automotive market. Different types of QFN packages mounted on singulation tape were tin plated and subjected to standard (JEDEC J-STD-002E) solderability tests for component lead durability. Fine-grained 2-3 um thick pure tin deposit of good visual quality were obtained on the exposed QFN copper lead sidewalls with the following properties: • 0.5-1.5um residual tin layer after intermetallic formation in 8 h steam aging and 16 h oven bake. • 100% solder wetting after 6h dry bake at 150C • 100% solder wetting after 8h steam aging (93C and 80-90% RH). • 100% solder fillet height after ceramic glass test.

Corrosion behavior and failure mechanism of ball grid array packages in fire smoke atmospheres

Ball grid array (BGA) packages is a common type of electronic packaging and a crucial component in electronic devices. However, its reliability is significantly compromised when exposed to fire smoke atmospheres, thereby reducing the overall reliability of electronic equipment. Therefore, the study of failure mechanisms of BGA packages in fire smoke environments is of paramount importance for the recovery and maintenance of electronic devices post-fire. In this study, we conducted fire smoke experiments and employed electrical performance measurements along with chemical characterization techniques to delve into the failure behaviors and mechanisms of BGA packages in different fire smoke atmosphere. The results reveal that nitrile-butadiene rubber and polycarbonate smoke do not affect the electrical conductivity of BGA packages. However, the accumulation of smoke particles and water between the interconnecting solder joints temporarily reduces the insulation performance. That is induced by the deposition of smoke particles and can be restored after cleaning. On the other hand, under polyvinyl chloride smoke, BGA packages experiences insulation failure and permanent open-circuit failure. This irreversible permanent open-circuit failure is caused by the interconnection of corrosion products in solder joints. Chemical characterization analysis results indicate that solder joints dissolve due to the galvanic corrosion mechanism, transforming the solder from a spherical shape into a rose-like structure. The corrosion products primarily consist of flake-like SnO and Sn3O(OH)2Cl2. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the failure mechanisms of electronic devices in fire smoke and provides essential guidance for post-fire equipment maintenance.

Seed Quality Behaviour Variation of Moth Bean during Storage in Different Packaging

An experiment was carried out in order to assess the behavior of the moth bean seed quality in 4 types of packaging including cloth, gunny, HDPE, and vacuum-packed bags for 18 months. After two months of storage, the moisture content of the seeds fluctuated greatly in cloth, gunny, and HDPE bags (conventional packaging) because these materials are pervious, but the moisture content of the seeds did not vary in vacuum packed bags as the polythene bag used for the vacuum package was thicker, had a lower water vapor and oxygen transmission rate. Further, seeds in conventional packaging’s developed bruchid infestations after 4 months of storage but no infestation was found in vacuum-packed bags until 18 months. The bruchid infestation caused the germination rate of the seeds to drop to less than 20%. In comparison to the initial state, even after 18 months of storage, there was little change in the parameters used for measuring seed quality (germination, total seedling length, seedling dry weight, moisture content, and protein content). Therefore, without the use of chemicals, moth bean seeds can be safely stored using vacuum packaging technology.

ANALISIS PREFERENSI KONSUMEN TERHADAP GULA SEMUT AREN DI PULAU LOMBOK

This study aims to: (1) Describe consumer buying behavior towards Crystals Palm Sugar from point of purchase, purchase frequency, purchase amount and purchase purposes on Lombok Island, (2) Analyze consumer preferences on Crystals Palm Sugar attributes on Lombok Island.
 The method used is the descriptive method. The unit of analysis in this study was the consumers of crystals palm sugar on the island of Lombok. Determination of the sample area using purposive sampling with the consideration that West Lombok Regency is an crystals palm sugar production location and sale location and the city of Mataram is a crystals palm sugar production retail outlet. The number of respondents in this study was 50 respondents that were determined by the accidental sampling technique. The types of data used are qualitative data and quantitative data. The data sources used are primary data and secondary data. The data analysis used was an interval scale evaluation and it was processed by conjoint analysis with the help of the SPSS version 25 application.
 The results of this study indicate that: (1) The purchasing behavior of crystals palm sugar consumers in Lombok Island is that they prefer to buy at the production site, twice a month, the number of purchases is > 1000 gr in a month, and the purpose of the purchase is for consumption. (2) Crystals palm sugar attributes that are consumer preferences based on utility value are original flavor 0.095, IDR15,000-IDR25,000 price 0.357, permanent bag packaging type 0.180, BPOM label 0.590, halal label 0.855, and 1000gr size 0 .332. The crystals palm sugyar attributes that respondents considered the most when choosing crystal palm sugar on Lombok Island in sequence, starting from most considered to least considered, were halal label value 23,599, price 21,068, BPOM label value 17,002, packaging type value 16,511, size value 14,601, and last one is the aroma attribute with an importance value of 7.219.

Early Displacement of Reconstruction Material is a Predictor of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Post Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery

BackgroundThe reconstruction technique and materials used for endoscopic skull base surgery (ESBS) are important factors in preventing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, a notable complication following this surgery. Visualizing the status of reconstruction early in the postoperative course can help determine the risk of postoperative CSF leak. Here, we aimed to determine if the radiological status of reconstruction post endonasal endoscopic surgery can predict postoperative CSF leak. MethodsThis retrospective study included patients who had undergone ESBS between 2015– 2020. An early CT scan (obtained within 24 hours of surgery) was utilized to evaluate the reconstruction and postoperative radiological changes, and its findings were correlated with the occurrence of postoperative CSF leaks. ResultsOur study included 11 (12.7%) out of 86 patients with CSF leaks. The type of reconstruction, construction material, and type of nasal packing were not identified as significant risk factors for CSF leaks. The location of the fat graft (placed properly vs. displaced out of the surgical cavity) was significantly associated with CSF leak (p=0.001). All patients with a displaced solid reconstruction (n=5), displaced septal flap (n=6), signs of air continuation (n=2), or significantly increased amount of air (n=5) presented with a CSF leak (p<0.001). ConclusionEarly postoperative CT scan is predictive of CSF leak. Displacement of the fat graft in early postoperative CT was the most important factor in predicting CSF leak. In this patient group, paying attention to radiological predictors of CSF leaks is important, supported by clinical findings.

Should the milkman return? The effect of a reusable packaging on product perceptions and behavioural intentions

This research investigates how consumers evaluate returnable packaging for fast-moving consumer goods. Through three online studies, we analysed how returnable packaging influences consumer behavioural intentions (intention to recommend and repurchase intention), overall attitudes and product perceptions (attitude towards the product, perceived product quality, packaging convenience and perceived contamination), and the perceived environment-friendliness of the packaging. The results demonstrate that consumers, overall, rate returnable packaging more positively than single-use packaging, regardless of the type of single-use packaging (conventional or recycled plastic), the appearance of the returnable packaging (identical or different to the single-use packaging), and whether the type of product inside is non-sensitive or sensitive (a bottle of all-purpose cleaner vs. a pot of Greek-style yoghurt). Finally, the relevance and limitations of these results are discussed and their practical implications for managers, packaging designers and retailers are highlighted.

Simulation of Energy Conversion Processes in Linear Electromagnetic Motors with Through Axial Channel

Abstract Modeling of workflows of electromechanical systems with linear electromagnetic motors (LEMM) is an integral tool for their improvement in relation to discrete operations, processes and technologies of the agricultural industry or the processing of agricultural products. At the same time, the use of typical application packages for the construction and analysis of low-cost virtual models seems to be especially convenient and relevant. (The purpose of the study) To evaluate the influence of the characteristics of a hollow (non-magnetic) axial channel in the LEMM magnetic system on the allowable changes in the output indicators of the electromechanical system by virtual simulation. (Materials and Methods) Using the specialized software COMSOL Multiphysics 4.3b (CM) Matlab, Simulink, a model of an armored cylindrical two-gap LEMM with a variable geometry of a hollow (air) axial channel, which determines the characteristics of the motor magnetic system and its output energy indicators, is obtained and analyzed. (Results and discussion) Based on the results of the analysis of the inductance matrices formed by the CM simulation, the field distribution in the LEMM magnetic system is presented and the most stressed, in terms of induction values, sections of the magnetic circuit that contribute to the deterioration of the motor properties are identified. Integral indicators are given that determine the quantitative estimates of the permissible decrease in the output characteristics of a LEMM with an axial channel in a magnetic system. (Conclusions) By comparative analysis of the output static characteristics of the motor, the range of ratios of the annular section of the ferromagnetic - non-magnetic (axial channel) parts of the LEMM cylindrical armature is substantiated, for which an acceptable decrease in the output mechanical parameters of the system is provided.

Diversifikasi Olahan Ubi Ungu untuk Meningkatkan Daya Saing Produk Pangan di Sleman

The PKK group from RT 004 Pasekan Lor, Balecatur, Gamping, Sleman, location is approximately 4.8 km from Mercu Buana University, Yogyakarta. One of the food potentials that this group has begun to process is purple sweet potato. Purple sweet potatoes are commonly processed by steaming, boiling, or frying. On the opposite hand, with technology present, purple sweet potatoes can be processed into various food products with high nutritional and economic value. This community-based project desires to improve people's knowledge and expertise in purple sweet potato processing, labeling, and packaging technology to enhance food goods' competitiveness in the PPK RT 004 Pasekan Lor group. This voluntary activity is being done by (1) Counseling on diversification of processed purple sweet potato, (2) Practice and training on making various processed purple sweet potato, (3) Counseling on various types of labels, packaging, and packaging methods, (4) Counseling and practice of online product marketing, (5) Submission of sweet potatoes production tools. According to the evaluation of this community service project results: (1) Members' awareness of the variety of processed purple sweet potatoes grew from 60% to 95%, (2) Skills in product processing rose from 57% to 89%, (3) From 50% to 84% of the population are understanding how to create labels and package food that fits with standards, (4) Understanding and skills in marketing products online increased from 45% to 75%, (5) Partners have production equipment for various processed purple sweet potatoes. Regarding program benefits, 92% of partners considered it very useful, while 85% rated it very easy regarding ease of technology implementation.

Evaluation and modeling of acrylonitrile migration from polypropylene for food packaging.

This study validated an analytical technique using headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detection to quantify acrylonitrile monomer with a quantification limit of 0.10±0.04µg kg-1 . Subsequently, the acrylonitrile migration from polypropylene granules was evaluated in food simulants water and ethanol (50% v/v) and at two temperatures (20±1°C and 44±2°C) for up to 6weeks, representing the service time of a bottle. From the experimental data obtained, pseudo-second-order kinetics were adjusted to represent the acrylonitrile migration into the simulants. For water, equilibrium concentrations of 13.58 and 16.58µg kg-1 at 20 and 44°C, respectively, were obtained, while for 50% ethanol, 15.07 and 16.40µg kg-1 were obtained for the same temperatures. The experimental results and the values estimated from the migration kinetics indicate that the maximum acrylonitrile concentration will not exceed the tolerable specific limit established in regulations. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The migration of compounds such as acrylonitrile can be a drawback resulting in an undesirable reduction in the shelf life of liquid foods packaged in bottles made of materials such as polypropylene. In this paper, acrylonitrile migration kinetics and a methodology are proposed to determine whether the tolerable migration limits are ever reached, which can serve as a tool for producers of this type of packaging of food to predict shelf life.

Creep behaviour of day‐old chicken corrugated paperboard packaging under different uniaxial compression loads—An experimental study

AbstractOne of the most important elements for animal transportation is the packaging that ensures the safety and health of the transit. During the transport of live small animals, such as day‐old chickens, the animals may only stay in the boxes for a very limited period, in this case, 48 h. Therefore, it is important to be able to model the strength behaviour of these boxes concerning packaging material requirements and sustainability. The aim of this study was to determine the short‐ and relatively long‐term strength of day‐old chicken packages to better estimate packaging design and to use these data to establish an analytical creep model with suitable parameters that adequately approximate the measured data. Two types of packages were tested, and two types of creep models were used to model the creep strain‐time graphs. The creep behaviour of the two samples was tested at four different uniaxial load cases, with consistent environmental conditions during the tests (23°C and 50% relative humidity [RH]). At the two highest loads, both samples failed before the 48‐h cycle, indicating a significant difference in box strength between short‐term and long‐term load tests. The secondary creep strain rate increases with the magnitude of the compressive load. When comparing the two creep models for both box types, the Power law provided the best accuracy at the 50% of box compression test (BCT) load case, while at the other three load cases, the Andrade law showed better predictions.

The Influence of Storage Conditions of Cold-Pressed Rapeseed Oil on Its Quality Parameters

Stored vegetable oil undergoes numerous processes, i.e., oxidation, hydrolysis, and thermal polymerization. As a result, its quality and organoleptic parameters deteriorate. The content of natural chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments determines the color of rapeseed oil. Almost imperceptible changes in the color of the oil may indicate the deterioration of its quality. Therefore, vegetable oils must be stored in the appropriate conditions to protect them against unfavorable factors leading to deterioration. This publication examines and describes the influence of storage temperature, type of packaging (clear glass, colored glass, PET), and presence of an oxygen-free atmosphere on the quality of stored cold-pressed rapeseed oil for three and six months. Changes in the following parameters were verified: the content of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, oil color (measured by the CIE Lab method), acid value, and radical scavenging activity (%RSA) by the ABTS (diammonium 2,2′-azinobis[3-ethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzothiazole-6-sulphonate) method. The decrease in the content of natural dyes was 7 to 87% after three months, depending on storage conditions, and after six months, from 12 to 97%. To determine which factors were responsible for the change in the physicochemical properties of the oil during storage, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed.

Moving towards social inclusion: Engaging rural voices in priority setting for health.

Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) in the context of limited resources will require prioritising the most vulnerable and ensuring health policies and services are responsive to their needs. One way of addressing this is through the engagement of marginalised voices in the priority setting process. Public engagement approaches that enable group level deliberation as well as individual level preference capturing might be valuable in this regard, but there are limited examples of their practical application, and gaps in understanding their outcomes, especially with rural populations. To address this gap, we implemented a modified priority setting tool (Choosing All Together-CHAT) that enables individuals and groups to make trade-offs to demonstrate the type of health services packages that may be acceptable to a rural population. The paper presents the findings from the individual choices as compared to the group choices, as well as the differences among the individual choices using this tool. Participants worked in groups and as individuals to allocate stickers representing the available budget to different health topics and interventions using the CHAT tool. The allocations were recorded at each stage of the study. We calculated the median and interquartile range across study participants for the topic totals. To examine differences in individual choices, we performed Wilcoxon rank sum tests. The results show that individual interests were mostly aligned with societal ones, and there were no statistically significant differences between the individual and group choices. However, there were some statistically significant differences between individual priorities based on demographic characteristics like age. The study demonstrates that giving individuals greater control and agency in designing health services packages can increase their participation in the priority setting process, align individual and community priorities, and potentially enhance the legitimacy and acceptability of priority setting. Methods that enable group level deliberation and individual level priority setting may be necessary to reconcile plurality. The paper also highlights the importance of capturing the details of public engagement processes and transparently reporting on these details to ensure valuable outcomes. The facilitator of the CHAT groups was a member from the community and underwent training from the research team. The fieldworkers were also from the community and were trained and paid to capture the data. The participants were all members of the rural community- the study represents their priorities.

Circular Economy Insights on the Suitability of New Tri-Layer Compostable Packaging Films after Degradation in Storage Conditions.

The environmental degradation of the films used in packaging is a key factor in their commercial use. Industrial and academic research is aimed at obtaining materials that have degradation features that ensure their eco-sustainability but, at the same time, preserve their use properties during storage and distribution periods. This study analyzes the degradability behavior over time of commercial packaging that meets the requirements of the UNE 13432 standard and the prEN 17427 (2020) home composting certification requirements under standard storage conditions. The study attempts to provide insight into the durability of the films under standard storage conditions, verifying that this type of packaging has a useful life of more than 12 months and that after this storage period it still retains the usability properties for which it was conceived. The analyzed sample has been manufactured using a three-layer technology under some commercial formulations based on PBAT + STARCH + PLA and has been analyzed monthly for 12 consecutive months. The macroscopic monitoring of the degradation of the sample has been carried out through the evolution of the mechanical properties and the quantification of the color changes (very important in films) via colorimetry. The nature of the observed variations has been justified at the microstructural level from the data obtained in calorimetric analysis (DSC) and from the characterization using FTIR. The results indicate a loss of properties in the tensile, elongation and impact tests and a behavior of stability or improvement in the tear properties of the film. Analyzing the microstructural changes, it is observed that the degradation of a hydrolytic and thermo-oxidative type occurs in the amorphous part of the film. The conclusion of this study is that the proposed packaging, focused on domestic composting and stored under standard conditions, has a useful life of more than 12 months. This period should be sufficient to cover the stages of production, storage and final use.

Holistic integration of omics data reveals the drivers that shape the ecology of microbial meat spoilage scenarios.

The use of omics data for monitoring the microbial flow of fresh meat products along a production line and the development of spoilage prediction tools from these data is a promising but challenging task. In this context, we produced a large multivariate dataset (over 600 samples) obtained on the production lines of two similar types of fresh meat products (poultry and raw pork sausages). We describe a full analysis of this dataset in order to decipher how the spoilage microbial ecology of these two similar products may be shaped differently depending on production parameter characteristics. Our strategy involved a holistic approach to integrate unsupervised and supervised statistical methods on multivariate data (OTU-based microbial diversity; metabolomic data of volatile organic compounds; sensory measurements; growth parameters), and a specific selection of potential uncontrolled (initial microbiota composition) or controlled (packaging type; lactate concentration) drivers. Our results demonstrate that the initial microbiota, which is shown to be very different between poultry and pork sausages, has a major impact on the spoilage scenarios and on the effect that a downstream parameter such as packaging type has on the overall evolution of the microbial community. Depending on the process, we also show that specific actions on the pork meat (such as deboning and defatting) elicit specific food spoilers such as Dellaglioa algida, which becomes dominant during storage. Finally, ecological network reconstruction allowed us to map six different metabolic pathways involved in the production of volatile organic compounds involved in spoilage. We were able connect them to the different bacterial actors and to the influence of packaging type in an overall view. For instance, our results demonstrate a new role of Vibrionaceae in isopropanol production, and of Latilactobacillus fuchuensis and Lactococcus piscium in methanethiol/disylphide production. We also highlight a possible commensal behavior between Leuconostoc carnosum and Latilactobacillus curvatus around 2,3-butanediol metabolism. We conclude that our holistic approach combined with large-scale multi-omic data was a powerful strategy to prioritize the role of production parameters, already known in the literature, that shape the evolution and/or the implementation of different meat spoilage scenarios.

Analisa Postur Kerja di PT. Karunia Selaras Abadi dengan Metode CMDQ, OWAS dan REBA

PT. Karunia Selaras Abadi is a flexible packaging converting company. This company produces various types of plastic packaging for snacks, powdered drinks, soap, etc. This company produces more than 10,000 rolls and 1,000,000 bags every week so that the printing cylinders at PT. The Gift of Eternal Harmony reaches more than 3,000 items. The cylinder washing process is stressful for workers, thereby triggering fatigue which results in decreased productivity. Workers handle materials incorrectly using Manual Material Handling, causing workers to experience pain in their body parts. Workers' muscles receive continuous static loads over a long period of time, potentially resulting in musculoskeletal disorders. Thus, workers are asked to fill out the CMDQ questionnaire which aims to determine the level of ergonomic risk. Based on the CMDQ questionnaire, the body parts that workers often experience pain are the knee (left), shoulder (right) and lower back. Followed by an assessment of work posture using the OWAS method including the back, arms, legs and load, then completed with an assessment of work posture using the REBA method. There are 2 activities that have a high level of risk according to the OWAS method, washing cylinders using category 3 solvent, checking cylinders, category 3. For research on the REBA method, washing cylinders using solvents with a score of 8, checking cylinders with a score of 10, these results show that all activities require an improvement process.

Assessing the Sustainable Potential of Corrugated Board-Based Bundle Packaging of PET Bottles: A Life Cycle Perspective—A Case Study

Large amounts of PET bottles are used worldwide as primary packaging for numerous liquids, including water and soft drinks. In many cases, between two and eight of such bottles are bundled for transport and sales using plastic collation shrink film. This study evaluates paper-based alternatives for plastic bundling material using a life cycle assessment (LCA) of four different types of bundle packaging: LDPE shrink film, recycled Low-Density Polyethylene (rLDPE) shrink film, Ecogrip (existing paper-based bundle packaging) and Ecobundle (new paper-based bundle packaging). The study focuses on the case of bundling six bottles of 1.5 L of sparkling water. The most environmentally friendly option is identified, taking into consideration the material usage, effects on human health and effects on the biosphere. It is concluded that the new corrugated board-based bundling method (Ecobundle) is very promising. Further optimization of the design, minimization of material, improved choice of materials and improved design of the production machinery may result in a corrugated board performing even better than rLDPE shrink film in terms of the global warming potential.

An improved YOLOv7 method to identify epidermal defects in mature litchi

Automatic detection of defects in mature litchi plays a vital role in the classification of fruit grades. The existing method mainly relies on manual, it is difficult to meet the needs of different varieties of litchi various types of commodity packaging, and there are problems such as low efficiency, high cost and poor quality of goods. To address the above problems, this paper proposes an improved You Only Look Once(YOLO)v7 algorithm for the automatic detection of post-harvest mature litchi epidermal defects. First, a dataset of litchi defects (black spot, fall off, crack) was constructed, in which the train and test sets had 4133 and 516; Next, A Simple Parameter-Free Attention(SimAM) mechanism is introduced into the original YOLOv7 backbone network, while GSconv is used in the neck instead of convolution, and the shallow network is used instead of the deep network for lateral linking, finally, the Mish function is used as the activation function. Experimental results show the precious and mAP of the original YOLOv7 are 87.66% and 88.98%, and those of the improved YOLOv7 are 91.56% and 93.42%, improvements of 3.9% and 4.44% . A good foundation is laid for the automated classification of ripe litchi after harvesting.