Type Of Certification Research Articles

The Extent of Realization of the Importance of Sustainability Accounting in the Public and Private sectors in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Recognizing the extent to which companies and government units are aware of sustainability and accountability has become a matter that requires paying more attention to help them grow and achieve their goals following their systems and work methodology. Therefore, this research starts from diagnosing the state of awareness of the importance of sustainability accounting in sustainable development within the framework of research and analysis attempts in developing countries, especially Iraq and the Kurdistan Region, and measuring the awareness of public and private sector administrations of the concept of sustainability accounting in the light of the descriptive approach using a questionnaire distributed to sample randomly. Results showed an awareness of sustainability accounting components (economic, social, environmental, disclosure and transparency) according to the opinions of the research sample. The results also showed a direct correlation between the four components of sustainability accounting, depending on the views of the research sample. In addition, there is an impact of the sustainability accounting components on sustainability. Finally, the result revealed awareness of the sustainability accounting components according to the certificate (academic and professional). In addition, the number of years of service provided that there is no significant variance between the two categories of the certificate type about the awareness of the four sustainability accounting components and no considerable variance between the categories of the number of years of experience on the four sustainability accounting components.

The Effect of Competency Based Training (CBT) and Competency Certificate Type on The Ability of Graduates of The Work Training Center (BLK) of Wonogiri District at PT Top N Top

The results showed that: (1) Based on the test, the results of the research proved that the Training Method (X1) proved to have a positive effect on the Work Ability of Training Graduates at UPTD BLK Wonogiri (Y); (2) Based on the test, it turns out that the results of the study prove that the Instructor / Trainer (X2) has no positive effect on the Work Ability of Training Graduates at UPTD BLK Wonogiri (Y); (3) Based on the test, it turns out that the research results prove that the Instructor / Trainer (X3) has a positive effect on the Work Ability of Training Graduates at UPTD BLK Wonogiri; (4) Based on the test, it turns out that the research results prove that the Method of Facilities and Infrastructure (X4) has a positive effect on the Work Ability of Training Graduates at UPTD BLK Wonogiri (Y); (5) Based on the test, it turns out that the research results prove that the certificate (X5) is proven to have a positive effect on the Work Ability of Training Graduates at UPTD BLK Wonogiri (Y); (6) Based on testing simultaneously (Test F), it turns out that the results of the research prove that all variables of Training Methods, Instructors / Trainers, Training Materials and Facilities and Infrastructure as well as certificates together or simultaneously prove to have a positive effect on the factor formation of the variables. Apparel Garment Program Training at UPTD BLK Wonogiri.

Certification of a police officer as a professional standard of his work

Topical issues of certification of police officers have been considered. The approaches of scientists to the definition of such concepts as "certification" of police officers have been studied. The views of scientists on the institute of certification, its legal regulation and the expediency of conducting have been analyzed. The history of the certification procedure and the grounds for its application have been considered, the main characteristics of the attestation and types have been clarified. The purpose of certification is seen in the most rational use of personnel, increasing the efficiency of their work.
 It was found that the definition of "certification" of police officers was first enshrined in law during the reform of the law enforcement system. Certification of police officers is enshrined in the new Law of Ukraine "On the National Police" from July 2, 2015 № 580-VIII, on the basis of which a new body was established, that is the police.
 Police certification is considered a professional standard and one of the important criteria in police service. Certification has no periodicity and has a special subject. We consider the desire for openness and transparency of its conduct to be positive in the police certification procedure. Three types of police certification have been studied. An exhaustive list of types of certification has been established.
 Based on the analysis of the legal regulation of the procedure of certification of police and scientific views of scientists, the definition of " certification " has been defined and characterized. The materials of the judicial practice on appealing the decisions of the certification commissions of the National Police bodies on dismissal of police officers as a result of their failure to pass the certification in Ukraine have been studied. The current state of legal regulation of the procedure of certification of police officers in Ukraine has been analyzed, its positive and negative aspects have been clarified.

Participatory certifications for the sustainability transition of food systems in Costa Rica: barriers and opportunities for scaling out

ABSTRACT Participatory certifications for organic production are proliferating around the world, especially in India and Latin America. Costa Rica is one of the Latin American countries that recognizes Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) by law although, so far, only few such types of certifications exist in the country. PGS schemes for promoting organic agriculture can be especially important for the vegetable sector of Costa Rica given the historically large use of agrochemicals in conventional (fruits and vegetables) production and its environmental and public health consequences. In this article, we use transition theory and the Multi-Level Perspective to analyze PGS for organic vegetables as a niche with a potential for but facing barriers to scaling out. Our literature review, supported by field surveys and observations, revealed different social and institutional barriers characterizing the niche–regime interactions which foster, or at times hamper, the scalability of PGS. Examples from other countries like Brazil and Mexico helped shed light on potential future paths for PGS in Costa Rica. Our results suggest that current institutional recognition of PGS might support scaling out if a more flexible legislative framework is implemented and political and technical support provided to participatory certification initiatives is increased.

Research on the Influencing Factors of Audience Popularity Level of COVID-19 Videos during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

(1) Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, users share and obtain COVID-19 information through video platforms, but only a few COVID-19 videos become popular among most audiences. Therefore, it is a very interesting and important research question to explore the influencing factors of the popularity of COVID-19 videos during the COVID-19 pandemic; (2) Our research collects video data related to the keyword “COVID-19” on video platform, the data are analyzed by content analysis and empirical analysis. We then constructed a theoretical model based on the information adoption model; (3) A total of 251 videos were divided into three categories. The least common category was the data and analysis category (11.2%), followed by the prevention and control status category (13.5%); the knowledge and general science category was the most common (75.3%). From the perspective of video quality, the information sources of most videos are relatively reliable, and the content of medical information is low. The research results showed that short video lengths, longer descriptions, more reliable video sources and lower medical information content were more popular with audiences. Audiences are more likely to be attracted to videos in the prevention and control status category and knowledge and general science category. Videos uploaded by uploaders who have a higher influence are more popular with audiences; (4) Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, information quality (video length, description length, video content type, and medical information and content index) and source credibility (information source reliability, influence and certification type) all significantly influence the popularity level of COVID-19 videos. Our research conclusions can provide management suggestions for the platform, make videos released by uploaders more popular with audiences, and help audiences better understand COVID-19 information and make prevention and control efforts.

The 2021 PhD Board-Certified Clinical Chemist Compensation Survey.

Doctoral-level clinical chemists work in various settings including academia, healthcare systems, reference laboratories, and industry. Information regarding compensation and benefits for PhD board-certified clinical chemists is limited. The American Association for Clinical Chemistry's (AACC) Society for Young Clinical Laboratorians (SYCL) Core Committee completed a compensation survey in February 2021 and compared that to previous survey results. The 2021 salary survey was made available to all doctoral-level AACC members working in the United States and Canada. Respondents provided information on type of degree and board certification, years of experience, employment sector, geographic location, and gender. The survey collected confidential self-reported data from 208 respondents, with 187 (90%) respondents residing in the United States. The 25th percentile, median and 75th percentile total compensation range for 113 PhDrespondents who are certified by the American Board of Clinical Chemistry (ABCC) and residing in the United States was $150 000 to $159 000, $180 000 to $189 000, and $230 000 to $239 000, respectively. Most of the respondents worked in either an academic, hospital, or healthcare system setting, with 47% of respondents working at academic medical centers. In this 2021 compensation survey, we continue to see an upward trend in compensation ranges for board certified PhD clinical chemists. This report is important in allowing individuals to actively advocate with prospective and current employers for equal and fair compensation as well as other benefits that impact career development and growth.

Investigating the Association between Farmers’ Organizational Participation and Types of Agricultural Product Certifications: Empirical Evidence from a National Farm Households Survey in Taiwan

Agricultural product certifications have proliferated due to the growing concerns in many countries over food safety and environmental sustainability. Encouraging farmers to self-organize was regarded as a useful tool to enhance the adoption of agricultural product certifications in Taiwan. However, previous studies solely focused on the association between membership in a production organization and single food certifications. Moreover, little is known of how different types of organizational participation could improve the adoption of agricultural product certifications. This study seeks to fill this knowledge gap by employing multinomial logistic regression model (MNL) to investigate factors affecting farmers’ decisions to participate in agricultural product certification. Special attention is paid to the role of different types of organizational participation in farmers’ choices for agricultural product certification. The study used a nationally representative sample of core farmers in Taiwan, and its results revealed evident differences in farmers’ organization types. For example, the farm operators who participate in agricultural cooperatives (co-ops) tend to use organic labels. In contrast, farm operators who participate in agricultural production and marketing groups (APMGs) tend to adopt the Traceable Agricultural Products (TAP) label. Moreover, age, education level, farming experience, farm labor, farm type, agricultural facilities, and regional location have a significant effect on farmers’ choices for participating in agricultural product certification across different models. The findings suggest that policymakers should consider these differences in the organizational operation of APMGs and co-ops and provide customized measures by promoting different types of agricultural product certifications.

NFT and digital art: new possibilities for the consumption, dissemination and preservation of contemporary works of art

Digital technology, which appeared in the '80s and consolidated itself in the following decade with what was called the “third industrial revolution”, has transformed not only our daily environment, but also the way in which we produce and experience the artistic work. Digital art, a subcategory of the so-named art of the new media, presents multiple forms and is in continual evolution, parallel to the devices which make it possible; but its commercialisation in the contemporary art market becomes complex, so digital works present a series of characteristics such as the paperless ofice, obsolescence and reproducibility which may be considered to be not particularly profitable by collectors. Despite this, in recent months the sale of some digital artworks, to which numerous texts are referred to under the name of cryptoart, have increased notably, reaching figures in the millions for the first time in auction houses. The commercial success of these pieces is due to the fact that, together with the work's archive, they include a type of cryptographic certificate, the non- fungible-tokens or NFTs, which collect the the work's data and inscribe them in a blockchain; transforming a multiple and disseminated work into a digital item that is unique and traceable, whose property can be transmitted as one would do with any other object in the offline world. Although they favour in principle the creation and sale of digital art, NFTs present their own problems, especially related to their access, use and sustainability; are NFTs a permanent tool or only a method of fleeting speculation? How does this certification affect property and the author's rights? Is it possible and will it be sustainable to employ them as a strategy for the preservation of digital works? This article carries out an analysis of the principal characteristics and problems of digital art in a general sense, as well as the solutions and preoccupations which the cryptographic certificates offer in all aspects in the life of a work of art: production, dissemination and preservation.

The Care Children Deserve

The Care Children Deserve

Analysis of Technical Efficiency of Pear Farms - Focusing on Homogeneity Classification -

This study measured technical efficiency of Korean pear farms by cultivation type and certification type to make clear the difference of technical efficiency according to the homogeneity classification. From the analysis we tried to show the importance of homogeneity of sample farms in decision making unit. For the study, surveyed income data of pear farms in 2018 were obtained from Rural Development Administration, where cultivation type included intensive culture, semi-intensive culture and crude culture, and certification type included GAP (Good Agricultural Practices) and non-GAP. Data Envelopment Analysis was used to measure technical efficiency for input oriented CCR model, where farms selected inputs instead of outputs as decision making variables. Results showed that farms under intensive culture and crude culture had higher technical efficiency than semi-intensive culture, which was affected by small sample size of those cultures. Farms under certification types showed higher technical efficiency than overall farms, which implied the importance of homogeneity of sample farms in DEA analysis. In addition, technical efficiencies of GAP type and non-GAP type showed higher values in pairwise comparison with the technical efficiencies as a member of overall farms. This resulted in different benchmarking information and resource reallocation, implying the importance of homogeneity classification.

Attitudes of parents in Jerusalem towards teaching non-Palestinian curricula (Israeli, British, American, and German): اتجاهات أولياء الأمور في مدينة القدس نحو تدريس المناهج غير الفلسطينية (الإسرائيلية والبريطانية والأمريكية والألمانية)

The study aimed to reveal the attitudes of the parents in East Jerusalem towards registering their children in non-Palestinian curricula. This was done by examining the motives and reasons that affect the parents’ decisions and examining the impact of each of parents’ gender, scientific qualification, the type of secondary education certificate and the economic level variables on their attitudes towards registering their children in non-Palestinian curricula. The study targeted a sample of parents in different schools in Jerusalem through distributing a questionnaire to be filled in paper or electronically, the sample reached 89 participants. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software in order to obtain the results. According to the results of the study, Palestinian and Israeli curricula were chosen by parents to facilitate enrollment in universities inside the country, while the results indicated that parents see that the Israeli, British and American curriculum were chosen to prepare students for university study and enabling them to choose disciplines that keep pace with scientific progress. Parents also think that the American curriculum facilitates the enrollment of their children to study abroad. The sample, which participated in the selection of the German curriculum, believed that it enhances individual autonomy and it is based on analysis. Moreover, the study indicated that there were differences between the average responses of the respondents due to the gender variable and was in favor of males in the sample. Thus, the first hypothesis was rejected meanwhile the rest of the hypotheses were accepted. There are no statistically significant differences in the responses of the respondents due to parents’ academic qualification, the type of secondary education certificate, and the economic level variables. Where the German curriculum is based on analysis and application of concepts with a response rate of 95% and that it supports positive values ​​and trends towards society and helps prepare the student for university study with a response rate of 90%. For the student to choose majors that keep pace with scientific progress,The study recommends re-conducting the research on a larger sample and using the mixed research methodology.

Quantifying the value of high-quality property management

Purpose“Ill-maintenance of common areas” in multi-owner residential properties is described as the “tragedy of anti-commons problem”. The problem can be addressed by outsourcing the management of the property to a company possessing quality property management (PMGT) certification. The PMGT certification is normally hailed as an effective means of reassuring occupiers and prospective property buyers of the good level of quality of the property management to be expected. This study investigated whether PMGT certification carries with it a price premium for residential properties.Design/methodology/approachA fixed-effects modelling approach was employed in relation to a large residential properties dataset in Hong Kong, in the period 2009–2018.FindingsThe results indicate, on average, that the PMGT certification commands a price premium of between 3.3 and 3.9%. This premium can be called, the “tragedy of anti-commons premium (TAC premium)”. The results further suggest that significant price premium differences relate to the four different types of certifications studied. The price of a residential unit managed by a property management company (PMC) with Q-mark certification is about 3.4% higher than a unit managed by a non-certified PMC, ceteris paribus. Likewise, corresponding price premiums for units certified related to ISO9001 and HKMAQA certifications are 3.5 and 2.4%, respectively.Originality/valueTo the best of author's knowledge, this is the first attempt to investigate if there is any relationship between the property price premium attributed to “tragedy of anti-commons” and PMGT certification.

Assessing the Performance of Food Safety Management System Using Food Safety Management System Diagnostic Tools and Microbial Assessment Scheme: A Case of Powdered Beverage Manufacturers.

BackgroundThe objective of the study is to assess the performance of the Food Safety Management System (FSMS) among powdered beverage manufacturers using Food Safety Management System Diagnostic Tools (FSMS-DI) and Microbial Assessment Scheme (MAS).MethodsFSMS-DI was used to evaluate the context factors, core control and core assurance activities of five powdered beverage manufacturers with different types of FSMS certification. Manufacturer A is not certified with any FSMS, while manufacturers B, C, D and E are complied with MeSTI, GMP, HACCP and ISO 22000, respectively. For MAS, samples were collected from the selected critical sampling locations of two manufacturers who complied FSMS with the least (manufacturer B) and the most stringent (manufacturer E) requirements. The samples consisted of two different types of powdered beverage products were analysed for total plate count (TPC), Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, yeast and mould count (YMC). Results: The food safety (FS) output of powdered beverages for manufacturer E was better (overall score of 3) than manufacturer B (overall score of 2–3). Manufacturer E was able to achieve their FS objectives. The FSMS activities of manufacturer C, D and E were better (overall score of 2–3) than manufacturer A and B (overall score of 1–2).ConclusionThe study demonstrated that FSMS-DI and MAS can be used to differentiate the FSMS performance of powdered beverage manufacturers with different types of FSMS certification. Higher scores of FSMS activities obtained by the manufacturer who complied with stringent FSMS certifications contributed to better microbiological safety performance of powdered beverages.

Facilitators and Barriers to Providing Breastfeeding and Lactation Support to Families in Appalachia: A Mixed-Methods Study With Lactation Professionals and Supporters

ObjectivesBreastfeeding rates in Appalachia are lower than the rest of the United States and contribute to poor health outcomes in the region. Lactation professionals and supporters are critical to improving low breastfeeding rates, but there is a lack of research on their experiences providing support to families, particularly in Appalachia. This implementation research explored the facilitators and barriers that lactation professionals and supporters in Appalachia experience when supporting breastfeeding. MethodsThis mixed-methods study included a survey with members of the Appalachian Breastfeeding Network and in-depth interviews with a sub-sample of survey participants. Survey data were descriptively analyzed in Stata and interview transcripts were analyzed thematically using an inductive approach in ATLAS.ti. Data from both phases were analyzed according to certification type and participants who worked in WIC vs. non-WIC settings. ResultsThe survey was completed by 89 lactation professionals and supporters from 14 states; 33% were International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) and 47% had other lactation certifications; 24% worked at WIC. Twenty participants from 7 states participated in in-depth interviews. Barriers identified in both phases included being the only lactation professional or supporter in several counties, cross-cultural communication, racism, feeling like their expertise is undervalued and counseling clients around drug use, with negative views of breastfeeding, or who lack family support. The qualitative phase revealed counseling around mental health/trauma, chest feeding, and re-lactation as issues they need more information about. Facilitators included the support from other lactation professionals and supporters, being able to refer clients to the Appalachian Breastfeeding Network help line, and including other family members in lactation counseling. Social media and telehealth were discussed as both barriers and facilitators. ConclusionsMore lactation professionals and supporters that reflect the population served are needed in rural areas. Additional training for providing support around mental health, chest feeding, drug use, etc. is essential. Lactation professionals and supporters must be included in future efforts to solve these challenges. Funding SourcesN/A.

Current practices concerning the environmental management systems among horticultural processing MSMES in Kenya

The horticultural industry in Kenya is a key income earner with intensive utilization of natural resources in water, energy, and production of enormous quantities of agricultural wastes that negatively affect the environment. Despite the increased horticultural production and processing, the current practices in sustainable horticultural processing by the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) concerning efficient use of resources and potential impact on the environment are yet to be established. This study involved a baseline survey in establishing the practices and trends in horticultural processing by MSMEs in Kenya. The digital Open data kit (ODK) platform was used to collect descriptive data from processors (n=122) across 19 counties of Kenya. Results indicated that most of the processors (57.8%) were small-scale enterprises while the micro and medium enterprises were 26.5% and 15.7%, respectively. The processed products include dried fruits and vegetables (64.7%) and frozen products (11.8%). To ensure efficient marketing, processors give out free samples (78.4%) regardless of the processor capacity (c2= 6.17, p=0.046), carry out product delivery (60.8%), and offer products on credit to clients (21.6%). There was no association between the type of enterprise and standard certifications (c2= 5.6, p=0.061), with most (59.8%) of the organizations lacking local and international certifications. Only 39.4% had certifications from the Kenya Bureau of Standards, although a weak correlation (r=0.225, p=0.023) between the certified firms and auditing was reported. Over 55% of the respondents did not know of ISO 14001 environmental management standards. Awareness of sustainable consumption and production was deficient, and only 24.5% agreed that there is strictness in the implementation of environmental legal requirements and regulations. In conclusion, the survey shows that environmental awareness scored poorly (29.5%) and, therefore, a need to conduct training on the importance of environmental sustainability during processing.

Historic Overview of Brazilian Sign Language/Portuguese Interpreter-Translator Educational Courses

In this article, we present a historic overview of the training of Brazilian Sign Language Translators/Interpreters (TILSP), in a national context, beginning in the 20th century. The objectives are: to present a diachronic and synchronic line of the creation of TILSP training courses; and to detail the facts and historical data of the courses, containing information about the years, the names of possible proponents and the curricular contents. The theoretical framework is supported by the fields of Historiography of Translation and Interpretation; Sign Language Translation and Interpreting Studies; and the path of TILSP education. The research methodology is qualitative, bibliographic and documentary, based on the methodology of translation historiography and on online data collection. The results of the bibliographic research show that in a period of twenty years (from 2000 to 2020) the requirements for training courses ranged from minimum requirement (High School graduation) to higher education. In recent years, legislation has suffered government vetoes, requiring criteria such as certification of basic Libras (Brazilian Sign Language) course and professional high school. Currently, there are six types of TILSP training course offerings and certifications (Technical High School; Bachelor’s degree in Libras Translation and Interpretation; graduate courses and certificate programs; university extension courses; and non-university courses offered by educational and community institutions, Deaf associations, interpreter’s associations etc., as well as research lines in postgraduate courses), allowing thus that TILSP may select among the offerings the courses that may contribute to the focus on his/her professional activity and thematic specialization. This study aims at contributing to historiographical studies in Sign Language Translation and Interpreting Studies (ETILS), in a national context. Future research is foreseen, making the analysis of international contexts possible.

Specialty Certification: A Path To Improving Outcomes.

Specialty Certification: A Path To Improving Outcomes.

Procedural Factors Influencing Forest Certification Audits: An Empirical Study in Romania

In the recent decades, forest certification based on third-party external audits has gained momentum. This type of certification has been developed as a monitoring tool aimed at improving governance in corporate environmental management and differentiating products in the increasing environmentally sensitive markets. Although the scholarly literature has extensively analyzed the adoption and dissemination of forest certification, the findings of the external audits and certification practices remain under researched. On the basis of the analysis of 105 audit reports issued by accredited third-party certification bodies in Romania, this article sheds light on procedural factors that have significant influence on the characteristics of non-conformities (NCs) identified by Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) third party audits. Our research offers empirical evidence that certain procedural factors such as the type of assessment, auditing days, number of auditors, or the presence of foreign members in an audit team have a significant influence on the auditing process outcomes: number and grade of non-conformities, standard references, or methods of NC detection. The study opens interesting new lines of research—the influence of procedural or other types of contextual factors on certification outcomes—and provides indications on the effectiveness of the certification procedures and guidelines in certification process quality assurance.

Analysis and assessment of the bulgarian pharmaceutical industry for manufacturing of medicinal products in human use

One of the main activities related to the provision of medicines is their production. Historically, it has been performing in the pharmacies over a very long period of time. After the beginning of the economic revolution and the initiation of the industrial production of the commodity, a separate drug manufacturing has appeared. To this moment, it is considered a self-sustaining branch of special importance for the system of health. Participants in the pharmaceutical industry in Bulgaria are local and foreign companies that have invested in the manufacture of medicines and active substances. The article examines and analyzes the manufacturers/importers registered in the territory of our country with respect to the main types of dosage forms – sterile, non-sterile medicinal products, biological drugs, clinical trial медицинес, infusion solutions and the type of packaging, storage, certification and release. The economic zones/regions for planning in Bulgaria were used as a comparison. The interconnection between the planning regions and the number of production facilities has also been investigated.

The importance of training and certificates in the access of university graduates to the labour market

In the era of growing competitiveness on the labour market, it has become common for students and graduates of higher education institutions to participate in various types of training courses and obtain various types of certificates, which are an additional asset when applying for employment. The interaction of a university with the environment requires constant monitoring of the expectations of labour market. Therefore, the main objective of the paper is to analyse of labour market requirements on additional certified competences of graduates during their studies. The paper attempts to answer the question: whether, and if so, to what extent the training received and the certificates obtained by the potential employee are important from the employer's point of view. The matters raised in it are a contribution to the discussion on the issue of needs and preferences of employers, including the most important aspects that guide them during the recruitment process. The study presents the results of surveys aimed at analysing the preferences of entrepreneurs and other entities in relation to the competences of graduates of universities. The survey method was chosen from among the empirical research methods used, which is characterized by a nomothetical approach, aimed at seeking generalized judgments, laws and rules for a certain class of situations or events. The survey covered not only entrepreneurs, but also representatives of other entities. Random sample selection was adopted for the conducted surveys. Setting the acceptable margin of statistical error at e=5.5%, for confidence level a=0.80 (Z=1.28), response distribution f=0.5 and population size Np=107.798. It has been calculated that the minimum research sample should consist of Nmin=136 employers. The draw was conducted on the basis of a list of all entities of the Swietokrzyskie Region in Poland. The collected quantitative data were analysed. The survey results indicated that employers pay attention to certificates, qualifications, courses and trainings obtained by university graduates. Additionally, graduates should demonstrate some professional experience, therefore student apprenticeships and practical profiles of education are also important. Respondents emphasized the problem of the deficit of the skills of applying knowledge in practice by university graduates, stating the ubiquitous excess of theory over practice.