Types Of Agricultural Activities Research Articles

Preliminary Evaluation of New Wearable Sensors to Study Incongruous Postures Held by Employees in Viticulture.

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) stand as a prominent cause of injuries in modern agriculture. Scientific research has highlighted a causal link between MSDs and awkward working postures. Several methods for the evaluation of working postures, and related risks, have been developed such as the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA). Nevertheless, these methods are generally applied with manual measurements on pictures or videos. As a consequence, their applicability could be scarce, and their effectiveness could be limited. The use of wearable sensors to collect kinetic data could facilitate the use of these methods for risk assessment. Nevertheless, the existing system may not be usable in the agricultural and vine sectors because of its cost, robustness and versatility to the various anthropometric characteristics of workers. The aim of this study was to develop a technology capable of collecting accurate data about uncomfortable postures and repetitive movements typical of vine workers. Specific objectives of the project were the development of a low-cost, robust, and wearable device, which could measure data about wrist angles and workers' hand positions during possible viticultural operations. Furthermore, the project was meant to test its use to evaluate incongruous postures and repetitive movements of workers' hand positions during pruning operations in vineyard. The developed sensor had 3-axis accelerometers and a gyroscope, and it could monitor the positions of the hand-wrist-forearm musculoskeletal system when moving. When such a sensor was applied to the study of a real case, such as the pruning of a vines, it permitted the evaluation of a simulated sequence of pruning and the quantification of the levels of risk induced by this type of agricultural activity.

Assessment of opportunities for the development of organic agriculture in municipal areas

Purpose: of the research is to develop a methodology for assessing the development opportunities of organic agriculture in municipal areas based on their clustering.Methods: within the framework of the study, methods of comparing averages, grouping, clustering based on Kohonen's self-organizing neural network were used. The study was conducted on the materials of the Penza region, the complex of analyzed indicators was formed on the basis of official statistical data on municipal districts of the region. The applied approach assumes the possibility of carrying out similar calculations based on the materials from other subjects of the Russian Federation.Results: the study proposes a system of indicators characterizing the development potential of the production of certain types of organic agricultural products on the territory of municipal districts. Clustering of districts was carried out, as a result, 6 clusters were identified, characterized by various combinations of the values of the analyzed factors. The characteristics of each cluster in terms of opportunities for the development of organic agriculture are given. The areas of activity with the best potential are indicated, as well as the main unfavorable factors. 2 clusters have been identified that can be considered as pilot ones for the implementation of the regional program for the development of organic agriculture.Conclusions and Relevance: at the initial stage of the development of the organic production sector, it is important to identify growth points, types of agricultural activities in certain areas that may be the most promising within the framework of the introduction of the principles of organic farming. Given the diversity and high variability of the values of indicators that determine the potential for the development of organic agriculture in individual territories, clustering can be an effective method that allows differentiating and increasing the targeting of state support measures for the relevant producers. The application of efforts for the development of organic agriculture, taking into account the peculiarities of the formed clusters, will be more effective.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING RURAL HOUSEHOLDS’ PARTICIPATION IN INLAND FISHERIES: A CASE STUDY OF GREATER TZANEEN LOCAL MUNICIPALITY, LIMPOPO PROVINCE

The study investigated factors that influence the participation of rural households in inland fisheries in the Greater Tzaneen Local Municipality of the Limpopo Province. Data was collected from sixty rural households using purposive and simple random sampling techniques. The objectives were to identify and profile the socio-economic characteristics of rural households and, to determine factors that influence the participation of rural households in inland fisheries. Descriptive statistics and Binary logistic model were employed to achieve these objectives. The findings show that only 42% of rural households participate in inland fisheries. Additionally, about 5% of females are reported as participants of inland fisheries in the Mopani District Municipality. Moreover, gender of the household head has a positive influence on participation while, access to credits, type of agricultural activity and source of income had a negative influence. The study recommends that women be motivated to participate in inland fisheries to enhance food security and improve their livelihoods.

Spatial and Seasonal Dynamics of Inorganic Nitrogen and Phosphorous Compounds in an Orchard-Dominated Catchment with Anthropogenic Impacts

The influence of various types of agricultural activities on the dynamics of biogenic compounds of flowing water was broadly recognized in many spatial and temporal scales. However, relatively minor attention was paid to the hydrochemical functioning of horticultural catchments despite their importance and dominance in some regions of Europe. Thus, the current study investigated spatial and seasonal variations in inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous compounds in stream water in the Mogielanka River catchment, with 72% covered by apple orchards. Water samples were collected from fifteen sites distributed across the catchment in the monthly timescale from March 2020 to February 2021. Concentrations of NO3−, NO2−, NH4+, and PO43− were determined photometrically, while in situ water temperature, oxygen saturation, electrical conductivity, and pH, were measured with the use of portable devices. The impact of horticulture was mainly documented in the higher concentration of NO3− during the winter months; however, maximum values did not exceed 15 mg·dm−3 and were relatively low in comparison to catchments dominated by arable lands. The authors also found a clear impact of unstratified reservoirs and inflows from wastewater treatment plants on the dynamics of biogenic compounds. The correlations of PO43− with the sums of precipitation suggested, in turn, that increased PO43− concentration mainly results from poor sewage management. The results provided preliminary but unique and spatially extensive insight into the functioning of an orchard-dominated lowland catchment and allowed the researchers to point out the main recommendations for improving water quality in similar regions.

Загальна характеристика внутрішніх і зовнішніх аграрних фінансових правовідносин

The article is devoted to the separation of specific features of the internal and the external agrarian financial relations. It is proved that the peculiarities of the first group of legal relations are conditioned by the organizational and legal form of legal entities in which they arise, change and interrupt. These features are established in the legislation governing the legal status of these entities. In particular, it determines the procedure for the formation of property funds of agricultural enterprises, the distribution of financial results (profits) among the founders and participants (members) (for example, payment of dividends (in companies), dividends and patronage dividends (in agricultural cooperatives), also contributions to this fund. At the same time, enterprises accept internal documents on the basis of which such distribution is carried out. In addition, the procedure for exercising control over their financial and economic activities is regulated. The procedure of payments with members (participants) in case of termination of the business entity or withdrawal from its members (participants) is also specific. The opinion is substantiated that the peculiarities of external agrarian financial legal relations are caused, as a rule, by the nature of the business entity activity. Therefore, these relations are regulated by agrarian legislation in field of the state financial support of agriculture and rural social sphere; implementation of certain types of agricultural activities; insurance and lending of the agricultural producers. Such legal relations, according to the author, include: payment legal relations; credit relations (including financial leasing relations); insurance legal relations; relations with the state and local budgets (regarding the payment of taxes and other obligatory payments and fees; receipt of state financial support); investment relations. Keywords: agrarian legislation, agrarian financial legal relations, agricultural enterprise, agricultural producer, internal financial relations, external financial relations

Анализ неравномерности сельскохозяйственного производства в России

Introduction. Agriculture affects the food, economic and social security of the country. The unevenness of agricultural production is due to natural, climatic and economic factors, for example, the enlargement of enterprises, the introduction of efficient means and production technologies. The increase in territorial unevenness can lead to a shortage of food, its rise in price due to transport markup. Unevenness in the size of organizations also has socio-economic implications. The efficiency of agricultural production is growing, but competition and entrepreneurial activity are decreasing. An increase in social tension is possible in case of a single enterprise bankruptcy. Theoretical analysis. To assess the territorial unevenness of agricultural production, the Gini coefficient and the Lorenz curve were used. The unevenness of organizations in terms of revenue was estimated basing on the ABC analysis and the Pareto curve. Еmpirical analysis. Subjects of the Russian Federation with a predominance of forestry, hunting, fishing and fish farming were excluded from the analysis. The Gini coefficient for the GVA of the regions of the Russian Federation in 2018 was 0.45, and in 2008 – 0.48. The territorial unevenness of agricultural production in 2009–2018 has slightly decreased. The Russian Federation regions typology made it possible to identify favorable, risky and unfavorable regions for agriculture and animal husbandry. Results. A significant unevenness of agricultural production both in the territorial context and in the size of organizations was revealed. For 2009–2018, territorial unevenness has decreased. The ABC analysis showed that 80% of revenue from the type of agricultural activity accounted for only 10.9% of active enterprises.

General characteristics of internal and external agrarian financial legal relations

The article is devoted to singling out the specific features of internal and external agrarian financial legal relations. It is proved that the features of the first group of legal relations are due to the organizational and legal form of business entities in which they arise, change and terminate. These features are established in the legislation that regulates the legal status of these entities. In particular, it determines the procedure for the formation of property funds of agricultural enterprises, the distribution of financial result (profit) among the founders and participants (members) (for example, the payment of dividends (in business entities), dividends and patronage dividends (in agricultural cooperatives), as well as making a deductions in these funds. At the same time, internal documents are adopted in such enterprises, on the basis of which such distribution is made. In addition, the procedure for exercising control over their financial and economic activities is regulated. The procedure for making settlements with members (participants) is also specific in the case of termination of the business entity’s activity or withdrawal of its members (participants). The opinion is substantiated that the peculiarities of external agrarian financial legal relations are caused by the nature of activity carried out by the business entity. Therefore, these relations are regulated by agrarian legislation in the field of state financial support for agriculture and the social sphere of the village; implementation of certain types of agricultural activities; insurance and crediting of agricultural producers. According to the author’s opinion, such legal relations include: the settlement legal relations; credit legal relations (including legal relations of monetary leasing); insurance legal relations; relations with the state and local budgets (regarding the payment of taxes and other obligatory payments and fees; obtaining the state financial support); investment legal relations.

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES OF USE OF LAND RESOURCES IN UKRAINE AND WORLD

The purpose of the article is to study the economic, social and environmental features of the use of land resources of agricultural enterprises, which is one of the determining factors of economic development and environmental safety of the state. Optimization of the use of land resources in ecological, economic and social aspects is the basis for a favourable territorial environment of natural landscapes. The goal of the article is to study the economic efficiency of the use of land resources in modern conditions, their social and environmental basis. Methodology. To write the article, methods of analysis, comparison, and generalization of research results, economic, statistical and graphic methods have been used. It is clear that research on the efficiency of the use of land resources in agricultural enterprises is a complex and lengthy process. Taking this into account, it is impossible to identify a single indicator that can fully reflect the level of efficiency in the use of land resources. For a more complete characterization of the specified process, a system of both natural and value indicators should be used. Results. According to the results of the study, it has been established that the practice of land use and the state of study of certain problems require further study of the prerequisites for the development of processes of soil degradation caused by the main factors: human economic activity, climatic, relief and ground conditions. Attention is drawn to the efficiency of the use of land resources in agricultural enterprises of Ukraine; the distribution of enterprises in Ukraine is carried out by the size of agricultural land. The role of state financing of enterprises in the sector of agro-industrial development is analysed, and the state of financing of programs to support agro-industrial production in 2019 is considered. The social aspects of land use in Ukraine are processed; they are focused on the quality of food, ensuring the welfare of the population and landscaping of rural municipalities. The program of support of the agro-industrial production sector by providing loans to agrarians has been investigated: in particular, it is planned to allocate 1,200,000,000 UAH for a programme to reduce the cost of loans to enterprises engaged in all types of agricultural activities. Practical implications. Since the practice of managing agricultural enterprises in market conditions shows that the most important thing is not the availability of land resources but the efficiency of using its potential; therefore, the need to create a reliable economic mechanism that will ensure the effective use of land resources and preserve their fertility is a priority. The breadth and versatility of land problems, their connection and dependence on socio-economic, political and environmental factors necessitate further research on this issue.

The spatial impact of rural economic change on river water quality

This paper, using Ireland as a case study, examines the relationship between rural economic activities and river water quality. The stipulation from the EU water framework directive (WFD) that all surface waters in the EU must be of ‘good ecological status’ necessitates a quantitative understanding of the major determinants of water quality. Within this context, this paper combines a number of spatial datasets relating to agricultural, land use, residential and industrial activities, to examine the major economic influences on the ecological quality of water resources. It is hoped that providing a comprehensive understanding of the effect of a variety of economic activities that influence the ecological quality of water will be an important tool in the management of risk and will allow for more appropriate land use planning aimed at restoring and maintaining water quality as required by the WFD. Results indicate that the level of forestry, industrial activity, the intensity and type of agricultural activity and the type of wastewater treatment in an area are all critical factors affecting the quality of water resources. The model finds that relationship between agriculture and water quality improved over time during a period where there was substantial legislative measures and financial support to facilitate improved water quality.

Modeling the Impact of Agricultural Production on Food Security Taking Into Account Import Substitution

The assessment of such a multidimensional concept as food security involves the analysis of a number of indicators characterizing the food production sector, the food market, food availability for the population, the influence of external factors, in particular import substitution. The use of integral or aggregated indicators when carrying out such an assessment is rather difficult, since it involves the determination of relative weights for different indicators and the interpretation of the values of the composite indicator. In modern studies on the topic of food security, attempts are made to analyze the various categories of the population, distinguished by social and demographic, territorial criteria or type of agricultural activity. As an effective assessment methodology, the use of cognitive economic and mathematical modeling is proposed, which allows for analyzing groups of statistical indicators and assessing the impact of various factors on changes in food security. The recommended method can also be used to predict the level of food security.

Innovative processes and modernization in the agroindustrial complex of the Russian Federation: results and prospects

This article outlines the results of the study of innovative processes and modernization of the agroindustrial complex in the Russian Federation, determined by Russia joining the World Trade Organization, strengthening of the food crisis, and other worldwide processes. We have considered and analyzed the facts and features determining innovation and modernization tendencies of agroindustrial production in the Russian Federation, and revealed the problems occurring during introduction of innovations and various knowledge-intensive designs. In addition, we considered the possibilities for modernization of the agroindustrial complex depending on the type of agricultural activity, and outlined possible ways of overcoming the difficulties over the course of innovative processes and the modernization of Russian agriculture, taking into account modern sociopolitical and economic realities and requirements. At the same time, the study provides an analysis of statistical data that clearly substantiate the state of modern agriculture in the Russian Federation and the prospects for its development. Moreover, the article reflects the issues of the formation and implementation of the state policy in innovation and modernization, highlights its main approaches and objectives, the implementation of which will allow avoiding the impact of the global food crisis and ensuring the food security of the Russian Federation.

Health and hygiene aspects affecting the development of the agricultural production environment

The results of a comprehensive multi-factor analysis of updated information about the demographic situation in rural settlements of the Russian Federation and working conditions in the agricultural sector of the economy are presented. It is shown that in the period from 2010 to 2018, stable population growth was registered only in 20.8 % of rural municipalities, while 79.2 % of settlements were characterized by a decrease in rural residents. Along with depopulation, critical for the sustainable development of rural areas is a prevailing explicit deformation of the age structure of the population and associated growth of demographic burden on the able-bodied rural population due to low birth rate and high death rate of men of working age, as well as the continuing migration outflow of the economically active population in the regional and Federal centers of Russia. The main place of employment in rural areas remains the production of agricultural products. Despite the differences characteristic of technological processes in certain types of agricultural activities, the specifics of labor in the agricultural sector have common aspects related to the impact of harmful factors of the production environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process. The number of people working in the agricultural sector in harmful and dangerous working conditions in the period from 2011 to 2017 decreased by 19.2 %, while the share of this category of people in the total structure of those employed in agricultural production decreased by 4.4 % to 29.4 % in 2017. According to the results of inspections of territorial bodies of Rospotrebnadzor in the period from 2011 to 2017, the share of jobs that do not meet sanitary and hygienic standards at agricultural enterprises decreased from 35.7 to 30.4 %, which indicates a trend of improvement in the sanitary and hygienic situation.

Agricultural Labour Colonies of Smolensk Governorate, 1918–1929

Since the second half of the XVIII century a new view of the punishment
 purpose in criminal law has been formed. According to the theory of the great
 Italian thinker and jurist C. Beccarria the purpose of punishment «is not to torture
 and torment a person, but to prevent the perpetrator from harming society
 again and to keep others from doing the same». This formulation of the definition
 gave a new impetus to the development of Russian penitentiary system. New
 methods have been actively used to correct the prisoner. Gradually, work becomes the main way to influence prisoners, its main task is to train prisoners to
 work and earn money in honest way, to give them an opportunity to acquire some professional skills, so that after serving their sentence they can more easily
 adapt to the life outside the correctional institution, thereby it reduces the number of recidivism.
 On November 22, 1918 the Central Punitive Department of the People’s Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR issued a circular «On the Creation of Agricultural
 Labor Colonies». As a result, various colonies were created everywhere, including in Smolensk Governorate. In the article the author describes types of agricultural activities carried out by the colonists in the governorate, their work specifics, as well as the role of agricultural colonies in the domestic
 penitentiary system in the 1920s.

Analysis of Sustainability Performance of Different Farming Types Using Life Cycle Approach

Purpose: The article aims to present and discuss the results of environmental and economic analysis of the activities of the main production types of farms in Poland. Approach/Methodology/Design: The theoretical assumptions of the article concern environmental protection and the problem of shaping a low-carbon economy in the EU. In this context, it is presented how the production effects in the agricultural sector influence various types of environmental risks. The methodology of product life cycle analysis (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) were proposed for a comprehensive analysis of the impact of agricultural production on the environment and for the diagnosis of farm functioning according to sustainable development criteria. Findings: Based on the analyses carried out, differences in the environmental impact of different types of agricultural activities were found. The negative influence of farms with animal production was higher than that of farms with field crops type. In farms with animal production, different environmental impact areas were found between dairy farming and pig farming. The dairy farming had the strongest environmental impact through production processes. The acidification category turned out to be an important environmental problem in farms with livestock production. Practical Implications: The article brings a number of valuable information that can be a base material and a reference for further research, programs and studies for professionals - practitioners and scientists dealing with the environmental impact of agricultural production, its eco-efficiency, or more broadly ecology and sustainability. Originality/Value: The results of the analysis and theoretical considerations contained in this article complement existing research in the field of agricultural sustainability.

The role of the agricultural sector in the legal system of national reductions of air pollution in the European Union under Directive 2016/2284 NEC

The aim of the article is to define the role of the agricultural sector in the legal systems of national emissions ceilings in the European Union, and in particular the requirements of the amended legal basis in this respect – Directive No 2016/2284 of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC. This law, in addition to the Nitrates Directive, is currently one of the most important regulations of EU law on protection against environmental pollution from agricultural sources. Among the pollutants covered by the reduction obligation under Directive 2016/2284 NEC, ammonia is the most critical pollutant of agricultural origin, hence the crucial importance for agriculture of the measures aimed at reducing emissions of this substance. These measures are mainly of an optional nature and it is up to the Member States to determine how to achieve the national reduction target. It is therefore necessary to design the right mix of measures and match them with the different types of agricultural activities when developing relevant national strategies. It is also necessary to combine them with other regulations, in particular on industrial emissions and water protection, and to address the issues of nitrogen circle in a systemic manner, not only at farm level but also throughout the entire food chain.

Dimensions of Phyllostomid Bat Diversity and Assemblage Composition in a Tropical Forest-Agricultural Landscape

Tropical rainforests are suffering rapid habitat loss with large extensions of land transformed into agriculture. We wanted to know whether the type of agricultural activity in forest-agricultural landscapes affects how species composition as well as taxonomic and functional dimensions of diversity respond. We worked in the Amazon forests of southeast Peru and used bats as model organisms. We sampled mosaics characterized by forest adjacent to papaya plantations or cattle pastures. At each sampling site we established a transect in each of the three different vegetation types: forest interior, forest edge and agricultural land. We found that vegetation type was a better predictor of species composition than the type of agricultural land present. Vegetation structure characteristics explained differences in bat species composition between forest interior and edge. Agricultural land type chosen was not irrelevant as we found higher estimated species richness in papaya than in pasture sites. Agricultural land type present in a site and vegetation type affected functional diversity, with both agricultural land types showing a lower number of functionally distinct species than forests. We found papaya plantation sites showed species more evenly dispersed in trait space, suggesting they do better at conserving functional diversity when compared to cattle pasture sites. We demonstrate that sites that harbor agricultural activities can maintain a considerable proportion of the expected bat diversity. We note that this region still has large tracts of intact forest adjacent to agricultural lands, which may explain their ability to maintain relatively high levels bat diversity.

PECULIARITIES OF MODELING IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION WITH RISK ACCOUNTING

The causes of the risk inherent in any field of human activity, in particular for agricultural production are considered. AIC, in contrast to other branches of production, has a very important specific reason for the appearance of risk - weather conditions. Weather conditions are one of the main factors of the degree of uncertainty for agricultural production. When developing the organization of production of the agricultural sector, the natural and climatic conditions must be taken into account. In the agroindustrial complex, weather risk is most important and the main task of modeling and optimizing agricultural production is the development of ways of taking into account and reducing the weather risk. Economic result, which is an indicator effectiveness production in agriculture economy, depends independent characteristics of weather conditions. The problem of weather economic sustainability and risk far exceeds the problem of productive stability, because not only all agricultural industries, but also the national economy of the country as a whole are closely related to agricultural production. The instability of agricultural production significantly affects all the integral indicators of the national economy, including the volume of the national product. In the agroindustrial complex, weather risk is most important and the main task of modeling and optimizing agricultural production is the development of ways of taking into account and reducing the weather risk. Economic result, which is an indicator effectiveness production in agriculture economy, depends independent characteristics of weather conditions, that is why it is a random variable. This applies to all regions, all forms of ownership, all types of agricultural activities. Weather conditions can not be managed, but they can be adapted to achieve maximum integral result. To do this, you must select the other projects, strategic and tactical solutions with multiple permissible ones. In principle, there is the ability to manage the characteristics of weather resistance economic efficiency. In this case, we must try to obtain the maximum economic effect not only in a separate weather situation, but also during the long term, so that the effectiveness of the production is as possible as possible in relation to the accidental weather conditions in the given climate zone.

The Innovativeness of Individual Farms in the Łódź Region

<p>The aim of this paper is to characterise the innovativeness of individual farms in the Łódź region. Based on a domestic and foreign literature study, the most frequently used variables connected with farms (namely, the type of agricultural activity, economic size and VAT settlement system) were selected. The analysis of selected variables that characterise the innovative activity of the researched entities was carried out using the basic measures of structural analysis and interdependence of phenomena. The analysis was based on the results of questionnaire interviews conducted among 150 individual farms from the Łódź region which keep accounting books under the Polish FADN.</p>

ANALISIS MENGATASI PENURUNAN HARGA TANDAN BUAH SEGAR (TBS) KELAPA SAWIT PETANI SWADAYA DI INDONESIA

Research aims to look for formulations how to overcome the price reduction of fresh fruit bunches (TBS) in Indonesia along with the movement of CPO Price in the international market so that smallholders and palm oil entrepreneurs can keep Revenue stability in its business sustainability. This research uses qualitative methods with descriptive analysis. The result of research obtained is the lack of demand (demand) that led to the accumulation of CPO (supply) in palm oil Mills (MCC). The accumulation of crude palm oil (CPO) becomes among the company's alibi as a justification for buying cheap prices of fresh fruit bunches (TBS) farmer oil palm. The instability of the European and United States economies, along with the time of harvest crops of other vegetable oil products, such AS sunflower, soy, and corn, encourages the decline in the price of CPO exports. The solution to overcome TBS price decline is to build the downstream CPO industry, the establishment of TBS Pengumpus cooperative and diversify by expanding the type of agricultural activities and multiply the type of crops on a land. Keywords: TBS price drop, CPO export price, formulation solution.

IIMPACT OF THE TYPE OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY UNDERTAKEN ON INCOME EARNED FROM INDIVIDUAL FARMS IN POLAND – A REGIONAL ANALYSIS

Variation in income earned from individual farms is affected by a variety of factors such as soil quality, technical advancement, agricultural policy reforms, work efficiency, as well as scale and directions of agricultural production. The level of income earned by business entities, including individual farms, is a significant factor that affects expenses incurred in relation to the operation of an agricultural business and expenses to satisfy the needs of each member of a farmer’s household. The objective of this paper is to determine the impact of the type of agricultural activity undertaken and the area of agricultural land on income earned by individual farms in Poland. In addition, an attempt was made to evaluate regional variation in financial, area–related, and production indicators taken into consideration in the course of the study between individual farms. The results have been presented at the regional NUTS 2 level in Poland for 2017. Results of the study conducted have been visualised by means of the statistical, descriptive, comparative, and graphical method. Coefficients of variation Vs and correlation coefficients rxy were calculated. The study has revealed that there is a significant regional variation in Poland in terms of income earned by individual farms. Regional variation has also been found in the scale and type of agricultural production undertaken. In addition, it has been proven that the level of income earned from individual farms depends on the type of agricultural activity undertaken and on the area of agricultural land.