Manuscript Type Research Articles

Eratum: Autofagija i karcinom bubrežnih ćelija - šta znamo do sada? (2021, vol. 72, br. 1, str. 43-49)

In the paper titled "Autophagy and renal cell carcinoma: What do we know so far?" by Milan Radovanović et al. published in Medical youth journal volumen 72, number 1, there occurred a technical error on the title page, where in the upper left corner the type of manuscript is marked as "ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE". The type of the mentioned manuscript is a mini-review article and in the upper left corner there should be written "Mini review article". On this occasion, we apologize to the authors and readers. With the consent of the author, we publish a correction in this issue.

Eratum: Uloga biljnih polifenola u očuvanju zdravlja - efekti na kardiometaboličku funkciju čoveka (2021, vol. 72, br. 1, str. 34-42)

In the paper titled "The role of plant polyphenols in the health preservation: Effects on human cardiometabolic function" by Miloš Gostimirović et al. published in Medical youth journal volumen 72, number 1, there occurred a technical error on the title page, where in the upper left corner the type of manuscript is marked as "ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE". The type of the mentioned manuscript is a mini-review article and in the upper left corner there should be written "Mini review article". On this occasion, we apologize to the authors and readers. With the consent of the author, we publish a correction in this issue.

Eratum: Značaj polimorfizama regulatornih i katalitičkih antioksidativnih proteina u hroničnoj bubrežnoj slabosti (2021, vol. 72, br. 1, str. 25-33)

In the paper titled "The importance of polymorphisms of regulatory and catalytic antioxidant proteins in chronic kidney disease" by Đurđa Jerotić et al. published in Medical youth journal volumen 72, number 1, there occurred a technical error on the title page, where in the upper left corner the type of manuscript is marked as "ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE". The type of the mentioned manuscript is a mini-review article and in the upper left corner there should be written "Mini review article". On this occasion, we apologize to the authors and readers. With the consent of the author, we publish a correction in this issue.

The Impact of Servant Leadership on Follower Turnover Intentions: Mediating Role of Resilience

Manuscript type: Research paper Research aims: This paper aims to investigate the impact of servant leadership on turnover intentions within the context of higher education institutions (HEIs). It further examines how resilience affects the relationship between the two variables. Design/Methodology/Approach: Based on the conservation of resource theory, a research model has been developed and tested through a questionnaire survey approach. Data collected from 301 academics in HEIs in Pakistan were analysed using covariance-based structural equation modelling. Research findings: The study provides empirical evidence on the importance of having leaders who administer servant leadership, as this will help to reduce the turnover intention. It also reports the mediating effect of employee resilience. Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study expands the previous literature by focussing on the servant leadership type, which has potentially led to positive followers’ behaviour. It also fills the research gap by incorporating employee resilience as a mediating variable. Practitioner/Policy implication: Principals, directors and vicechancellors of HEIs should reconsider their leadership strategies to promote a positive working environment, as this will help to address the problem of employee turnover. Research limitation/Implication: Since the data were collected from Pakistan, it may not be possible to generalise the findings. &nbsp

An Analysis of Japan’s Quality Movement from the Meiji Period until the Present Day: A Synthesized Perspective

Manuscript type: Research paper Research aims: This paper has a tri-fold purpose. First, we seek to establish whether Japan’s focus on quality manufacturing was a conscious choice. Second, we attempt to analyse the impact of the external environment on the success/failure of quality upgrading. Third, we investigate whether Japanese businesses, regardless of the shifts in the competitive environment in the last two decades, continue to explore quality management as a strategic weapon for competitiveness. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study is based on a systematic literature review using two of the main scientific databases – JSTOR and Emerald. The scientific papers used for this synthesis – over sixty manuscripts in total – have (predominantly) focused on the quality movement in Japan at a national/country level. These are peerreviewed articles published between 1980 and 2018 that go beyond the field of operations/quality management. Research findings: We show that Japan’s focus on quality upgrading was a conscious choice that sought to elevate the country’s economy.Moreover, we identify a number of external factors (e.g. government support, sound formal institutions) – four, specifically – that, according to our analysis, have been critical to Japan’s success in quality manufacturing. Finally, we show that regardless of the (recent) shifts in the competitive environment, (product) quality improvement continues to take a central part in Japan’s pursuit of global economic dominance. Theoretical contribution/Originality: We claim that that this is the first comprehensive study of Japan’s quality movement to include scientific data from the Meiji Period until the present day (so far the bulk of the scientific papers have focused on the quality movement in post-war Japan). We also bridge a substantial gap in the QM literature regarding the influence of the external environment (e.g. political factors, social factors) on the success/failure in quality upgrading. Practitioner/Policy implication: The insights of this paper provide a valuable lesson to policy makers from developing and/or underdeveloped economies in their pursuit of economic growth. The study is also important to manufacturers from developing and/ or underdeveloped countries to understand their own quality management practices in comparison with those in Japan, which have the highest standards of manufacturing quality. Research limitation/Implication: Our literature search is admittedly not exhaustive as it involves only two of the main scientific databases.

Time-Varying Conditional Profitability of Momentum Strategies in Commodity Futures Market: Evidence from India

ABSTRACT Manuscript type: Research paper Research aim: This study aims to provide fresh evidence on the presence of momentum profitability in the Indian commodity futures market. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study is based on a sample of highly traded commodity future contracts of the Indian commodity market over the period from 2006 to 2017. It applies the conditional multi-factor model to test the time-varying performance of momentum strategies. Research findings: This study confirms the existence of exceptionally high abnormal momentum profitability in the commodity futures market despite the presence of transaction costs. However, the application of conditional multi-factor model suggests that momentum profits are basically time-varying. The low and insignificant correlation of momentum portfolios with stocks and bonds confirm that relative strength momentum portfolios of commodity futures can be effectively used to create a well-diversified portfolio. Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study analyses the time-varying conditional profitability of momentum strategies for the commodity market of emerging economies such as India. It enriches the small group of studies conducted on commodity futures in the Indian context. The major contribution of the study is the use of conditional multi-factor model to assess the possible role of time-varying conditional alpha and beta to define the momentum payoffs in commodity futures market for the Indian context. Policy implications: Policymakers should design more lucrative policies so as to attract the institutional investors for investment in the Indian commodity market. This is because domestic and foreign institutional investors are central to the enhancement and stability of the financial market. Research implications/Limitations: The study uses the 13 highly traded commodity futures contract to design the momentum strategies. The robustness of the high abnormal returns given by these strategies can be investigated further by the use of extended study period and expanded cross section of commodity futures contract.

Does India Need a Shared Ride-Hailing Now More than Ever? Understanding Commuter’s Intentions to Share Ridesailing Now than Ever ? Understanding Commuters’ Intention to Share Rides

Manuscript type: Research Paper Research aims: The purpose of the study is to establish causal relationship between antecedents of shared ride-hailing service (perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEU), trust, perceived risk(PR)) and intention to share ride. Further, the moderating role of gender and car ownership has also been investigated. Design/Method/Approach: Structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied to analyze the responses of 355 Indian participants. Research Findings: Findings revealed that all the four factors that is PU, PEU, trust, and PR significantly influence commuters’ intention to use shared ride-hailing service. Further, gender moderates the strength of relationship between PU and intention to use and PR and intention to use. While car ownership moderates the strength of relationship between PU and intention to use only. Theoretical contributions/ Originality: This study is first to identify the role of trust and PR together on intention to use shared ride-hailing service in Indian context. Practitioner/ Policy Implications: Using the insights of the study marketers should focus more on reducing the risk factor attached with shared ride-hailing service especially among women riders. Moreover, new plans should be introduced to woo car owners to use the service. Research limitation: The study collected the data from mega city of the country. Further studies can focus tier 2 cities to investigate commuters’ intention to use shared ride-hailing service.

Managing the Obligation to Stay through Employee Involvement, Recognition and AMO Model: A Study Among Millennial Employees

Manuscript type: Research paper Research aims: The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of human resource practices, namely employee involvement and employee recognition, on normative commitments. It also attempts to determine the role of the ability, motivation and opportunity (AMO) model as a mediator in the relationship associated with human resource practices, and normative commitments. Design/Methodology/Approach: Data were collected across 168 employees, working in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Selangor, Malaysia. Structural equation modelling with bootstrapping estimation was used to predict and estimate the relationships. Research findings: The results indicate that both employee involvement and employee recognition have a significant impact on the normative commitment. This study however, indicates no mediation effect on both of these relationships. Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study seeks to compliment and extend the human resource (HR) practice and organisational commitment literature base by incorporating the AMO model as a mediation variable. Practitioner/Policy implication: The underlying messages to HR practitioners and also SMEs owners are that employee involvement and employee recognition are amongst the most important HR practices to be employed in the current working environment, which will soon be dominated by the millennials. Organisations should focus on exhibiting a great working environment that involves employees in daily work activities, and promotes recognition programmes that motivates employees’ retention rates. Research limitation: Data were collected through the use of a questionnaire in a designated period of time, and did not permit causal inferences. Moreover, it only focusses on service sectors of SMEs, and therefore the results may not be as generalised as one sought it to be.

The Mediating Effects of Place Satisfaction and Support for Community: An Evaluation of the Performance of Small and Medium Tourism Enterprises in Bangladesh

Manuscript type: Research paper Research aims: This study aims to understand the impact of place identity on the performance of small and medium tourism enterprises (SMTEs). It also examines how place satisfaction and support for community mediate the relationship between place identity and the performance of SMTEs. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study focusses on the tourism industry of Bangladesh. Data comprise of 215 small and medium enterprises involved in tourism. Analysis is conducted using the partial least squares-based structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Research findings: Results suggest that place identity is related positively to place satisfaction, support for community, and firm performance. Surprisingly, support offered by the firm towards the local community did not contribute to firm performance. In this study, only place satisfaction plays a mediating role between place identity and firm performance. Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study expands on existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the factors that could affect the performance of SMTEs’ tourism business, in the context of Bangladesh. The inconsistency of the relationship between place identity and firm performance may be related to place satisfaction. Practitioner/Policy implication: The findings can be useful for SMTEs, investors, travel agents as well as other stakeholders. Research limitation/Implication: Since this study is focused on the Bangladesh tourism sector alone, the results may not be generalised to other countries.&nbsp

Financing Resources of SMEs and Firm Performance: Evidence from Korea

Manuscript type: Research paper Research aims: This study investigates the effects of financing resources on firm performance and efficiency among the SMEs of Korea. It also examines the relevance of various factors between the sources of financing and corporate performance and efficiency. Design/Methodology/Approach: Data taken for empirical analysis are those from 2011 to 2016. Samples are taken from the Korea Composite Stock Price Index (KOSPI) and Korea Securities Dealers Association (KOSDAQ) companies listed on the Korea Exchange. To examine the relationship between financing resources and firm performances, we employ a structural equation model (path model) derived from AMOS 24 of the SPSS. Research findings: Results show that SME’s internal finance and institutional finance have a positive effect on firm performance but other capitals have a negative effect on firm performance. Internal finance and corporate credit contribute to better efficiency whereas institutional finance has a significant negative impact on efficiency. These findings suggest that there are differences between financing resources and firm performance. Results also show that institutional finance has a negative impact on growth while other capitals have a positive effect on growth. Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study is unlike past studies; it examines the impact of financing sources on performance.The outcome derived adds to the existing literature on SMEs’ preferences towards various financing sources. The samples of this study comprise companies listed on the Korean Stock Exchange. A few studies have examined the relationship between financing resources of Korean SMEs and organisational performance in detail, thereby highlighting that the SMEs’ financing behaviour in Korea is different from other countries. The results of this study can be applied to other countries which may be similar to Korea. Practitioner/Policy implication: Our findings offer insights which can help investors, businessmen, and policymakers who are interested in the Korean Stock market to make better decisions. The results drawn from this study can be used by the respective parties to make better corporate policies with regards to financing and corporate performance. Research limitation/Implications: Future research may consider separating the financial cycles from the growth cycles, or to focus on firm size by dividing firms into large, medium, and small companies. From this study, we conclude that the most important source of financing for SMEs is internal finance which has a positive effect on corporate performance.

State Ownership and Firm Performance in Vietnam: The Role of State-Owned Holding Company

Manuscript type: Research paper Research aims: Ownership structure is crucial to corporate governance as it explains sources of the agency conflicts. Despite the studies performed on the roles and impacts of diverse corporate ownership on corporate performance and corporate governance, the role of state-owned holding company (SOH), as a particular type of state ownership, has not been duly explored. This study addresses the gap by examining the relationship between SOH ownership in listed companies, and how they perform. Design/Methodology/Approach: This quantitative study applies empirical models which test the impact of the different ownerships of firms on firm performance by controlling board characteristics. Regression models are used to test the explanatory power of the variables of interest. Data are collected from all the non-financial firms listed on the Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange (HOSE), and the Hanoi Stock Exchange (HNX), prior to 31 December, 2009. The selected period equals to a balanced panel dataset of 242 firms for a period of 9 years, ranging from 2009 to 2017. Research findings: The results show that firms with SOH ownership, or SOH-linked companies (SLCs), tend to deliver superior returns. They also enjoy higher valuations than government-linked companies(GLCs), and non-GLCs. There is evidence to show that when the SOH holds a dominant ownership, it exercises positive control over firms, thereby resulting in better market performance. Theoretical contribution/Originality: The evidence of this study focusses on Vietnam. It is also consistent with the findings of other countries. This study confirms that the SOH model mitigates the agency problems that exist in companies with state capital. This study also provides empirical evidence which support that SOH is a mechanism that resolves the various problems noted in state-linked companies caused by conflicting objectives, political influences, and poor management and governance. Practitioner/Policy implications: This study offers regulators a reference which can be used when making policies that would suit the environment of Vietnam. In that regard, it offers an indepth look into the SOH model which is further encouraged for replication. The outcome derived from this study can help managers to make adjustments and improvements in company’s corporate governance so as to achieve better firm performance. This study also helps investors and other stakeholders to better understand the problems arising from corporate governance in Vietnam. In that regard, the outcome can be used to help them make better decisions such as investments, choosing board directors, or making corporate governance policies. Research limitation/Implications: This study faces some limitations, among which is that it focusses solely on firm performance.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICALl CAPITAL AND READINESS FOR CHANGE ON THE TRANSFORMATION PROGRAM OF STATE OWN COMPANY AND PRIVATE COMPANY IN JABODETABEK AREA: LEADERSHIP STYLE AS MEDIATOR

AbstractManuscript type: Research paper.Research aim: The aim of this research research was to examine whether leadership style mediated the relationship between psychological capital and readiness for change in the process of organizational transformation of state-owned and private companies in Jabodetabek, Indonesia.Design/ Methodology/ Approach: A survey was conducted on 149 employees from 256 of private companies and state own company’s. There were three instruments used: the scale of readiness for change from Hanpachern et.al (1997) and Armenakis et.al (1999; 2013), the scale of psychological capital from modified by Dewayani (2014), and the scale of leadership (transformational and transactional) from Bass and Riggio (2006). All three of these measurement scales have strong reliability scores between .82 to .91. The data was analysed by SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) and the STATCAL statistical program. Research findings: The results revealed that the perception of employee self-leadership fully mediated the relationship between psychological capital and readiness for change.Theoretical contribution/ Originality: It is suggested that in a process of transformation, the role of both the transactional and transformational leadership styles is important, but transformational leadership has more significant influence in the process of organizational transformation. although in theory and previous studies have stated that transformational leadership is more significant than transactional leadership in the process of organizational transformation, in this study shows the level of position in the organizational hierarchy also influences. In this study shows that at the staff level especially sacrificed proves that the transactional leadership style is more influential than the transformational leadership style. Thus, in the process of organizational transformation both leadership styles need to be applied depending on the group of employees that will be influenced. The lower the position, the more the need to apply transactional leadership style, the higher the position the possibility of the need for transformational leadership style.Practitioner/ Policy implication: From the description above, readiness for change can be interpreted as psychological and physical readiness, to understand the need for changes needed by the organization, individual beliefs to be able to implement planned or proposed changes and to believe that these changes can have a positive impact, both for themselves and organization.Research limitation: The sample size is too small to generalise the findings to the larger population. In addition to samples that are too small to be generalized to a larger population, this study also only involves samples in Jabodetabek so that it is less representative of the population in Indonesia, other than that it is only taken from the staff level so that the managerial level is not examined in this study.Keywords: Leadership, Psychological Capital, Readiness for Change, Indonesian Companies.

East Syriac Poetry Embedded in the Manuscript Decoration: 17th—18th Centuries

East Syriac poetry embedded in the manuscript decoration has not been studied despite its large popularity in this tradition. Such verse pieces, mostly quatrains, are known at least since the 16th century. The poems being discussed in the present paper represent a further development of this particular text group. It seems to have first appeared in the Gospel lectionaries. Later on, the other types of liturgical manuscripts also obtained different kinds of “decorative” scribal poetry. This process went on alongside the growth of the poetry's popularity in the East Syriac tradition during several centuries of the Ottoman period.

Reinas y nobles: devoción privada y promoción artística a fines de la Edad Media e inicios del Renacimiento

Este estudio aborda el análisis de los libros de devoción privada promovidos por las reinas, aristócratas y religiosas a fines de la Edad Media e inicios del Renacimiento. En concreto, se hace referencia al conjunto de textos devocionales utilizados por estas damas en la Corona de Castilla y en la Corona de Aragón. El análisis de esta producción miniada se articula en torno a tres apartados fundamentales: la promoción artística, los tipos de manuscritos piadosos utilizados por estas élites femeninas y las diferentes formas adquiridas por las obras artísticas frente al fenómeno espiritual.

A Typological Classification of Cyrillic Manuscripts Containing Texts from Piotr Skarga’s Book Żywoty Świętych

The article is devoted to the typological classification of manuscripts containing Ruthenian and Church Slavonic translations of the extensive Polish book Żywoty świętych written by the Jesuit Piotr Skarga. Unlike the Polish original, these translations have not been studied extensively and represent a specific part of Cyrillic writing of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. The objectives of the article are to show (1) what types of manuscripts did the translated texts from the book of the lives of Piotr Skarga fall into and to answer (2) which manuscripts contain a higher concentration of the translations. The data from special works on this topic were taken into account; the list of sources known from these works was significantly expanded. Most of the manuscripts were examined de visu. A description of the content has been prepared for each manuscript, the identified translations are included in the compiled consolidated catalog of such translations, and the results obtained were verified by comparing them with the lists of translated texts available in the studies. Both the internal structure and the content of the manuscripts in question made it possible to distinguish six typological groups, namely, miscellanies of the lives from Żywoty Świętych, miscellanies with mixed content, miscellanies of the Menaion type, the Festal Homiliary (Torzhestvennik), Didactic Gospels, and Synaxarion (Prologue). Apart from the unique miscellany containing nothing more than Cyrillic versions of hagiographical texts from Skarga’s Żywoty Świętych, the greatest concentration of these translations is attested in the Menaion type of miscellanies, which are structurally quite close to their printed Polish source.

Serum chemerin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: can it unravel the Chimera of concomitant type 2 diabetes?

Not required for this type of manuscript according to the below mentioned guidelines. SUBMISSION GUIDELINES General remarks Detailed comments "1. Abstract – minimum 250 and maximum 300 words for original papers, and 100 to 150 words for review papers. Summary of the original paper should have a structural structure (introduction, purpose of the work, material/methods, results, conclusions). Summary of the review work, semi-structural layout with methodology of searching for literature items, e.g. key words, range of years, concepts." "6. Letter to the Editor for a maximum of 2 pages, 10 references, 1 table or figure." Accessed at: https://www.termedia.pl/Journal/Reumatologia-18/For-authors

Impact of Warning Messages on the Reliance Level on Decision Aids under the Framing Effect

Manuscript type: Research paper Research aims: This research empirically examined the moderating role of warning messages on the relationship between framing effect and decision aid reliance in an audit context. We test whether warning messages moderates the relationship between framing and decision aid reliance. Design/ Methodology/ Approach: The research employed a 2 x 3 experimental design involving 65 undergraduate students and 13 Accounting Profession Program students as the sample. The dependent variable is decision aid reliance which measured by Gomaa, Hunton, Vaassen, & Carree (2011) scenario. Framing effect which is manipulated as follows: (1) positive framing, (2) negative framing, and Warning messages is manipulated as follows: (1) weak warning, (2) strong warning. Research findings: It is revealed that the warning messages reduced the framing effect of the decision aid in an audit context. One of the highlighted findings in this research is that in the audit task context, both the weak and strong warning messages were considered effective in declining the bias of framing effect of the decision aid in an audit context. These results suggest that the warning message can be used in decision aid reliance to assist auditors adjusting best decisions in an audit process. Theoretical contribution/ Originality: To the best of the knowledge, the previous study only examined the debiasing effect of framing in a business context, while this paper could be the first research which tests this debiasing technic in auditing task area. Practitioner/ Policy implication: Warning message can be used as ones of the best tools where make auditor produce best decisions as long as the audit process. Research limitation/ Implication: The study didn’t use a specific measure of overreliance. It affects on the overreliance can’t be differed with reliance. Keywords: Decision aid reliance, framing effect, warning message, audit task decision. JEL Classification: M42

Achieving Marketing Performance through Acculturative Product Advantages: The Case of Sarong Samarinda

Manuscript type: Research paperResearch aims: This study aims to investigate the role of acculturativeproduct as an isolative mechanism for achieving the marketingperformance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia.Specifically, it focusses on the Indonesian Sarong Samarinda industry.Design/Methodology/Approach: Data were collected from 207 individualentrepreneurs who are involved in Sarong Samarinda businessesin East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Structural equation modelling(SEM) using AMOS was utilised to analyse the data.Research findings: The results of this study show that the advantagesof the acculturative products influence the marketing performance.This study highlights the importance of innovativeness in securingthe potentials of the acculturative products for the SME industry inIndonesia. It is also observed that the acculturative product acts as themediator between innovativeness and marketing performance. Theoretical contribution/Originality: The empirical evidence ofthis study highlights the importance of acculturative products as anisolating mechanism which can help organisations to maintain andsustain their competitiveness.Practitioner/Policy implication: This study offers insights to entrepreneursand policy makers to better understand how the SarongSamarinda industry could be developed, which potentially wouldcontribute to the country’s economy.Research limitation/Implications: Since this study focusses onSamarinda city only, the generalisability of the findings may belimited. Therefore, future studies should incorporate a larger andmore diverse set of samples.

Taming Wasta through Training Opportunities in Jordan

Manuscript type: Research paperResearch aims: This study examines the effects of Wasta on job performance in Greater Amman Municipality (GAM), Jordan. It also evaluates the mediating effect of perceived training opportunities (PTO) between Wasta and job performance. Design/Methodology/Approach: A total number of 344 usable ques-tionnaires were collected from employees working at GAM in 22 different regions in Jordan.Research findings: The results indicate that Wasta has a negative effect on job performance. The results also show that PTO partially mediates the relationship between Wasta and job performance. Theoretical contribution/Originality: The research findings enrich our understanding of the impact of Wasta practice on job perfor-mance in the public service of Jordan. The findings of this study expand on the existing literature on business relationships. Practitioner/Policy implication: The findings of this study provide insights into how managers at GAM can enhance the performanceof employees and gain citizens’ satisfaction. This can be done by reducing or eliminating Wasta and avoiding the use of Wasta when nominating employees for training programmes.Research limitation/Implications: The scope of this study is limited to only one governmental service organisation, specifically GAM, in Jordan.Keywords: Job Performance, Wasta, Perceived Training Opportunities (PTO), GAMJEL Classification: J20, J2

"Information Asymmetry, Leverage Deviation and Leverage Adjustment Speed "

Manuscript type: Research paper Research aims: This paper examines whether the firms’ leverage deviation (i.e., actual leverage minus target leverage) and leverage adjustment speed are influenced by information asymmetry. Design/Methodology/Approach: To achieve research goals, this paper uses archival data from firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange for the period of 2004-2017 and applies the static and dynamic panel data approach. Research Findings: The research results show that an increase in information asymmetry increases the firms’ leverage deviation. Furthermore, results indicate that firms with a higher (lower) level of information asymmetry tend to adjust their actual leverage toward the target, slower (faster) than that of other firms. These results are robust to different sample periods, an alternative set of leverage determinants, and various estimation methods. Theoretical contributions/Originality: This is the first study that investigates the effect of information asymmetry on leverage deviation and leverage adjustment speed. The outcome of this study is useful for policy implication in the context of financing decisions. Keywords Information Asymmetry, Leverage Adjustment Speed, Leverage Deviation