Types Of Packaging Research Articles

3D CT scan metrology for solder void formation analysis in ball grid array electronic chips

The miniaturization of silicon chips and the complexity of device functionality has driven the electronic packaging industry to find new methods to enhance the reliability of chips at a smaller size. Solutions such as Ball Grid Array (BGA) packages have contributed to the miniaturization of integrated circuits (ICs) and the reduction in their overall size. However, void formation in the solder joint is a weakness that can affect the robustness of the solder joint integrity, both mechanically and electrically. To detect these voids, metrology methods such as 3D Computed tomography (CT)-scan are used. 3D CT-scans can identify submicron-sized void defects in real-time during thermal tests, which can be utilized to help improve the quality control lines in the electronic chip manufacturing industries. In this paper, two types of BGA packages will be evaluated for solder joint properties. The prepared samples will be subject to high temperature stress conditions to assess the mechanism of void formation in solder joint. The prepared samples will be heated at 260 °C four times where the heating lasts 0, 5, 10, and 15 min, respectively. The prepared samples will be mounted on a PCB board and the results of the thermal stress tests will be analyzed using 3D X-ray CT scans. These 3D-CT scans used in tandem with a reconstruction and visualization software suite, will be utilized to observe changes such as void formation in the solder joint after each heating time. Unexpectedly, void size reduced between the first and second heat cycles on both samples but increased for the third and fourth heat cycles then.

Microbiome dynamics, antibiotic resistance gene patterns and spoilage-associated genomic potential in fresh anchovies stored in different conditions

Fresh fish is a highly perishable product and is easily spoiled by microbiological activity and chemical oxidation of lipids. However, microbial spoilage is the main factor linked with the rapid fish sensorial degradation due to the action of specific spoilage organisms (SSOs) that have the ability to dominate over other microorganisms and produce metabolites responsible for off-flavours.We explored the microbial dynamics in fresh anchovies stored in different packaging (air, modified atmosphere, under vacuum) and temperatures (0, 4 and 10 °C) using shotgun metagenomics, highlighting the selection of different microbial species according to the packaging type. Indeed, Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens, Psychrobacter cryohalolentis and Ps. immobilis, Pseudomonas deceptionensis and Vibrio splendidus have been identified as the main SSOs in aerobically stored anchovies, while Shewanella baltica, Photobacterium iliopiscarium, Ps. cryohalolentis and Ps. immobilis prevailed in VP and MAP. In addition, we identified the presence of spoilage-associated genes, leading to the potential production of biogenic amines and different off-flavors (H2S, TMA). In particular, the abundance of microbial genes leading to BA biosynthesis increased at higher storage temperature, while those related to H2S and TMA production were enriched in aerobically and VP packed anchovies, suggesting that MAP could be an effective strategy in delaying the production of these compounds. Finally, we provided evidence of the presence of a wide range of antibiotic resistance genes conferring resistance to different classes of antibiotic (β-lactams, tetracyclines, polymyxins, trimethoprims and phenicols) and highlighted that storage at higher temperature (4 and 10 °C) boosted the abundance of ARG-carrying taxa, especially in aerobically and MAP packed fish.

Isolation of citronellal and geraniol from citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) oil by vacuum fractional distillation: Effect of operating conditions on the separation

Abstract This study used fractional distillation to separate citronellal and geraniol from citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) essential oil to improve their market value. The one-factor-at-a-time methodology investigated operating parameters’ optimum conditions and effects, including system pressure, packing types, and column height. All investigations were evaluated based on their main fraction’s citronellal and geraniol content and recovery. Regarding the effect of the variables, a higher system pressure improved the separation while increasing the temperature range of each fraction and distillation time. The packing types would also improve the separation by providing a large surface area. Finally, the column height also positively impacted the separation. In the optimum citronella oil fractionation, citronellal content experienced a 2.5-fold increase, from 37.68% to 94.33%. Geraniol purity reached 40.61% from an initial content of 17.33% in the raw CW oil. The distillation could recover up to 90.00% of citronellal and 68.18% of geraniol.

Panelists’ Assessment of Fish Chili Sauce with Different Packaging and Shelf Time on Quality

Panelists are a reflection of consumers in assessing the suitability of a product. Organoleptically, panelists can determine quality fish chili sauce. In this research, Fish chili Sauce contains 10% fermented tuna meat, so it has a distinctive taste. In storage for three weeks, the quality of the fish sauce will change. The extent of the changes that have occurred will be assessed by the panelists. The aim of the research is to get quality fish chili sauce in certain packaging with the longest shelf life. Using a nested experimental method with two factors, factor I type of packaging, factor II storage time, repeated three times. The best research results, Fish chili Sauce with Glass Jar Packaging with a shelf life of three weeks got an Organoleptic Value of Taste = 5.6 (Kinda Like it), Color Value = 6.0 (Like), Aroma Value = 5.8 (Kinda Like it ) and Value Overal Acceptance = 5.8 (Kinda Like it).

Zastosowanie programowania nieliniowego dla konfiguracji systemu wymiany ciepła w aparatach kolumnowych przemysłu petrochemicznego przy minimalnych kosztach

For increasing the efficiency of heat transfer processes, the layer-by-layer concept of arrangement of various types of packings in column apparatuses is considered. The results of hydraulic tests of a dry and irrigated cell packing, as well as individual hydraulic tests of a mesh packing, are presented. Methods and algorithms for solving linear programming problems under “uncertainty” conditions were considered. However, in some areas of science it is often difficult or impossible to formalize the problem in an appropriate way and reduce it to a linear programming problem. In this paper, methods for solving non-linear programming problems with a vector objective function are considered. At present, the use of non-linear programming in the vast majority of real situations is reduced to linear approximation models. Along with this, at a significant non-linearity, due to its specificity or influence on the nature of the model, it is necessary to apply optimization methods that are much more complex than, for example, the simplex method. However, the importance of non-linear programming is constantly increasing. This is due to the rapidly growing knowledge of managers and specialists in the use of mathematical models designed to prepare solutions, as well as the increasing availability of computer programs for solving large-scale nonlinear problems. The analysis and studies of the hydrodynamics of a number of regular packings have shown that cell and mesh packings are promising for the implementation of the phase inversion mode. The proposed concept of intensifying heat transfer processes in column apparatuses is based on the use of layers of various packings arranged in the following order in the apparatus, type 1 – cell, type 2 – mesh. At the same time, their main geometric characteristics differ significantly from each other. However, the structure of the bulk packing is inhomogeneous, which makes it difficult to implement a stable mode of local phase inversion under these conditions. This is due to the structure of column apparatuses with bulk packing, in which there is an increased proportion of pores (porosity) near the walls of the apparatus. Porosity is very significant; it can reach up to 40%, and as a result, the local velocity near the walls exceeds the velocity in the centre of the apparatus by up to 70%. By contrast, the use of regular packing structures makes this potentially highly efficient mode technically possible.

Evaluation of Copper and Gold Wire Bonds in PEM Devices

Abstract The shift from gold to copper wire bonds used in plastic encapsulated microcircuits (PEMs) has been gradual for the last few years. Many agencies and critics question the long-term robustness and reliability of copper wire bonds; however, PEM manufacturers have been thoroughly evaluating and optimizing the copper wire bond process over the last few years to produce highly reliable products. When the manufacturing process is optimized and closely controlled and monitored, copper wire bonds can be a reliable and stronger alternate to gold wire bonds. This paper details a copper wire bond study that specifically compares copper wire against gold wire bonds following combined environmental life stress test conditions. In this study, bond pull testing indicates good performance of both copper and gold wire bonds. The methods used in this analysis (destructive physical analysis, wire pull testing, and environmental testing) were effective techniques for evaluation of bond wire integrity, detection of manufacturing defects, and overall assessment of copper and gold wire bond processes. Based on wire bond testing in this analysis, the reliability and integrity of optimally developed copper wire bonds appear to be superior to or even stronger than gold wires in the same package type. Equivalent reliability was demonstrated for both copper and gold wire bonds in this test.

Microplastic contamination of packaged spirulina products.

Microplastic (MP) contamination in commercially soldspirulina products has not been previously investigated. In this study, 29 spirulina samples in various packaging types were purchased from different brands and origins to assess the presence of MPs. Microplastic analysis was conducted using microscopic and μ-Raman techniques. To ascertain whether the content is indeed spirulina and make a comparison with the MP level, C-Phycocyanin levels were also analyzed. A total of 251 MP-like particles were observed. Out of the 29 examined packaged spirulina brands, 26 showed potential MPs upon visual inspection, with 35 particles confirmed as MPs (73% of the analyzed particles). The mean abundance of MPs was estimated at 13.77 ± 2.45 MPs/100g dw. Powdered spirulina had a higher but not statistically significant MP abundance (17.34 ± 4.22 MPs/100g dw) compared to capsule/tablet forms (10.43 ± 2.45 MPs/100g dw). Fragments accounted for 38.3% while fibers constituted 61.7% of the identified MPs, with sizes ranging from 0.07 to 2.15mm for fragments and 0.19 to 5.691mm for fibers. The color distribution of MPs in spirulina samples was predominantly blue (52.8%), followed by black (25.4%), white (10.9%), and others (10.9%). Ten synthetic polymers and cellulose were identified through μ-Raman analysis, with polypropylene (31.6%) and polystyrene (8.3%) being the most prevalent. The correlation between C-Phycocyanin and MPs concentrations, was not found statistically significant. The abundance and composition of MPs were found to be influenced by packaging and processing stages. Identifying potential sources of MPs in spirulina products and evaluating their risks to human health is crucial.

Multifunctional barrier coating systems created by multilayer curtain coating

Functional coatings are applied to paper and paperboard substrates to provide resistance, or a barrier, against media such as oil and grease, water, water vapor, and oxygen, for applications such as food packaging, food service, and other non-food packaging. Today, there is increasing interest in developing recyclable and more sustainable approaches for producing these types of packages. This paper focuses on water-based barrier coatings (WBBC) for oil and grease resistance (OGR), water, moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR), and oxygen barrier performance. The main goal is to create coated systems that can achieve more than one barrier property using multilayer curtain coating (MLCC) in a single application step. One advantage is in optimizing coating material cost with the use of functional chemistry in confined layers where performance is balanced within the coating layered structure. This allows simultaneous application of layers of different polymer types in one step to achieve the appropriate performance needs for a given barrier application. This paper provides working examples of using MLCC to create coating structures with multiple barrier properties in a single application pass. Barrier polymers studied include styrene butadiene, styrene acrylate, starch-containing emulsions, and polyvinyl alcohol. The paper also shows the effect of increasing the pigment volume concentration with platy clay or fine ground calcium carbonate on MVTR and OGR barrier properties.

Sustainable plastic packaging waste management strategy based on a circular economy

Indonesia’s waste volume produced 71 thousand tons in 2022 and reached 26 million tonnes/year. Waste plastic is in second position at 18.37%. With a growth rate of 5%, the worldwide packaged food market is valued at 1.9 trillion in 2020 and is expected to reach 3.4 trillion by 2030. The growth of the packaging industry is predicted to grow by 6% - 8% annually, with the most considerable contribution from flexible plastic packaging, paperboard packaging and rigid plastic packaging. The potential of this packaging makes manufacturers confident in producing because of the rapid growth of the digital market, which makes product mobility even higher. From an economic and durability point of view, this type of packaging makes it a better choice. Flexible plastic packaging was the most produced of the total packaging products (46.73%). The goal of this study is based on a review of literature, analysis of data, and demonstration research, and it is necessary to collect and analyse a large amount of data to develop further accuracy in managing waste plastic in a circular economy to minimise waste generation and improve the environment with an interpretative structural modelling (ISM).

Damage to palletized loads in road transport

Manufacturers and operators of the logistics market are constantly looking for ways (opportunities) to reduce the costs of their operations. This also applies to all types of packaging. A conflict arises here between manufacturers and carriers. Producers will try to reduce the costs of collective packaging as much as possible (this packaging does not affect customers’ purchasing decisions), while for transport operations, this packaging will determine the safety and quality of transported cargo. Preparing the load for transport - properly selected packaging (its shape, resistance to pressure, etc.), and above all, the proper way of forming and securing PSU (pallet load units) is a very important issue for the manufacturer/sender (as the first link in the distribution chain). It has a huge impact on the formation of cargo damage during its transport. As part of the research conducted by the authors in the area of optimization of cargo securing costs and minimization of cargo damage, the lack of a systemic approach to the problem of cargo damage in road transport was observed. The article discusses the causes of damage to palletized loads during road transport and illustrates some of these damages. Identification of the causes of damage made it possible to classify damage to palletized loads, and in the future, it will allow the development of ways to limit them, the so-called good practices for securing palletized loads.

Estimation of Shelf Life of Pegagan Tea (Centella asiatica (L) Urban) using Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT) Method with Arrhenius Model

This research aimed to evaluate the shelf life of pegagan (Centella asiatica (L) Urban) tea using the Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT) method by applying the Arrhenius Model since its widely known for its various health benefits, including its ability to enhance cognitive function and exhibit antioxidant effects. The ASLT method was employed to accelerate the chemical and physical changes in the product, thereby enabling a shorter estimation of shelf life compared to conventional methods. In this research, samples of pegagan tea were packaged in paper sacks, aluminum foil, and vacuum-sealed plastic and stored at temperatures of 15, 30, and 45 °C for 28 days, with observations conducted every 7 days. The Arrhenius Model was utilized to predict the rate of chemical reactions in the product, taking into account the temperature's influence on these changes. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a 5% confidence level. If the ANOVA results showed significant differences, Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was further conducted. The results of the observations indicated that storage temperature and packaging type significantly influenced the yield value and pH value, but had no significant effect on the moisture content of pegagan tea. The estimated shelf life of pegagan tea for 28 days using paper sack packaging at temperatures of 15, 30, and 45 °C was 173, 616, and 195 days, respectively. For aluminum foil packaging, the estimated shelf life was 189, 661, and 205 days at the same temperatures. As for vacuum-sealed plastic packaging, the estimated shelf life was 551, 192, and 597 days at the respective temperatures. The findings of this research are expected to provide valuable information for manufacturers and consumers regarding the shelf life of pegagan Tea. Additionally, the research aims to offer a scientific basis for appropriate packaging and storage practices to better maintain the product's quality.

Phenotypic characterization of yam ferments: the case of the "florido" and "bètè-bètè" varieties produced in Cote d'Ivoire

The issue of yam preservation and processing is at the heart of many debates. In this study, two varieties (bètè-bètè and florido) were used to produce ferments. Three types of ferment, preserved in two types of packaging (jute bag and plastic bag), were developed. The microflora found on the different ferments consisted mainly of molds, yeast, aerobic mesophilic germs (the total flora) and lactic acid bacteria. The Florido variety showed an average mold load of between 4,5 104 CFU/mL and 1,4 105 CFU/mL. Three types of mold were identified: Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium. Lactic acid bacteria were counted at between 2,5 104 CFU/mL and 3,9 104 CFU/mL. Total flora recorded the highest levels at 3,1 107 CFU/mL and 8,7 107. The variability of the microflora of yam ferments may make them a potential means of bioprocessing yam-based food products or other starchy substances.

Improving the diversification of herbal pastries and digital marketing applications to increase product sales

Members of KWT Sewagati Pasekan Lor encountered difficulties as a result of their lack of knowledge and expertise about the diversification of various processed herbal pastries, food labeling and packaging technology, and digital-based product marketing. This volunteering project aims to improve members' knowledge and abilities in relation to the variety of processed herbal pastries, label and packaging technology, and digital-based marketing. The community service method used is counseling which includes theories regarding the diversification of processed herbal pastries, brands, and types of packaging, as well as digital-based marketing practices. The counseling continued with making herbal pastries such as turmeric cakes, cinnamon egg rolls, and ginger nastar. The training on labeling and packaging as well as digital-based marketing practices. The outcomes of this community service project demonstrate that the Partner's knowledge about the variety of processed herbal pastries increased from 50% to 90%, the partner's skills in processing various herbal pastries rose from 55% to 80%, the capacity for comprehending and creating labels and food packaging also improved from 45% to 80% and knowledge and skills in digital marketing increased from 40% to 75%.

Fabricating chitosan/low-density polyethylene (CS-LDPE) films and its efficacy to prolong shelf life of rainbow trout fish

This study aimed to explore how fabrication methods can influence surface morphology, physical, and mechanical characteristics of chitosan and low-density polyethylene (CS-LDPE) films to fulfill requirements of sustainable food packaging. The efficacy of CS-LDPE film for improving shelf life of rainbow trout fish products was also investigated. The field emission scanning electron microscopy assessment revealed that employing the two-step fabrication approach in the presence of grafted maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) as a compatibilizer modified the surface morphology of the films, implying a better miscibility of constituents. Adding chitosan adversely influenced the thermal, mechanical, and morphological characteristics of the CS-LDPE films, which were mitigated by reducing chitosan size and application of 10 % PE-g-MA compatibilizer. According to the experimental assessments, two-step fabricated films consisting of 15 % chitosan and 10 % grafted maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) was the best sustainable composite displaying the closest properties compared with the conventionally utilized LDPE films. Exploring several biochemical indices, including pH, peroxide level, membrane integrity (TBARS), free fatty acids (FAAs), and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) manifested that packaging fish samples with CS-LDPE improved the shelf life. The most pronounced differences between two packaging types were observed in the sixth day of storage time. Moreover, total viable count, Pseudomonas spp. count, and Enterobacteriaceae count markers revealed that the employing CS-LDPE film declined in the microbial proliferation rate, thereby prolonging shelf life of fishes. This study underlined the significance of CS-LDPE films to fulfilling needs for sustainable food packaging, conferring competitive advantage, and prolonging the food shelf life.

Challenges and experience of the Ethiopian rural health extension program: implications for reform and revitalization

BackgroundDespite remarkable gains over the past decade, mounting evidence suggests that Ethiopia’s rural health extension program (HEP) is facing serious implementation challenges. We investigated the current and potential future program design and implementation challenges of Ethiopia’s rural HEP based on the lived experiences of health extension workers (HEW) implementing the program at the grassroots level.MethodsWe employed a longitudinal qualitative exploration linked to a larger cluster-randomized trial (RCT) which was implemented in 282 villages randomly selected from 18 Kebeles of the Gedeo zone, southern Ethiopia. Data were collected using in-depth interviews with key informants, focus group discussion, and passive observation of program implementation. The data were analyzed manually using a thematic framework analysis approach. Themes and sub-themes were generated by condensing, summarizing, and synthesizing data collected in the field in the form of extended notes and field observation checklists.FindingsDespite considerable gains in availing basic health services to the rural population, HEP seems to suffer serious design and implementation flaws that demand thoughtful and immediate adjustment. The design constraints span from the number and type of intervention packages to the means of dissemination (vehicle) as well as the target population emphasized. As such, some low-cost high-impact interventions that were strongly desired by the community were overlooked, while others were inappropriately packed. The means of distribution - female health extension workers trained with basic prevention skills, were lacking essential skills. They also had high burnout rates and with little engagement with men, were repeatedly mentioned flaws of the program demanding revitalization. Furthermore, the sheer structure of HEP precluded adult and adolescent men, non-reproductive women, and the elderly.ConclusionDespite significant gains over the last couple of months, Ethiopia’s rural HEP appears to have reached a tipping point that requires a comprehensive revamp of the program package, means of distribution, and target beneficiaries rather than the “usual” tweaks to reap maximum benefits.

Effect of edible film gelatin nano-biocomposite packaging and storage temperature on the store quality of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa var.duchesne)

An edible film is a type of bioplastic packaging that can be used to package strawberries. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the packaging effect using nanobiocomposite edible film based on gelatin/nanocrystalline cellulose with the addition of antioxidants nanopropolis and storage temperature on the quality and shelf life of strawberries. The strawberries fruit were packed with edible film nanobiocomposite and stored at 5 °C, 10 °C, and 30 °C. The parameters analyzed were water content, Vitamin C, hardness, total dissolved solids, pH, and shelf life. The results showed that the water content ranged from 23.95 to 65.89%w/b at the end of the storage period and was stable at 5 °C and 10 °C. The decrease in water content occurs very quickly at a storage temperature of 30 °C and control. Furthermore, hardness at the end of storage ranged between 0.265 – 0.431 kg/cm² and the fastest decrease in hardness occurred at storage at a temperature of 30 °C. All treatments experienced a decrease in Vitamin C content during storage. The total dissolved solids content at the end of storage was 5.92–12%Brix, with a shelf life ranging from 3 to 21 days of storage, as determined by all treatment parameters. Bionanocomposite edible gelatin film packaging with added nanopropolis can increase shelf life to 21 days of storage. These results showed that bionanocomposite edible film gelatin packaging can increase the shelf life of strawberries.

Effectiveness of Critical-Strain-Based Methodology Considering Elastic Mode Vibration of Mechanical Housing of Electronics

A critical-strain-based methodology was proposed to overcome the theoretical limitations of Steinberg’s method, and its effectiveness was experimentally verified through fatigue tests of ball grid arrays, column grid arrays, and lead-type specimens on printed circuit boards (PCBs) with various boundary conditions. These verifications were performed only on PCB units with a single electronic package mounted. However, in actual industrial fields, electronics with various types of electronic packages mounted comprehensively are mainly applied to electronics combined in a mechanical housing structure. Therefore, the verification of the corresponding methodology for the above actual conditions is essential. This study aimed to validate the theoretical feasibility of the design technique under the condition that the elastic mode vibration of a mechanical housing structure acts complexly on PCBs. The proposed methodology was validated analytically and experimentally through a vibration test on a comprehensive PCB specimen with various types of electronic packages mounted on electronic mechanical housing structures.

Effect of rosin based quaternary ammonium salt on mechanical, hydrophily, antibacterial of cornstarch/polydopamine film for food packaging

Food packaging made of biobased materials is environmentally friendly, among which starch film is a type of biobased packaging with great development value. Some existing studies have attempted to add polydopamine (PDA) to enhance cross-linking, but there are still problems such as weakness and hydrophilicity, which greatly limit its application. Therefore, this study synthesized rosin based quaternary ammonium salt-modified cornstarch (ST-B), which was used to replace part of unmodified cornstarch (ST). In the prepared ST/PDA0.5/ST-B5 film, the introduction of a rigid rosin structure increased the stress and water contact angle of the ST/PDA0.5 film by 62 % and 26 %, respectively, while reducing its wettability and WVP; thus, further enhancing its antioxidant activity. Due to the antibacterial ability of rosin quaternary ammonium cations, the packaging film containing 7 wt% ST-B can kill >94.6 % of S. aureus and 99.9 % of E. coli, and can also extend the shelf life of strawberries. In addition, it is proven that the packaging film has good biocompatibility and high safety within cytotoxicity tests and 30-day gavage tests in mice. Therefore, the prepared ST/PDA/ST-B film has more potential for application in food preservation.

Shade Grenade Lip Balm: The Ultimate Fusion of Style, Protection, and Nourishment for Your Lips

Lip balm's many functions in lip care and improvement have made it a popular cosmetic and skincare item. This abstract gives an overview of the important characteristics and discoveries linked to lip balm, spanning its composition, efficacy, customer preferences, and packaging. Lip balm's scientific foundation and synergistic interactions are explored as well as its components and composition. Different types of packaging, such as wood, jars, and novel designs, are studied to see how consumers react to them. The research also provides information that may be used to better position products in the market

Validación de la conservación de la cadena de frío durante la distribución de mezclas de nutrición parenteral

ObjectiveThis study aims to demonstrate the suitability of the process used to condition the extemporaneous mixtures of parenteral nutrition for distribution, considering the objective of preserving the cold chain during transport until it reaches the patient, necessary to ensure stability, effectiveness and safety of these mixtures. MethodConcurrent validation, design and implementation of a protocol for evaluating the process of packaging and distribution of MNPE developed by a pharmaceutical laboratory. Running tests, according to predefined acceptance criteria. It is performed twice, in summer and on routes that require longer transfer time. Evaluation of conservation of temperature by monitoring the internal temperature values of each type of packaging, recorded by data loggers calibrated equipment. ResultsThe different tests meet the established criteria. The collected data ensure the maintenance of the cold chain for longer than the transfer time to the most distant points. ConclusionsThis study establishes the suitability of the processes to maintaining the cold chain for transfer from the laboratory to the patient pharmacist. Whereas the breaking of cold chain can cause changes of compatibility and stability of parenteral nutrition and failures nutritional support, this study contributes to patient safety, one of the relevant dimensions of quality of care the health.