Type Of Certification Research Articles

Evaluating the impact of direct sales on farms’ sustainability: a comparison of metropolitan and overseas France

In the face of growing demand for local products, farmers are developing direct sales. Our research examines the impact of this strategy on farms’ sustainability. Focusing on the market gardening sector, we compare metropolitan France and its overseas departments: Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Reunion. These insular economies must meet national and European requirements for healthy and local production while complying with specific organizational and geographic conditions. If direct selling is considered an innovation, we first identify the factors, such as characteristics of farmers and their farm, determining its adoption. While establishing the link between such an innovation and performance, we study the impact of direct sales on farms’ sustainability, inspired by the IDEA method. We use representative farm data from 2010 and 2016 and perform a propensity score matching coupled with a difference-in-difference analysis. While the impact of direct sales on sustainability is effective in metropolitan France, more nuanced results are observed in insular economies. Whatever the location, direct sales provide a response to consumers’ expectations in terms of product diversification. While direct sales are initially associated with product processing and tourism, these activities are gradually abandoned, in particular, because of the skills necessary to their realization. In metropolitan France, direct selling modifies the relationship with certifications by developing organic production to the detriment of other types of certification. It is also accompanied by output and employment growth. Our results question the role that the environment in which farmers evolve plays in the sustainability dynamics of farms in island economies.

Comparative Analysis of Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment Systems from the USA (LEED–ND), Germany (DGNB–UD), and India (GRIHA–LD)

Neighborhood sustainability assessment systems support the planning of sustainable and resilient cities. This research analyses, compares, and evaluates three neighborhood sustainability assessment systems (NSA) of (i) the German Sustainable Building Council for Urban Districts (DGNB–UD), (ii) the USA Leadership in energy and environmental design for Neighborhood Development (LEED–ND), and (iii) the Indian Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment for Large Developments (GRIHA–LD). The theoretical background, certification types, process, and evaluation methods of the three NSAs are discussed. The qualitative and quantitative comparative analysis and evaluation methods of the NSAs included identifying and assessing ten weighted essential urban sustainability themes. Indicators under each theme were identified and compared in the NSAs. The comparison showed the importance of particular themes based on assigned weights. LEED–ND focuses on “transportation” and “site planning”, while DGNB–UD addresses all dimensions of sustainability in a balanced manner. GRIHA–LD has limitations concerning social, economic, and governance concerns. The research results define differences and similarities in international neighborhood sustainability assessment and illustrate the quality and quantity differences of sustainability and resilience aspects addressed by the three existing NSA systems as a starting basis for the future improvement of existing and development of new land sustainability and resilience assessment systems.

Certified grasping

This paper studies the robustness of grasping in the frictionless plane from a geometric perspective. By treating grasping as a process that shapes the free-space object over time, we define three types of certificates to guarantee success of a grasp: (a) invariance under an initial set, (b) convergence toward a goal grasp, and (c) observability over the final object pose. We develop convex-combinatorial models for each of these certificates, which can be expressed as simple semi-algebraic relations under mild-modeling assumptions, such as point-fingers and frictionless contact. By leveraging these models to synthesize certificates, we optimize certifiable grasps of planar objects composed as a union of convex polygons, using manipulators described as point-fingers. We validate this approach in simulations by grasping random polygons, and with real sensorless grasps of several objects.

한국형 무인기 표준 프로토콜 개발을 위한 설계 검증 및 시험방안 연구

Purpose: All tests and certifications must be identified and considered according to the development stage to validate and apply the Korean UAV standard protocol under development.BRMethods: A guideline for validating and testing UAV protocol distributed by NATO was analyzed. The ISO9646 and research on the conformance test related to NATO Generic Vehicle Architecture (NGVA) were analyzed. The types of tests and certifications needed to justify and apply the new protocol have been identified based on the comparative analysis results.BRResults: Structural, functional, performance, robust, and reliability tests and certification must be conducted to obtain a proven protocol and verify the implementation

Анализ стандартов обеспечения информационной безопасности

The purpose of the work is to systematize the available knowledge about information security models presented in standards and scientific research to solve the problem of labor intensity: analysis and selection of an information security model relevant to the information infrastructure of the enterprise; and assessment of the current level of information security of the enterprise. When in identifying and analyzing the information security models used, standards, regulatory legal acts and scientific research in the field of information security are considered within the framework of this work. The systematization of knowledge about information security models was carried out with the help of analysis of standards, scientific research, normative legal acts on information security; identifying common properties of information security models; grouping criteria and evidence confirming the implementation of information security measures by common signs; identifying ways to automate the assessment of the current level of information security. In the course of the work: the main criteria of the information security model were identified; a list of certificates was formed that allow monitoring the implementation of information security measures; common features of criteria, certificates sufficient for grouping were revealed; types of certificates were identified; an algorithm for assessing the current level of information security of an enterprise was formed; methods of automatization of collecting information about models of information security used by an enterprise and evidence of the implementation of information security measures were identified . This work systematizes knowledge about the existing models and allows analyzing the criteria of information security without a need to study all the standards and scientific papers considered in this work, which reduces the labor intensity of the analysis and selection of an information security model relevant to the information infrastructure of an enterprise. The results of this work will be applied to identify the possibility of automating the assessment of the current level of information security of an enterprise.

Community-Based Learning as a Student Portfolio in Culinary Courses with Conjoint Analysis

This study aims to describe a practice approach to building a learning community based on portfolio assessment carried out in the culinary community. The method used in this study is a qualitative method using direct observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that the student's portfolio resulted from cooking practice, where the cooking practice started from choosing a recipe, choosing the right ingredients, doing the cooking process, validating, and getting feedback. The whole learning process is carried out properly and accompanied by teachers and chefs to produce a student portfolio consisting of 5 components, namely student identity, activities followed, rating results, competencies, and certification types of student competencies through the portfolio. The results of the practice can be seen in the student portfolios in the learning community system. It can be seen the experience of students in participating in cooking practices and the number of scores on the like button and the number of reviews on the view comments in each student's portfolio. The most important factor in a learning community in the culinary field is a portfolio of 15,252, followed by a login factor of 13,112 and a collaboration of 11,132, so the author conducts research focusing on student portfolios. This study only discusses the results of cooking practice as a student portfolio in the learning community and does not discuss what features are used in practice and portfolios

Perceived Value of Information Attributes: Accounting for Consumer Heterogeneous Preference and Valuation for Traceable Agri-Food

Information attributes characterize traceable agri-food. The perceived value of information attributes influences consumers' preferences for traceable agri-food, consisting of two dimensions, predictive value and confidence value. We examine heterogeneous preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) in China's traceable agri-food market. Using the choice experiments, we explore how the traceability information, certification type, region of origin, and price influence Chinese consumers' Fuji apple choices. We identify three consumer classes by a latent class model: certification-oriented class (65.8%), price-sensitive and origin-oriented class (15.0%), and no-buy class (19.2%). The results show that consumer sociodemographic characteristics, predictive value, and confidence value are the heterogeneous sources that determine their preferences for Fuji apple information attributes. Specifically, consumers' age, family income per month, and whether the family has children under 18 significantly impact the membership probability of consumers in both certification-oriented and price-sensitive and origin-oriented classes. Consumers' predicted value and confidence value significantly impact the membership probability of consumers in the certification-oriented class. In contrast, consumers' predicted value and confidence value have no significant impact on the membership probability of consumers in price-sensitive and origin-oriented class.

Research on the Problems and Countermeasures in the Implementation of the 1+X Certificate System— Taking the Precision Intelligent Manufacturing Professional Group as an Example

Currently, the 1+X certificate system has become one of the important contents of higher vocational education reform. However, in the professional group of precision intelligent manufacturing, the implementation of the 1+X certificate system faces some problems, such as single certificate types, unclear evaluation standards, and low student participation enthusiasm. In order to solve these problems, this article proposes some countermeasures, such as increasing certificate types, establishing evaluation standard systems, and strengthening student participation, in order to provide some reference for other professional groups to implement the 1+X certificate system.

A study of citizen preferences regarding legal land conflict resolution: The importance-performance analysis

This paper addresses the critical issue of land ownership in society, given the increasing conversion of undeveloped land into developed property. The indicators include land certificates, regulations on land ownership rights and use, regulations on land use, the presence of land brokers, and the existence of a task force for eradicating the land mafia. The main findings show that the type of land certificate, regulations on land use, and regulations on the use and rights of land ownership are currently performing well, while the task force for eradicating the land mafia had the lowest level of urgency, indicating a possible overkill. The study also highlights the need for serious consideration when eliminating brokers, as it can lead to the rise of brokers/land mafia. Additionally, the study indicates that the community’s readiness to seek legal aid for land disputes is directly proportional to the quality of law enforcement performance. Effective regulation and law enforcement are crucial in resolving land disputes to ensure the equitable distribution of land resources. The paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on land ownership and disputes and provides valuable insights for policymakers, landowners, and communities to develop effective strategies for resolving land disputes of land resources.

Automated coding and selection of causes of death in Peru: a descriptive study, 2016-2019.

It could be seen good performance of the software for the automatic selection of the underlying cause of death, increasing from 69.6% in 2016 to 78.8% in 2019. There was a correlation between this result and the use of online death certificates by physicians. Automatic coding and selection of causes of death improve productivity and timeliness of information, contributing to the quality of the country's information system. It is necessary to analyze the agreement between the medical terms in the software dictionaries used in South American countries in order to improve standardization and comparability of information on causes of death. to describe software performance in the automatic selection of the underlying cause of death in Peru, between 2016 and 2019. this was a descriptive study on the software performance in the automated selection of the underlying cause of death over the years (chi-square test for trend) and the correlation between the type of death certificate and software performance (correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination). a total of 446,217 death certificates were analyzed; the proportion of death certificates with the underlying cause of death increased from 69.6% in 2016 to 78.8% in 2019 (p-value < 0.001); it could be seen a direct linear correlation between electronic death certificates and software performance (correlation coefficient = 0.95; R2 = 0.89). the software showed good performance in the automatic selection of the underlying cause of death, with a significant increase between 2016 and 2019.

Investing Based on Agricultural Structured Products

The paper deals with investing in agriculture based on structured products, which gains an important position in international investment for both institutional and retail investors. The aim of the paper is to present the proposal of two new types of investment certificates, i.e. Twin-Win Outperformance certificates and Capped Twin-Win Outperformance certificates, which belong to the segment of partially guaranteed investment tools due to a security buffer. The advantage the proposed certificates lies in the combination of the features of two certificates into one product. The certificates are described in an analytical form of the profit functions which are derived based on two components, i.e. the underlying asset and the derivative (used European call options and down and knock-out put barrier options) on its underlying asset. The pricing formulas are developed with a specification of the issue price sensitivity on changes in different input parameters. Opportunities to invest in these proposed certificates are being demonstrated in the agricultural market, i.e. Teucrium Corn Fund ETF, where various variants of these certificates are created based on different level of included parameters. The best results are performed with the objective to increasing of the intellectualization of all potential investors in investing to agriculture using corn futures.

(Ne)osuđivanost kao diskriminatorski uslov za zasnivanje radnog odnosa

In the context of employment, a form of direct discrimination is frequently embodied in prototypical examples of job advertisement, such as "A female worker needed to work in a bakery" or "Send a CV including a photo". The competent institutions often reacted to such and similar advertisements, and the citizens' awareness has been raised to such an extent that they often get organized (as "testers") to gather evidence and establish whether such conduct constitutes a discriminatory act. In this regard, the authors examine why some personal characteristics that are sometimes required from candidates (age, gender, appearance, etc.) are considered advantageous and do not cause the candidates revolt. How it is possible that even state authorities can ask the candidate for confirmation that he/she has not been convicted or that no legal proceeding is underway against him/her? Is the certificate on no prior criminal record really crucial for the position of a nurse or a medical technician (orderly) in cases where a person has been convicted of a minor offence against road safety? Is an unconvicted cook better at making sushi than the one convicted of negligently causing a car accident? How does the state provide for the possibility of resocialization of convicted offenders if it requires this type of certificate for jobs in the public sector, without making any distinction between the specific type of committed offence and the length of the imposed sentence? Finally, what about the presumption of innocence, one of the basic postulates of criminal procedure? By analyzing the current legal provisions and the practice of independent bodies and international institutions on this matter, the authors aim to address these and other questions that have been raised both in theory and in practice.

혁신인증 유형에 따른 중소기업의 고용효과 비교․분석

The performance of innovation should be analyzed through various approaches. For this purpose, not only the financial performance but also employment effectiveness were scrutinized. The employment effectiveness of SMEs according to the innovation certification type was compared and examined. The companies that were analyzed are SMEs that have maintained innovative certifications (venture certification, inno-biz certification and main-biz certification) in 2016- 2020, and employment effectiveness were used in the division of the sales-employment coefficient, which is a relative employment effect, and employment growth rate, which is an absolute employment effect. The analysis results are as follows. First, it was confirmed that venturecertified companies have an advantage in both relative and absolute employment effects. Second, in the case of inno-biz and main-biz certified companies, an approach from the perspective of coupling is needed so that financial performance can be linked to employment. In addition, differentiated employment and support policies are needed in the stabilization stage of businesses suitable for the life cycle of the SMEs. Third, as the innovation certification type shows a certain difference in the composition of each industry, a detailed support policy that meets the characteristics of each innovation certification is required.

Characteristics of performance of the function by the notary in providing evidence in a criminal proceeding: a comparative legal study (Ukraine and the United States of America)

The article reveals the features of the notary's performance of the function of providing evidence in a criminal proceeding based on a comparative analysis of the proposed changes to the notary legislation in Ukraine and the provisions of the Criminal Code of the State of Arizona (USA). It was concluded that the notarial act of “providing evidence”, which the Ukrainian legislator proposes to add to the list of notarial acts, consists in certifying by the notary of the data (information) provided, which can be carried out in various ways (by documenting, inspecting certain objects, video- and audio recording, etc.). Thus, the provision of evidence as a notarial act has signs of novelty both in terms of content (as it consists in the attestation of information by a notary) and in the way of performing the relevant notarial procedure (by inspecting certain objects, making video and audio recordings, etc.). In US legislation, we see a different approach of the legislator. In particular, it is possible to single out the following features of establishing the function of a notary public to provide evidence in criminal proceedings under the criminal law of the state of Arizona: А) The status of an affidavit certified by a notary public or another competent person as a document that is evidence in criminal proceedings is defined directly in the criminal law regulations. B) In certain cases provided for by law, the statement of facts related to criminal proceedings must be made by drawing up a document certified by a notary public or another competent person. C) The criminal law regulations define the procedural consequences of drawing up a document that is used as evidence in criminal proceedings.&#x0D; In comparing the approaches of the legislator of Ukraine and the USA to enshrining in the legislation the notary's powers to perform the function of providing evidence, it is worth paying attention to the following aspects. The proposed changes to the legislation of Ukraine on the notarial office relate exclusively to special norms regarding the performance of notarial acts and consist in granting the notary the right to perform an additional type of notarial certification of facts, namely, the fact that a person has provided certain information. At the same time, such changes are not ensured by corresponding changes in procedural and material norms of criminal, civil, economic legislation, etc. In the USA, on the other hand, the legislator focuses on the function of the notary in providing evidence by providing for the special legal status of the notarial document and its probative value directly in the criminal law regulations (which often also regulate issues of a procedural nature). At the same time, the procedure for performing notarial acts does not change.&#x0D; It was concluded that the approach provided for in the legislation of the United States of America is effective to consolidate the function of the notary in providing evidence, which is built with the help of the following basic legal structures: 1) provision in the criminal law and procedural norms of the special status of the notarial document; 2) determination of the notarial form of some procedural documents; 3) specification of the procedural consequences that arise for participants in criminal proceedings in case of drawing up/submitting or not submitting the corresponding document in notarized form; 4) provision in the criminal law regulations, which provide for criminal liability for giving false testimony, cases of giving false or contradictory testimony precisely when drawing up a notarial document, which is a document-evidence in a certain case. It was determined that the effective performance of this function by a notary of Ukraine should be ensured by the relevant provisions of special procedural and other legislation, in particular: a) changes to procedural norms (criminal procedural legislation, civil procedural legislation, etc.) regarding the possibility of securing evidence by a notary, as well as determining the legal status , the probative value of a notarial document (deed on provision of evidence, etc.) and the procedure for its use in the relevant court process or other proceedings; b) amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine regarding the establishment of criminal liability for providing false testimony or providing false information (data) to a notary when he performs the function of providing evidence; c) provision of a notarial form for certain types of procedural documents submitted as evidence of the presence/absence of certain circumstances, facts, etc. in the relevant categories of court cases and other proceedings.

TCM in Canada: Health Care and the Importance of Alternative Medicines that Complement Medical Practice

This article explores the introduction and growth of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) through the lens of Chinese immigration to Canada. It further explores how it has spread to other cultural groups in Canada. Several theories are described to explain why it has attracted attention by non-Chinese ethnicities: the interest in organic and nature-based approaches, the underfunding health care, lack of family doctors, expensive drugs from big pharmaceutical companies, and respect for Chinese cultural practices. The regulatory practice of TCM is described along with the organization, types of educational program and certification as well as a patient’s perspective of TCM treatment.

Flagship species and certification types affect consumer preferences for wildlife-friendly rice labels

Wildlife-friendly food labels are used to reduce information asymmetry and thus enhance agrobiodiversity conservation via marketing mechanisms. The labels make different claims depending on the certification requirements and conservation targets. However, little is known about consumer preferences for the different claims on the labels. Here, we evaluated consumer preferences for wildlife-friendly labels, with a focus on input- and outcome-based claims, by applying a choice experiment. Our results showed that consumers preferred fish labels with outcome claims to those with input claims; in contrast, consumer utility was not increased by outcome claims but by input claims in bird labels. The differences in preferences for certification requirements and for flagship species highlight the importance of strategic certification and labelling in encouraging people to conserve biodiversity. Our empirical evidence provides insights to balance biodiversity conservation with food security through conservation marketing.

Lack of High-Quality, Frequent Feedback Contributes to Low Success Rates for Community College Students

Most students who enter a community college never finish. In fact, “fewer than four of every ten complete any type of degree or certificate within six years” (Bailey et al., 2015). One reason for low success rates is the lack of high-quality, frequent feedback provided to students. Feedback has been shown to improve student learning and success. The purpose of this systematic literature review was to understand the root causes for the lack of productive, consistent feedback. To this end, traditional peer-reviewed research, public scholarship sources, and faculty perspectives were included in this literature review. One cause identified was the lack of comprehensive faculty training in pedagogy in general and in how to provide high-quality feedback specifically. Another reason was lack of time. Faculty who teach in community colleges typically have heavy teaching loads, along with service and other responsibilities that make it difficult to provide regular, high-quality feedback to students. Finally, many students have a negative perception of feedback and therefore, often ignore it. When students do not use feedback, faculty can determine that providing feedback is not a good use of their time. There is ample evidence in the literature that supporting faculty to provide high-quality feedback is effective for promoting students’ academic success.

Analysis of eco-label certification implementation on eco-friendly products in Indonesia

The significant increase of population, especially in Indonesia, has an impact on consumption per capita. This phenomenon causes a domino effect on the environment quality. Concern and awareness of consumers towards the environment is important, one alternative that can be done to protect the environment is to use environmentally friendly (eco-friendly) product. Eco-friendly products are currently marked with an eco-label affixed to a product, which indicates that a product is produced with due regard to the principles of environmental sustainability. This study aimed to identify and analysed implementation of eco-label certification on eco-friendly products in Indonesia. This research is based on a literature study of the current implementation of eco-label certification on eco-friendly products. Furthermore, the results showed that various types of eco-label certification have been developed for eco-friendly products in Indonesia. The implementation of eco-label certification has been carried out on several products; generally eco-label certification uses the 14000 series standard as a reference in conducting certification. Eco-label certification is expected to support the goals of the Government of Indonesia in sustainable development. In addition, the trend of demand for eco-friendly products by global consumers will certainly provide competitiveness for Indonesian products while still paying attention to environmental sustainability.

Relief of Liability for Damages and Strengthening of Korea’s Maritime Trade Through MRA Application of International Classification Association

This study examines the entire process from design, which is the initial stage of construction of ships and oceans, which are responsible for the largest amount of logistics and transportation among types of trade, to final approval, and delivery of maritime trade through final export in various stages of maritime transportation. The purpose of a International Classification Society is to provide classification and statutory services and assistance tothe maritime industry and regulatory bodies as regards maritime safety and pollution prevention, based on the accumulation of maritime knowledge and technology. It is an attestation only that the vessel is in compliance with the Rules that have been developed and published by the Society issuing the classification certificates. In this research, based on the IACS process, which has such ambiguous grounds and standards, the contractual liability for damages was resolved, and Korea’s maritime trade growth and international exports were revitalized by applying the International Classification Association MRA. The contents are summarized as follows. irst, MRA is applied to 1st party Inspection and Declaration, 2nd party Inspection and Testind, and 3rd party Qualification and Certification for Manufacturing Procedure and Process. By applying the MRA (International Mutual Recognition Agreement) process based on the International Classification Society standards and standards to these three types of international classification approval certification and manufacturer certification, the direct cost reduction and It is clear that it will clearly present the s tandards f or e xport approval a nd c ertification t hrough a bsolute t im e reduction, a nd w ill make a great contribution to the development of export manufacturing companies and all industries in Korea. Second, through the application of MRA to Design Assessments of products and services used in maritime trade, the structure of the shipbuilding, offshore and special ship industries is strengthened, and the Korean maritime industry is strengthened by reducing the construction period and direct costs, and maritime trade can be a shortcut to strengthening to be. Third, by applying MRA to the working process of the International Classification Association for export goods and export services that require maritime trade, it is possible to simplify the procedure and reduce the working period and cost. Fourth, by promoting the integration of the classification society rules first and applying MRA, it is possible to eventually promote the integration of international standards. Finally, the application of MRA to international maritime export products and services is a fundamental means of resolving the liability for damages in the essential contract of maritime trade and export.

The accumulation and substitution effects of multi-nation certified organic and protected eco-origin food labels in China

We conduct a choice experiment to explore Chinese consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for milk with multi-nation organic labels. We also consider the interaction between these labels and the novel Protected Eco-Origin Product (PEOP) certification as well as different brands. Two types of multi-nation organic certification are examined: ‘double certification’ (i.e., carrying both the Chinese and EU organic labels) and ‘triple certification’ (i.e., carrying Chinese, EU, and U.S. organic labels). Compared to the Chinese organic label alone, consumers increase their WTP for double and triple organic certification, but the marginal WTP decreases for an additional organic label suggesting a negative accumulation effect. Meanwhile, organic and PEOP labels are substitutes, with the substitution effect stronger for higher number of organic labels. Welfare changes with various combinations between multiple organic and PEOP labels, as well as consumer preference heterogeneity across labels are analyzed, providing implications on producer decision-making, policymaking, and consumer benefit analysis with respect to organic and ecolabel certification in general.