Text Types Research Articles

‘Problems’ at School: Mathematical Testimonies from the Fayum in the Roman Period

Abstract The common association between the teaching of numbers and basic arithmetical operations, on the one hand, and the earliest levels of linguistic-literary education, on the other, is a datum on which interpreters of Greek papyrological sources are now essentially agreed. A more controversial and less often considered question is whether, in these same ‘scholastic courses’, this basic knowledge also encompassed geometrical and metrological calculations in the form of ‘problems’ (which are typical of the papyrological mathematical tradition). Only a few witnesses to the latter type of texts in Greek have characteristics that would most likely associate them with instructional contexts. The four oldest of these date between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD and are of proven or hypothetical Fayumic provenance. Although they are few in number, these witnesses attest to certain practices in the teaching of mathematics, at least in this historical-geographical context, which are worthy of note.

Generative AI: Evolution and its Future

Generative AI (Gen AI) is an emerging AI Technology which broadly describes machine learning systems capable of generating numerous applications in various domains. AI Users can use Gen AI for generating text, image, program code or other types of contents. The main capability of Gen AI is to produce highly realistic and complex contents that can imitate human creativity, making a valuable AI for many application domains. This paper focuses on emergence, its evolution and future of Generative AI.

ArMT-TNN: Enhancing natural language understanding performance through hard parameter multitask learning in Arabic

Multitask learning (MTL) is a machine learning paradigm where a single model is trained to perform several tasks simultaneously. Despite the considerable amount of research on MTL, the majority of it has been centered around English language, while other language such as Arabic have not received as much attention. Most existing Arabic NLP techniques concentrate on single or multitask learning, sharing just a limited number of tasks, between two or three tasks. To address this gap, we present ArMT-TNN, an Arabic Multi-Task Learning using Transformer Neural Network, designed for Arabic natural language understanding (ANLU) tasks. Our approach involves sharing learned information between eight ANLU tasks, allowing for a single model to solve all of them. We achieve this by fine-tuning all tasks simultaneously and using multiple pre-trained Bidirectional Transformer language models, like BERT, that are specifically designed for Arabic language processing. Additionally, we explore the effectiveness of various Arabic language models (LMs) that have been pre-trained on different types of Arabic text, such as Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Arabic dialects. Our approach demonstrated outstanding performance compared to all current models on four test sets within the ALUE benchmark, namely MQ2Q, OOLD, SVREG, and SEC, by margins of 3.9%, 3.8%, 10.1%, and 3.7%, respectively. Nonetheless, our approach did not perform as well on the remaining tasks due to the negative transfer of knowledge. This finding highlights the importance of carefully selecting tasks when constructing a benchmark. Our experiments also show that LMs which were pretrained on text types that differ from the text type used for finetuned tasks can still perform well.

Pregled sodobne slovenske mladinske proze

A significant development of some literary text types and genres (such as the contemporary fairytale, fantasy narrative, tale, youth novel) can be observed when researching contemporary Slovene youth prose. What can also be noted is the employment of contemporary themes and motifs, a detailed portrayal of literary characters, and, with most writers, also an exceptional sense for language. The article presents a selection of authors and their works, written during the last decade with some earlier exceptions, if they had made a significant impact on the development of Slovene youth prose. The works were selected according to their quality, interesting literary type, and topical themes and motifs. Also foregrounded in the opus of individual authors are those youth prose works, which particularly signify the authors and aid in their detailed presentation.

Makrostruktura teksta u nastavi - podrška ili prepreka smislenom učenju?

Contemporary circumstances of teaching and learning at all levels of education, as well as easy availability of a variety of learning resources, compel teachers to expand textual learning resources. This leads to the need to analyse the role of the text in teaching practice. In teaching practice, the text is regarded as a broader category of teaching material, in which textbooks form a subcategory. Given that learning in a formal context is mainly based on verbal content and literacy practice, it is very important to look at different aspects of the text, i.e. evaluate their potential for learning. Several aspects of the text are important: its content, the quality of didactic adaptability of the text, the microstructure and macrostructure of the text, as well as the way it is applied in the teaching/learning process. The aim of this paper is to map the characteristics of the macrostructure of the text in teaching practice which are important for the improvement of the meaningful learning. The paper presents various issues involved in the macrostructure of the text, analyses the similarities and differences of the terms "text type", "genre" and "discourse", and provides an overview of research that links text macrostructure and its effects on learning. Finally, pedagogical implications are derived, which include the thesis that the macrostructure of the text from which one learns should become a relevant factor for lessons planning, the assessment of learning success, but also for the improvement of educational policy, including teacher education.

Analysis of Corpus Analysis of English Translation in Vocational Education Based on Semantic Contrastive Analysis

Abstract This paper introduces a novel method combining semantic contrast learning and event detection, employing an attention mechanism to compare and analyze semantic features between two distinct text types. We utilize a convolutional neural network to extract deep semantic information from texts, while the attention mechanism models global dependencies to elucidate complex semantic information. In event detection, we construct positive and negative samples using event-type labeling information, facilitating the differentiation of semantic spaces associated with various event types in text. We apply this methodology to a corpus relevant to vocational education English translation, aiming to extract and analyze stylistic features. Our results reveal distinct lexical characteristics; the Type Token Ratio (TTR) and Standardized Type Token Ratio (STTR) for the Statements are calculated at 25 and 45.08, respectively. In the analysis of high-frequency words within the English translation of the Report, nouns and adjectives are predominant, with counts of 4,466 and 1,962, respectively, surpassing those in the English translation of the Consultation. Syntactic feature analysis indicates that the overall trends in both text types are consistent; however, there is a notable variation in sentence length deviation, which increases from 1.47 to 3.36 in the Report and decreases from 2.49 to 2.31 in the Consultation. This differential analysis underscores the nuanced stylistic adaptations between the two translated text types.

KRAJ DRUGOG SVETSKOG RATA I NjEGOVE POSLEDICE:PROBLEMATIZACIJA NARATIVA U KREMPTONOVOJ SINTEZI

Like any other type of text, it is subject to historiographical deconstruction, especially since it has been noticed that it often tends to resemble bureaucratic fiction. Handbooks are closest to fiction due to the high degree of generalization. The greater the distance from the concrete document, the closer the text approaches impersonal forms of expression. The subject and the object disappear, and if there are any, their places seem to have been switched. As a result, the cause-and-effect relationship from the text disappears, and the reader loses the idea of the meaning of knowing the past: whose responsibility it is and who or what governs his life, that is, who or what governed the life of an ordinary man in the past.By reading a handbook like Crampton’s, it is not possible to understand the history of the Balkans and its trends, causes and consequences, nor is it possible to see that the centers from which the destiny of the Balkan peoples was shaped were located in the distant capitals of the emerging great powers. Apart from that, the reader must get the impression that the Balkans and their political and military elites determined their destiny, that they had the power to act independently, and that all the responsibility for everything bad that happened to the Balkans rests with them. In this way, Crampton’s handbook not only fits into the narrative of balkanization as a dark and savage alter ego of the civilized Western world, but also confirms and strengthens it, simultaneously removing part of the responsibility for balkanization from the center of power to which he, as a historian, belongs.

Training Translator on Campus and after Graduation

Training translators is an important issue that can be more difficult than learning a new language. Students of translation have to deal with different texts. Translating these different texts requires dealing with various types of dictionaries. There is self-training based on some books that claim to teach translation without a teacher. This type of book for learning translation without either guidance or an instructor cannot be trusted. However, there is another type of organized training provided by educational institutions where the translation teachers deal with each text in order to teach the students how to deal with words, textual and grammatical characteristics, and the methods suitable for translating the texts. The time needed for training differs depending on the goal of training, from a few weeks to several months. Translation training is no longer limited to the texts only but also to the translation technologies: Google, Microsoft and other computer-assisted technologies. Training translators in Libyan universities is still far from machine translation, which makes it complicated and does not give any optimism towards increasing translation projects. The translation between Arabic and other languages is very limited; this happens because no funding is allocated for bringing these technologies and also for training itself. Training is not limited to the knowledge of the source and target languages but also to proofreading and finding the exact equivalence for the source text. It also includes training on dealing with various types of texts coming from different cultural environments.

PEDAGOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF READING LITERACY IN A SCHOOL SOCIAL SCIENCE COURSE

The formation of reading literacy is an important component of the school’s social studies course, as it promotes the development of critical thinking skills, information analysis, self-study of sources, and also allows you to get a broad overview of knowledge about social processes and phenomena. In today’s information-rich world, the ability to analyze and understand texts is becoming increasingly important. Reading literacy allows students to consciously work with texts, identify their main idea, arguments and evidence, and evaluate the reliability and reliability of in- formation. It also helps students distinguish facts from opinions, recognize rhetorical techniques and logical errors in the text. Through the study of texts of a social science orientation, students learn about various social problems, political and cultural phenomena, as well as about the historical and modern development of society. This helps them develop analytical thinking and form their own position on various social issues. The article presents options for tasks when working with various types of text in a school social studies course: scientific and popular science texts, normative texts.

Рукопись князя С. И. Шаховского из собрания российской государственной библиотеки: содержательный анализ

Introduction. The article is a brief substantive analysis of the handwritten collection of works by Prince Semen Shakhovskoy. The collection consists of several dozen works of various genres, including historical, hymnographic, religious and philosophical, etc. The relevance of text analysis lies in obtaining a more complete understanding of the development of events of the period under study to which the manuscript belongs, including the Time of Troubles, through the restoration of biography and eyewitness testimony. Materials and methods. The main source of the work was a manuscript dating from 1652 from the collections of the Russian State Library, as well as its alleged copy (F. 173.1 No. 213 and No. 214). When writing the article, the following methods were used: the biographical method gave a clearer understanding of the life path and personality characteristics of Shakhovskoy; the paleographic method allowed to determine the distinctive features of the manuscript itself; the descriptive method allowed to reveal its content and classify the presented works. This classification is proposed for the first time. Results. The author managed to identify 5 types of texts in the collection: prayer, theological, hymnographic, historical and epistolary (epistles). An indication is also made of the preservation of authorship and the formation of a corpus of works for the memory of subsequent generations. This tradition, in many ways, was laid down by Maxim the Greek, references to whose works are in the Shakhovsky manuscript. Conclusion. Prince and voivode Shakhovskoy devoted his whole life to public service, but he gained the main fame thanks to the works that became historical and literary property. The collection under study does not contain all the works of Shakhovskoy known to researchers, but probably those that were of the greatest value to the author.

Композити як засіб створення експресивності та їх функціювання в англійськомовних текстах

The article is devoted to the consideration and analysis of lexical expressiveness and composites as a means of its actualization. A distinction is made between different approaches to understanding the category of expressiveness, including stylistic, pragmatic, functional, and semantic ones. Among the main types of lexical expressiveness in the English language, inherent and adherent expressiveness were distinguished. Attention is paid to the correlation of neutral and expressively marked vocabulary in the modern English language. The vocabulary selected in the study includes lexical units of different parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs), since the phenomenon of expressiveness is not determined by belonging to a certain part of speech, and almost every unit can acquire an expressive tone. It was determined that the formation of language units with inherent explicit expressiveness is facilitated by composition. Special attention is paid to the model of composition of neutral nouns that is the most productive among expressive composites. The peculiarity of this model realises when compound the bases of words, not their neutral meanings, but their secondary ones, which have historically developed from the main meanings through metaphorization, metonymization, and partial de-semantization, are often realized. That is why compound nouns are characterized by their high stylization, their emotional and expressive character is emphasized. Adherent expressiveness of words is formed on the basis of metaphorization. Expressiveness can vary depending on the area of knowledge and communication situation, as well as depending on the type of text. Adherent expressiveness is predominant in modern English. It is confirmed that the adherent and inherent expressiveness of journalistic and fiction works are clearly expressed with the help of expressively marked lexical units.

Faktografija i fikcija - ogledavanja u romanu Vreme smrti Dobrice Ćosića

The subject of this paper is the analysis of Dobrica Ćosić's novel A Time of Death I-IV (1972-1979), primarily from the perspective of possible worlds theory. One of the most important Serbian novels about the First World War, which critics have frequently defined as an epic novel, was inspiring for our research for at least two reasons: the first lies in the fact that historiographic metafiction is still the most prominent literary current in Serbian novelistic production, and the second is that contemporary readers have returned to Ćosić through intensive film adaptations in the recent years. The analysis and survey of the relationship between the factographic and fictional is precisely what led to the illumination and better understanding of the contemporary readers' attitude towards the so-called NEO-historical novel, which, according to Tihomir Brajović, began with Dobrica Ćosić. An interpretation of the characters in terms of possible worlds theory is at the center of attention, particularly the function of extratextual narrative identities of military leaders, statesmen, politicians, and warriors (Nikola Pašić, Aleksandar Karađorđević, Radomir Putnik, Stepa Stepanović, Živojin Mišić, Petar Bojović, Apis, and Stanislav Vinaver, among others). The specific aim of this paper is to understand the creative process whereby the characters were transformed and shaped as they made the transition from fact to fiction and, in this context, to analyze the documentary and artistic function of different types of texts that are incorporated into the narrative fabric of the novel. In particular, the author's auto-poetic comments are deemed particularly relevant to unlocking the process of metamorphosis of the historical into the fictional. Two more questions are addressed as separate research challenges: (1) the importance of the specific way in which the author constructs the so-called historical characters to form national identity in the novel; and (2) the more general issue of historical truth, with particular regard to the nature of historiographic narrative. The methodological starting point for the interpretation of the characters is provided by the tenets of postclassical (cognitive) narratology, with priority given to Hilary Dannenberg's typology of transworld identities.

МОДЕЛИ КОММУНИКАЦИИ В УПРАВЛЕНИИ ВОЕННЫМ ОРКЕСТРОМ

The article analyses the communication between a military conductor and an orchestra in various communicative situations — during the musical support of a military ritual, the management of a consolidated orchestra and an orchestra as part of a consolidated one, a concertlecture, a parade ground concert, including with the participation of a tambourmajor. Four types of communication in military orchestra management are identified: artistic non–verbal (expressive movements of the conductor), technically non-verbal (special technical gestures of the military conductor performing the functions of commands — the beginning or the end of the game or orchestra movement), artistic verbal (conductor’s introductory speech and other verbal communication with the audience), technically verbal (verbal commands of the military conductor: "Orchestra, stop", etc.). Communication models in the military conductor’s activities are presented and their features are described: linearity, hierarchy and unidirectionality of the verbal communication channel in the musical provision of a military ritual due to subordination between its participants; mediated artistic non-verbal communication and mismatch of message and feedback by types of texts in the management of a consolidated orchestra; independent subsystems “conductor — orchestra” and “conductor — audience” in concert-lecture; synthesis of artistic non-verbal and technically non-verbal communication in a parade ground concert; variable elements of communication in case of participation of a tambourmajor in the orchestra management.

Поликодовые тексты в вузовском учебном чтении: методология исследования востребованности и эффективности использования. Статья вторая

Since complex polycode formations, simultaneously transmitting information through multiple channels, are increasingly substituting traditional educational texts, there arises a question whether such polycode texts are effective in university educational reading. The analysis and assessment of their demand and perception effectiveness requires new research methodologies. The research aims at testing the integrated use of quantitative and qualitative methods (surveys and focus groups) to study the demand and effectiveness of polycode texts for university students’ educational reading. The research is based on the concepts of polycode - primarily verbal-visual - text, their communications and ways of generating meanings by Marshall McLuhan, Roland Barthes, Hal Foster, Rudolf Arnheim, Will Eisner, Franjoise Barbe-Gall, Yury M. Lotman, Natalia V. Zlydneva, Maria K. Skaf, and others. The quantitative data were collected via an online questionnaire, while subjective perspectives were obtained via focus groups. The obtained data were considered as integrity and compared to identify their coincidences, contradictions, and correlations. The research has confirmed the hypothesis that an integrated approach to understanding and assessing the demand and effectiveness of polycode educational reading by university students provides the most reliable, valid data about the object and subject of research. The indicators obtained via the above methods, taken together and correlated with each other, are complementary and mutually adjusted; therefore, the integrated methodology gives a more well-grounded, more trustworthy, and broader picture of polycode text functioning in university education than those based on data collected via the above discussed methods separately. An integrated approach to the analysis and assessment of the demand and effectiveness of polycode educational text reading has never been applied in the Russian studies of polycode texts before. This attempt brought up the problem of students’ reading competencies for different types of educational content to comprehend the concept of the effectiveness of polycode educational reading by university students and identify its dependence both on the nature of the text and a number of other factors related to the skills of monocode text reading, visual literacy, and reader’s “cultural memory.” When compared, the survey and focus group results showed no direct correlation between the high demand for polycode texts and their effectiveness in university education. The identified reasons for the low effectiveness of polycode educational texts, which are so popular with students now, demonstrated the barriers faced by many students: (1) the lack of reading skills in at least one type of monocode educational text encumbers understanding and grasping the content of the polycode text embedded in it by its author; (2) the reader’s insufficient knowledge and cultural background prevents him/her from understanding any type of text, and first of all, structurally complex verbal-visual formations, requiring recoding of sign systems. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

On Applying Natural Language Processing Technology to Optimize Accuracy of English Interactive Translation Platform

Abstract This research establishes a phrase-based statistical machine translation platform composed of multiple functional modules, including data preprocessing, word alignment, translation model training, ordering model training, language model training, decoding, and parameter optimization. Special emphasis is placed on the quality of bilingual word alignment, utilizing both the IBM model and the statistical collocation model to enhance alignment accuracy. The study reveals that this new platform significantly enhances translation efficiency across diverse corpora, such as legal documents, news articles, and parliamentary records. Notably, the translation of parliamentary records demonstrates a remarkable reduction in average translation time by 27.53% and a decrease in the number of decoding iterations by 56.46% when compared to System1 using the Baseline system. Furthermore, a BLEU-based evaluation indicates that the Baseline system consistently surpasses the comparison system in translating various text types. This study underscores the practical effectiveness of the developed translation platform and its contribution to the advancement of natural language processing technology.

Representation in fiction books: Neurodivergent young people's perceptions of the benefits and potential harms

Representation in narrative fiction can be a powerful tool to shape perceptions and challenge stereotypes. For neurodivergent young people, opportunities to see their experiences reflected in the books they read could have powerful effects on their sense of belonging, self-acceptance, and self-understanding. For neurotypical readers, learning about the experiences of their neurodivergent peers through accurate representation in fiction books could help to promote understanding and reduce stigma. This article aims to provide detailed insights into neurodivergent young people's perceptions of the benefits and potential harms associated with the representation of neurodivergence in narrative fiction books (and other text types). Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 16 neurodivergent young people (14–17 years old) from two high schools in Scotland. Using an inductive data-driven thematic analysis process, benefits (supporting self-understanding and acceptance; facilitating positive emotional experiences; reducing stigma; and increasing peer understanding) and potential harms (reinforcing negative stereotypes; and changes in peers’ behaviour) were identified. Implications for education are discussed.

ТЕКСТЫ ПОПУЛЯРНЫХ НЕМЕЦКИХ ПЕСЕН КАК ОТРАЖЕНИЕ СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНЫХ ТЕНДЕНЦИЙ ГЕРМАНИИ ПЕРИОДА 1945–1989 ГГ.: МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

The article is devoted to a diachronic review of popular German songs, which are an inexhaustible source of socio-political, historical and cultural heritage of Germany. A detailed study and deep understanding of the song heritage of any country contributes to a more effective mastery of a number of disciplines, among which a foreign language occupies one of the leading places. The author of the article pays special attention to the study of lexical, stylistic (artistic), thematic and functional features which reveal the cultural and historical wealth that the special language of a song in general and a German song in particular has. Using comprehensive, historical-cultural and didactic approaches to the song analysis, the author attempts to trace the relationship between a song in a foreign language and the sociocultural context of a certain historical era. At the same time, the author proves that the study of such a relationship is a cognitive process aimed at understanding the history and culture of the country of the language being studied. And the text of the song, being a type of a poetic text, is a complex phenomenon that includes historical, cultural and linguistic aspects. The diachronic review used in the article allows us to consider the qualitative changes that a popular piece of music – including a sung narration – undergoes over a certain period of time.

The Functioning of Communicative Units in the In-game Text of Video Games

This article describes the results of a pragmatic analysis of communicative units that were selected from different types of in-game text (spoken and written game plot-related text and interface text) taken from six video games of various game genres (action-shooter, action-adventure, role-playing game, simulator etc.) and narrative genres (fantasy, science fiction, horror, military, medieval, western). It further offers a model for classification of the abovementioned units based on the pragmatic aim of the utterance, i.e. to assist the player during gameplay or to express the artistic aspects of the game. The two main pragmatic types of utterances have respectively been labelled as ludic and narrative. It has also been noted that ludic utterances are widespread in any video game, while narrative ones can only appear in games with an in-depth virtual world, and their perception by the player does not usually affect the completion of the game. The article further suggests to use the following terms to describe the different kinds of ludic utterances: 1) identificatory (helping to recognise and distinguish between the different subjects and objects of the in-game world); 2) informative (giving practical information about those objects); 3) explicitly appellative (directly encouraging the player to act); 4) implicitly appellative (encouraging the player to act, but in an indirect manner); 5) feedback (responding to the player’s actions). Among the narrative functions, the following terms have been offered: 1) storytelling (depicting the in-game events); 2) descriptive (artistically describing the in-game world and its characters); 3) compositional (outlining the structure of the game and assisting the player to navigate through it). The study also suggests that an utterance can combine multiple communicative functions, and the abovementioned functions be expressed not just verbally, but also via the visual, auditory, haptic and other modes since videogame discourse is a multimodal type of discourse. The results of this study can help in training of localization specialists as this research should facilitate their understanding of the pragmatic purpose behind the translated fragments of text.

Description, typology and types of PR texts by genre (in the example of Uzbek information services)

Description, typology and types of PR texts by genre (in the example of Uzbek information services)

Deep convolutional neural network and IoT technology for healthcare.

Deep convolutional neural network and IoT technology for healthcare.