Type Of Filler Material Research Articles

Assessment of the Possibility of Application of New Types of Filler Materials in the Renovation of Functional Surfaces of Crane Wheels

This paper presents the results of research from the renovation of functional parts of crane wheel surfaces. The aim of the research was to verify the possibilities of changing the chemical composition of the additive materials for submerged arc cladding, in order to increase the resistance of the wheel surfaces to wear. The base material of the crane wheel was heat-treated carbon steel for castings, mat. no. 1.0553. The renovation process was carried out on three equal wheels. Conventionally used additive material, the same one used for the interlayer and two covering layers, was used on one wheel. On two other wheels, newly increased tubular wires with a higher proportion of carbide-forming additives (Cr, Mo) were used for the carbide coating of two covering layers, in addition to their conventional additive material. Low-alloy additive material was applied to the newly elevated wires. The quality of the clads was assessed using non-destructive tests. Subsequently, microstructural analysis was carried out on the test samples taken from the renovated wheels, by means of light microscopy. On the cross cuttings, the course of hardness was evaluated using Vickers analysis. The resistance of functional surfaces to adhesion wear was evaluated based on weight losses measured using the AMSler experimental equipment. The results of the experiments showed an increase in the tribological resistance of the surfaces, specifically by 45% due to the newly developed wire C1 and by 18% due to wire B1, and it is therefore possible to recommend renovation.

USE OF NANO SILICA AND COIR FIBER TO STRENGTHEN THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF CLAYEY SOIL

One of the problematic soils is expansive soil, which has a strong tendency to shrink when dried and to inflate when its moisture level changes. In India, expansive soils made up of clays are referred to as black cotton soils. The alternating swell-shrink tendency of expansive soils results in foundation structures, including buildings and earth retaining wall pavements, to become distressed. For geotechnical engineers, comprehending the behavior of expansive soil and implementing the proper control measures has been a challenging challenge. A lot of study is being done to develop solutions for soils that produce black cotton. This review study uses the soil index and engineering features to examine the behavior of clayey soil stabilized with different proportions of Nano silica and Coir Fiber. Coir is a naturally occurring, biodegradable material that is widely accessible in several coastal and southern regions of India. Nano silica is a type of filler material that increases ductility without compromising strength. With less swelling potential, the generated nano silica functioned as a hydraulic binder. In expansive soils, coir fiber and nano silica are combined for the goal of sustainable development. As part of this comparison study, laboratory tests including Atterberg's limit, Compaction test, CBR test, and UCS test were performed for both modified and unmodified clayey soil. In this work, expansive soil was stabilized using Nano silica and Coir Fiber. Coir Fiber was fixed at 3.5%, after that Nano silica was changed to 2%, 4%, and 6%. Key Words: Compaction test, CBR, UCS, Coir Fiber, Nano Silica

The Effect of Filler Material on the Interface Around a Nanoparticle in a Nanocomposite

In this work, the change in the dielectric constant and thickness of the interfacial region around a nanoparticle in a composite is studied as a function of change in the composition of the filler material. An Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM) based method previously proposed by the authors, is used to examine the dependence of the interfacial parameters on the filler material. For this, two types of filler materials: barium titanate (BaTiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) and alumina (Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) are used with epoxy resin as host material. A 3-D finite element method (FEM) based model is used for the simulations. It is seen that change in filler material modifies the interface thickness and dielectric constant.

Corrosion and wear resistance of the Al/steel dissimilar weld metals by using multi-principal filler materials

Abstract Multi-principal filler materials via a high-entropy design have been reported to successfully finish the dissimilar metal joining of Al alloy to steel and to reduce the amount of Fe-Al IMCs in weld metals. However, few studies have concentrated on the corrosion and wear resistance of the Al/steel dissimilar weld metals by using multi-principal filler materials. In this study, the joining of Al 6061 alloy to 304 stainless steel served as the research object. Three types of filler materials including CoZnCuMn0.8Si0.2, FeCoCrNiMn, and AlSi12 powders were used. The effects of multi-principal filler materials on the corrosion behavior and wear resistance of the weld metals were evaluated. It was found that the weld metals by using multi-principal filler materials presented the contents of chemical elements in the range of 5–35 at%. The thermodynamic environment with a low ΔG mix was formed in the weld metals. Compared to the AlSi12 sample, the FeCoCrNiMn sample had excellent corrosion resistance in NaCl solution, whereas the CoZnCuMn0.8Si0.2 sample had excellent corrosion resistance in HCl solution. Moreover, the weld metals by using multi-principal filler materials had a better wear resistance compared to that of the AlSi12 sample. The wear loss of the CoZnCuMn0.8Si0.2 and FeCoCrNiMn samples was 4.5% and 11.4% of that of the Al 6061 alloy, respectively. Abrasive wear was the main wear mode for the weld metals by using multi-principal filler materials.

Mechanical and corrosion properties of TIG welded dissimilar AISI 420 and UNS S32205 stainless steel sheets

Duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steels such as UNS S32205 are especially preferred for their resistance to corrosive environments such as sea water, while providing mechanical properties, which are comparable to those of structural steels. These steels include phases of delta-ferrite and austenite in approximately equal amounts. These alloys are used by traditional industries mainly in water refining systems, bridges, and chemical tanks. Martensitic stainless steels such as AISI 420 are chosen for applications where especially high mechanical properties are a major requirement as well as for their adequate resistance in corrosive media. For economic and technical considerations, these two different types of alloys can be used together in various applications. In this study, 3-mm-thick sheets of UNS S32205 and AISI 420 stainless steels were joined via tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding under pure argon shielding gas using ER312 and ER2209 filler metals. Microstructural examinations of the alloys as received, the weld metals, and the heat affected zones were achieved using both metallurgical and scanning electron microscopes. The composition of the filler material changed the microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion properties of the weld metals. The samples joined with the ER312 and ER2209 fillers yielded weld metal microhardness values of 272 HV and 258 HV, respectively, whereas the impact energy values of the samples were detected as 15 J and 34 J, respectively. The samples joined using ER2209 and ER312 fillers exhibited weld metal corrosion rates of 0.1523 and 0.1331 mm.year -1 . Microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion properties of weldments are investigated after using two types of filler materials in the joining of dissimilar S32205 and 420 stainless steel sheets via TIG welding • S32205 and AISI/SAE 420 stainless steel sheets were joined via TIG welding. • Mechanical properties/joining & corrosion performance of these alloys were examined. • Two filler materials were used to compare their major effects on the weld metals. • Cheaper martensitic has higher mechanical properties; duplex inhibits corrosion better. • Both used together can provide strength/economic & corrosion resistance advantages.

A novel Ni–Co–Al multi-principal filler wire for inhibiting Fe–Ti intermetallic compounds in welding CP-Ti/Q345 bimetallic sheets

In this work, a novel Ni–Co–Al multi-principal wire was used as only one type of filler material to finish the joining of TA1/Q345 bimetallic sheets by in situ preparation of high-entropy materials in the weld zone (WZ). The results indicated that a good weld formation could be achieved by using the Ni–Co–Al wire. The thermodynamic environment with high mixing entropy (ΔS mix) and low mixing Gibbs free energy (ΔG mix) in the WZ could be created by the Ni–Co–Al wire and the elements introduced from base metals. It could efficiently inhibit the formation of Fe–Ti IMCs and promote the solid-solution structures of FCC and BCC in the WZ. Fe–Ti IMCs were only presented in the transition zones on the TA1 flyer layer as well as a narrow region of the WZ within ∼30 μm away from the Q345/WZ interface, where the ΔG mix was higher than the ΔG of Fe–Ti IMCs.

Magnetic susceptibility and response time of isotropic and structured magnetorheological elastomers

The response time of magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) depends on the complex interplay of multiple factors. In this study we investigate the response times of silicone rubber based elastomers containing magnetically soft fillers (iron and magnetite) with isotropic, and two types of anisotropic particle structures. The response times of the elastomers were extracted as the characteristic time constant from the time domain dynamic susceptibility response to ramp excitation in the weak field limit ( H&lt; 10 kAm−1). The MREs with both types of filler materials in all particle configurations showed a positive susceptibility response, while an inverse proportionality was observed between the response times and the slope of the ramp excitation in all cases. The dynamics of the structural change is found to be highly sensitive to the type of the filler material, and the anisotropy of the microstructure. The response times of the iron loaded MREs varied from (4.0 ± 0.3) ms up to (60.5 ± 2.3) ms. The magnetite loaded MREs displayed faster response (between (1.2 ± 0.1) ms and (12.1 ± 1.8) ms), which is attributed to the cross-linking inhibitor effect of the magnetite particles. The anisotropic particle structure also favors a decreased response time, however the remanence of the particles can modify the structural effect.

The Study on the Influence of Filler Material to the Spiciness Level of Chili Block

This study aims to obtain the effect of type and ratio of fillers to physical, chemical and organoleptic properties of chili blocks. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), which consisted of 2 factors: the type of filler material (papaya and conjoined chayote) and the ratio, namely 1: 1, 1: 2, 1: 3 (between chili: filler material). So that six treatment combinations are obtained, each of which is repeated with 3 repetitions. The parameters observed were physical properties (water content, colour using Munshell Colour for Plants Tissue, texture), chemical properties (pH, and capsaicin content) and organoleptic properties (colour, texture, odour, and spiciness). Data were analysed using ANOVA. If significantly different, continued with the DMRT test (Duncan Multiple Range Test). The results showed there was no significant difference between filler type and ratio, to physical properties (water content, texture and colour of block chili) and chemical properties (pH and capsaicin content of block chili). Also, there is no significant difference between filler type and ratio on organoleptic properties of colour and odour but had a significant effect on texture and spicy chili blocks.

Typical strength of asphalt mixtures compacted by gyratory compactor

Abstract Design of asphalt mixes and quality testing is influenced by the laboratory compaction procedure. Laboratory specimens must be manufactured in a way that suitably resembles field compaction for a performance test to give reliable mechanical properties. The internal structure of the mixture, which is referred to in this article as the spread of aggregate and air voids, provides the basis for the simulation. Gyratory compaction uses a kneading effort to produce cylindrical specimens. The goal of the present article is to determine the required strength for asphalt mix compaction of 40–50 per surface. This look was achieved with three distinct types of filler material and two kinds of sand. The asphalt mixture’s compressibility was tested. By adding the cumulative energy expended during gyratory specimen compaction to the compression data, the force applied to the sample during gyrations may be calculated. The relation between the number of gyrations and forces demonstrates pressure resistance. The measured fore force vs number of gyrations for combinations containing limestone, cement, and fly ash as fill materials was presented. The force required to compact the six bituminous materials was found to be influenced by the filler content. As the number of gyrations increases, its compaction properties change until it achieves a steady state. Except for the asphalt–cement mixture, compaction strength in mixes containing river sand requires less strength than compaction strength in mixes containing crushed sand.

Investigating the effect of GTAW parameters on the porosity formation of C70600 copper-nickel alloy

ABSTRACT In this study, the optimisation of welding parameters was investigated in a cupronickel alloy. The welding process was gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) which is a prevalent method for welding pipes. The filler material type, shielding gas, and welding conditions were considered constant parameters, while heat input, shielding gas flow rate, wind flow speed and arc length were the variable parameters. In order to control variables precisely, the test coupons were assembled on a hand-made rotating machine with a controlled rotational speed. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded specimens were examined through the metallography and tensile test, respectively. The results showed that the optimum heat input and flow rate, which resulted in the lowest amount of porosity, were 10.2–11.3 kJ/cm and 6 L/min, respectively. It was also shown that by increasing the wind flow speed from 3 to 10 km/h, the porosity increased from 1.4% to 14.8%. In addition, reducing the arc length from 2 to 1 mm led to better weld protection and arc stability and consequently resulted in decreasing the amount of porosity from 1.1% to 0.23%. The tensile test results showed that the ultimate tensile strength of the welded specimen using appropriate parameters will be significantly reduced if improper welding parameters are used. The main reason for this decrease was the increase of porosity.

Physical and mechanical properties of metakaolin-based geopolymer mortars containing various waste powders

In this paper, it was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of four different types of filler materials with particle sizes below 63 μm in sustainable geopolymer mortars. For this purpose, 25%, 50%, and 75% limestone powder (LSP), basalt powder (BP), waste marble powder (WMP), and recycled aggregate powder (RAP) were substituted with river sand and 13 different mixtures including reference were obtained. Metakaolin was used as the main binder material, and sodium hydroxide/sodium silicate was used in a ratio of 1:2 as an activator. In addition, blast furnace slag was added to the mixture as a reaction accelerator at a rate of 13% of the amount of metakaolin. To determine the mechanical properties of the produced geopolymer mortars, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting strength, porosity, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and abrasion tests were performed. Also, SEM and XRD analyses were performed to examine the microstructures of the specimens. The satisfactory results obtained proved that all four types of filler materials can be used in metakaolin-based geopolymer mortars. Optimum rates for limestone powder, basalt powder, waste marble powder, and recycled aggregate powder were obtained as 50%, 50%, 25%, and 25%, respectively.

Some characteristics of electrospark deposition

Abstract The paper deals with some characteristics of electrospark deposition. A relevant device and the process are described, the material transfer is shown schematically, and the average droplet mass, the thickness of deposited layer, and the layer roughness are determined. Two types of substrate (tool steel, austenitic stainless steel), two types of shielding gas, (Ar, He), and three types of filler material, (WC, TiC, Stellite 6) were used. With some deposits, chemical analyses of deposit surfaces were performed and with some others through-thickness chemical analyses. Among the final conclusions the most important one is that the addition of a shielding gas results in a considerable increase in deposit quality. The device manufacturer, however, recommends deposition without the addition of a shielding gas.

Optimization of dry sliding wear behavior of aluminium-based hybrid MMC's using experimental and DOE methods

Due to its exceptional mechanical characteristics combined with lightweight and fuel-efficient materials, metal matrix composites (MMCs) have largely been developed for the automotive and aerospace industries. In this paper, an attempt was made to investigate the dry sliding wear behavior of aluminium-based hybrid MMC's through the experimental approach. The experiments were performed for three types of filler materials: Boron carbide (B4C), Molybdenum Di-sulphide (MoS2), and graphite (Gr) particulates of 50 μm were reinforced into aluminium-2219 matrix using stir casting technique. On the other hand, data computing is a trend in mechanical engineering and is increasing drastically in recent years. It has proved one of the most cost-efficient methods to identify the optimum results with a limited number of experiments. Hence, this research was carried, with an emphasis on optimization, utilizing the design of experiments (DOE) technique with specified parameters. For DOE, additional experiments were conducted based on full factorial design and then different analyses were performed such as ANOVA, regressions equation, and confirmation tests to examine the effect of parameters on the wear behavior of composites. Besides, the influence of wear parameters such as applied load (L), sliding speed (S), and sliding distance (S-D) on the wear loss were investigated. The current investigation realized that B4C particles in the matrix increases the wear resistance of MMC when compared to other selected materials of this study.

PCL micro-dumbbells – A new class of polymeric particles reveals morphological biofunctionality

Biopolymeric particles can be fibrous or spherical, highly determining their areas of medical applications such as biomimetic fibers for tissue engineering or injectable capsules. In this work, we present a completely novel morphology, combining structural features of fibers and spheres in dumbbell-shaped Poly-ε-Caprolactone (PCL) micro-particles. Strikingly, such complex structures could be achieved by simply balancing out the parameters of a standard electrospinning setup together with fine-tuned spinning dope compositions. In-situ entropy-elastic snapping of deposited fibers could be triggered by combining PCL with different molecular weights, allowing for control over the aspect ratio of generated dumbbells in an accurate manner. With a single electrospinning nozzle, high production rates in the range of 80.000 dumbbells per second were achieved. To assess morphologically induced biofunctionality, dumbbell suspending and surface modification with collagen was performed and in vitro-testing with U87 reporter cells demonstrated significantly enhanced integrin-based cell adhesion on PCL-dumbbells as compared to continuous PCL-fibers. The results clearly unravel the remarkable potential of such structures in the field of tissue engineering. Revealing this new class of polymeric particles will also open the door to various new approaches including injectables, biofabrication and cosmetics, moreover, defining a novel type of filler material.

Role of expansion joint in the study of seismic analysis of a multi-storied building

In this paper, the study on the multi-storied building with and without expansion joint when it is subjected to seismic forces in both x and y direction are taken into consideration. By maintain same floor area of different plans the expansion joint is provided along the weaker column forces stretch and stiffed the building in order to make more resistant when compared to the plans without expansion joints. The analysis is done using ETABS 2016. The parameters such as shear force and bending moment at the critical column are considered and compared for with expansion joint and without expansion joint. It is concluded that the L shaped building shear force is being decreased from the bottom to top storey of the building when compared to without expansion joint. The effect of expansion joint is shown effectively on U-shaped building in terms of reduction of shear force and bending moment when compared to L-shaped and T-shaped, it is because of providing two expansion joints since there are two critical and weaker columns stretch. When it comes to economy of the structure, the cost of the construction of the structure with expansion joint is relatively high but it can resistant far better in case of seismic forces. The future scope of the study can be the type of filler material to be used such that the reduction of cost and to maintain structure integrity.

Investigating the Effects of Welding Parameters on Mild Steel by SMAW Technique

The Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) is a joining technique in which melting and joining of metals with the help of an arc between the workpiece and the filler rod. The core purpose of the paper is to examine the mechanical characteristics of welded metal under various standalone parameters like type of filler material, electrode diameter, and current for SMAW. This paper employed the half factorial Design of Experiment (DOE) using Taguchi L4 array. Varieties of welding filler materials used were E6013 and E7016, with an electrode diameter of 3.15mm and 4mm and the welding current of 90A and 110A. The desired output variables were tensile strength and Rockwell hardness of the welded joint. This paper found that when electrode diameter increases, the deposition rate increases, and hence HAZ increases, which decreases the weld strength. Using the welding filler E7016, we can obtain the maximum tensile strength for welded metals.

Microstructure and Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene Composites Modified by Carbon Materials and Aramid Fibers

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is polymerized by tetrafluoroethylene, which has high corrosion resistance, self-lubrication and high temperature resistance. However, due to the large expansion coefficient, high temperature will gradually weaken the intermolecular bonding force of PTFE, which will lead to the enhancement of permeation absorption and the limitation of the application range of fluoroplastics. In order to improve the performance of PTFE, the modified polytetrafluoroethylene, filled by carbon materials and aramid fiber with different scales, is prepared through the compression and sintering. Moreover, the mechanical properties and wear resistance of the prepared composite materials are tested. In addition, the influence of different types of filler materials and contents on the properties of PTFE is studied. According to the experiment results, the addition of carbon fibers with different scales reduces the tensile and impact properties of the composite materials, but the elastic modulus and wear resistance are significantly improved. Among them, the wear rate of 7 μm carbon fiber modified PTFE has decreased by 70%, and the elastic modulus has increased by 70%. The addition of aramid fiber filler significantly reduces the tensile and impact properties of the composite, but its elastic modulus and wear resistance are significantly improved. Among them, the wear rate of the modified composite material with 3% alumina particles and 5% aramid pulp decreased by 68%, and the elastic modulus increased by 206%.

Dual filler functionally graded polymermaterials – manufacturing process and characteristics

ABSTRACT Functionally graded material (FGM) are a composite material which consists of filler material and matrix. FGM properties vary along the composition gradient. Common FGMs employs one type of filler material with specific properties. The application of two types of filler materials makes an opportunity to achieve the advantages of two types of filler materials, simultaneously. This study focuses on the FGMs with two types of filler materials and polyester resin (polymer) as a matrix. In this regard, the centrifugal technique is employed to fabricate dual filler functionally graded polymer materials (DF-FGPM). Copper-Silicon Carbide and Iron-Fused Alumina are used as two cases of dual filler materials. The microstructure and flexural strength of samples are evaluated using the image processing method and three-point bending test (according to ASTM D790), respectively. The results of particle distribution showed the different behavior of particles which can enhance surface and volumetric properties, simultaneously. Also and because of the importance of the interfacial layer in the composite structure, developed FGM presented achievements in the B type of loading during the three-point bending test.

Potential of Cellulose Microfibers for PHA and PLA Biopolymers Reinforcement.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have attracted the attention of many engineering fields and offered excellent mechanical and physical properties as polymer reinforcement. However, their application in composite products with high material demand is complex due to the current production costs. This work explores the use of cellulose microfibers (MF) obtained by a straightforward water dispersion of kraft paper to reinforce polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and polylactic acid (PLA) films. To assess the influence of this type of filler material on the properties of biopolymers, films were cast and reinforced at different scales, with both CNC and MF separately, to compare their effectiveness. Regarding mechanical properties, CNC has a better reinforcing effect on the tensile strength of PLA samples, though up to 20 wt.% of MF may also lead to stronger PLA films. Moreover, PHA films reinforced with MF are 23% stronger than neat PHA samples. This gain in strength is accompanied by an increment of the stiffness of the material. Additionally, the addition of MF leads to an increase in the crystallinity of PHA that can be controlled by heat treatment followed by quenching. This change in the crystallinity of PHA affects the hygroscopicity of PHA samples, allowing the modification of the water barrier properties according to the required features. The addition of MF to both types of polymers also increases the surface roughness of the films, which may contribute to obtaining better interlaminar bonding in multi-layer composite applications. Due to the partial lignin content in MF from kraft paper, samples reinforced with MF present a UV blocking effect. Therefore, MF from kraft paper may be explored as a way to introduce high fiber concentrations (up to 20 wt.%) from other sources of recycled paper into biocomposite manufacturing with economic and technical benefits.

Design and Finite Element Analysis of composite PTFE Compression Packing with C-shape Structure

Gland packing is a sealing device in mechanical equipment like pumps. With the development of science and technology, new materials and new structures have appeared, giving new vitality and advancement to the packing seal. In the process of pump operation, the major problems of gland packing seals are the wear of the filler material and leakage of media through the interface. Hence, In order to improve the sealing performance of a gland packing, Different factors including design structure, the number of packing rings, type of filler material, operating condition like temperature, pressure and speed of shaft can be considered. In this study the finite element analysis of the packing seal is carried out, and the axial stress distribution, bottom pressure and friction moment of the packing seal are obtained according to its design structure and stress condition. Furthermore, the results of finite element analysis are verified by experiments.