Turkic Peoples Research Articles

Generation of Character Designs Based on Pre-Islamic Beliefs of Turks

Turkish communities had lived under the belief system of Turkic mythology, known as Tengriism, in a significant part of their history. It is noteworthy that Turkic mythology elements, which have taken such a place in the cultural life of the Turks, are not sufficiently used as visual design tools. Considering the significance of preserving cultural heritage, Turkic mythology is rarely shown in animations, video games, or movies. The primary gods, goddesses, and supernatural creatures of Turkic mythology are not directly depicted, despite the existence of some animations relating to Turkic cultures such as Keloğlan, Nasreddin Hodja, and Dede Korkut. The main concern of this article is that the elements of Turkic mythology are unable to find enough depiction. Therefore some dominant creatures belonging to Turkic mythology were transformed into character designs. As the method, two-dimensional computer-based modelling techniques were selected to compose character designs of selected Turkic mythology creatures.

THE HISTORY OF THE EMERGENCE OF TURKISMS IN ENGLISH

Relations between peoples are impossible without the communication of languages. This article examines the issue of words adopted into the English language with the help of Turkic languages that are used in the modern language. The languages of the Turkic peoples have left many traces in different languages. Also, to review the nature of Turkisms in English, to reveal the nature of assimilation of Turkisms in two language cultures and the general features of the communication process, and to determine the features of the development of the semantics of its usage. In addition, the history of the emergence of Turkisms in the English language is intended to determine the features of its usage and semantics. In dealing with Turkisms, it should be noted that the English language is deep and wide. It is defined as the process of transition or entry of elements of one language into another language as a result of linguistic contacts.

Western Mongolian (Oirat-Kalmyk) loanwords in Kyrgyz

The Kyrgyz are one of the Turkic peoples that have had extensive contact with Mongolian tribes throughout history, and their language has one of the largest numbers of loanwords of Mongolian origin. Careful analysis shows that these words were borrowed from several historical Mongolian idioms at various times. Western Mongolian loanwords make up the most recent stratum in terms of chronology. They were acquired in the 16th–18th centuries from Western Mongolian idioms, whose living successors are Oirat and Kalmyk. This article is the first attempt to deal specifically with loanwords from Western Mongolian languages to a particular Turkic language. The author of the paper offers numerous, especially phonological, criteria, for identifying Western Mongolian loanwords in Kyrgyz, and provides examples that meet these criteria. The fact that Mongolian loanwords from the late period are more prevalent than those from earlier layers, and that they also include examples related to Lamaism, Mongolian culture and ethnography, suggests that the Oirat-Kalmyk and Kyrgyz tribes had more intensive interaction than is often recognized.

The Concept of “Mother” in the Turkic Linguocultural Space (Based on Precedent Names Common to the Turkic People)

Research related to the Turkic world is being explored more and more intensively every year. These studies reveal new aspects of language and literature, history, and culture from ancient times to the present day and are carried out in continuity with each other. The concept of “Mother”, which serves as the object of our research, is a historical and basic concept. Consideration of the linguistic and cultural features of precedent names in the Turkic languages, representing this concept, which has not lost its meaning from ancient times to the present day, confirms the relevance of our exploration. The meaning and place of the mother among the Turkic peoples are special. To conduct the research, we have to reveal the content of the concepts of the precedent phenomenon, precedent name, and concept, identify precedent names representing the concept of “Mother” among the Turkic peoples, analyze the situations underlying their development to the degree of precedent name, identify information and facts that reveal the content of precedent names associated with the concept of “Mother” in the cognitive base of the linguistic consciousness of the Turkic peoples. We also set such tasks as classifying the precedents associated with the “Mother” according to their linguo-cognitive and linguoculturological features (mythical precedents, religious precedents, and historical precedent names common to the Turkic peoples). Our goal is to identify cultural and cognitive connections among the Turkic peoples, and precedent names associated with the “Mother”, by completing the above tasks and conducting a comparative analysis between related languages. As a result of the study, the lingua-cognitive features of the precedents identified in the related Turkic languages were compared. The circumstances that led to the birth of precedent names were analyzed. Precedent names have also been classified according to their distinguishing features. Even though the roots of the Turkic peoples are the same, there are differences in their mentality and culture, therefore, the precedents formed in the cognitive knowledge base of these peoples describe the expression of their culture and knowledge in the language. This, in turn, indicates the importance of our research.

Continuity of traditions in the spiritual culture of turkic peoples in medieval states (according to Shajara-i Tarakime data)

The historical connections of Turkic peoples trace back to ancient times, extensively unfolding during the Middle Ages and subsequent eras. Throughout the entire medieval period, waves of people of Turkic origin came to lands that were once part of the Western empires. These tribes preserved a long history, traditions and skills on their way to their new homeland. They not only settled in their new lands, but also developed their culture, customs and skills in continuity with the world around them. This article is dedicated to the study of the interrelation of traditions in the spiritual culture of Turkic peoples based on oral historical traditions and legends in the work “Shajara-i-Tarakime”. We discuss the important aspects of forming the worldview foundations of Turkic-speaking peoples. Therefore, it is relevant to consider the problem of studying the ethnic identity of the early Turkic tribes in continuity with the study of ethno-political processes of the Middle Ages. The study of these historical events will not only help to more deeply reveal the issue of self-determination but will also allow for the identification of the formation of historical prerequisites for the beginning of economic, social, cultural, and political interaction of the Turkic peoples.

Source Analysis of Turkism in the Balkan Languages

The connection of Turkic tribes with the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula has a long history. With the conquest of the Ottoman Empire, the influence of the Turks on the countries living in the Balkan region increased, and this situation led to significant changes for the Balkan peoples. Words of Turkic origin in the Balkan languages became the basis for the study of Turkic influence in the Balkans. Researchers should first of all determine from which language Turkic vocabulary was introduced. The term “Orientalism” is widely used by linguists to define words and phrases from any Eastern language (Turkish, Arabic, Persian). First, since orientalism entered the Balkan languages through the Ottoman Turkish language, which was spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire and its territories, many researchers used the term “Turkism” to denote the characteristics of the way of life of the eastern countries. When linguists of the XVIIIXIX centuries defined the term “Turkism”, they relied on a small number and insufficient information about the origin of Eastern words. The purpose of this study is to make a detailed description and detailed analysis of the words that have entered the Turkic language in the Balkan languages. The research focuses on Romanian, Serbian, and Albanian languages, where the most Turkic words can be found.

О ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ВОКАБУЛ И ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ СЛОВАРНОЙ СТАТЬИ В СЛОВАРЕ ЯЗЫКА ОЛОНХО

The article presents the result of the procedure for resolving the issue of forming dictionary vocables, as well as organizing a dictionary entry in the dictionary of the language of the Yakut heroic epic Olonkho, proclaimed by UNESCO in 2005 as a masterpiece of the oral and intangible cultural heritage of humanity. The question was one of the rather complex problems in the theoretical development of a dictionary of the Olonkho language. The high degree of formulaicity of the language of the Yakut epic, the originality of the stylistics of the epic narrative and the characteristic features of the language of the Turkic peoples generated a complex of original properties of the Olonkho language, which determined the problematic character of lexicographic works. However, when developing the macro- and microstructure of dictionaries of the language of folklore, an unconventional solution to the problem is allowed, and therefore the work proposes a special structure of a dictionary entry, as well as methods for forming non-standard forms of dictionary vocables. To achieve the goal, we analyzed the functional and semantic features of the lexeme aghys ʻeightʼ in the olonkho text Nurgun Bootur the Swift by K. G. Orosin (1947). As a result of the analysis, the following points were clarified and determined: 1. it was decided to present stable verbal complexes of the Olonkho language (i. e. epic formulas, formulaic constructions, constructions of a formulaic nature), phraseological units, single lexemes and epic periods as vocabulary vocables. The main factors that served as support for making such a decision were the distinctive feature of the Turkic languages – the law of synharmonism, as well as the diffuse nature of the meaning of folk expressions, which requires an integrated approach to the compilation of dictionary definitions, including in the design of the lemma part of the dictionary. The basic principles of the structure of dictionary entries in the Olonkho language dictionary are indicated: the order of presentation of units of lexicographic description, the order of presentation of stable verbal complexes, principles of presentation of material, features of presentation of illustrative material. In developing the described principles, we relied on individual aspects of the theoretical positions expressed in the works of our predecessors, specializing in the field of Russian lingua-folkloristics, Russian folklore lexicography, in Turkic studies, as well as the result of a comprehensive analysis of materials from the K. G. Orosin’s olonkho text of Nurgun Bootur the Swift. In the course of further lexicographical work, it will obviously be possible to make minor adjustments, since the language material of the Yakut epic is extremely diverse. However, the result obtained in this article, in this aspect, will definitely form the basis of lexicography.

ЭВФЕМИЗМЫ СО ЗНАЧЕНИЯМИ ‘УМИРАТЬ’ И ‘УБИВАТЬ’ В ТЕКСТАХ ХАКАССКИХ ГЕРОИЧЕСКИХ ЭПОСОВ «АЛТЫН-АРЫГ» И «АЙ-ХУУЧИН»

The heroic epics of the Turkic peoples in Siberia are the brightest achievement of their authentic culture. Due to the processes of urbanization, the diverging from the traditional way of life that are actively taking place in the Republic of Khakassia today, the mass bilingualism among the native speakers of the Khakas language, the switch to Russian by the Khakas younger generation, the loss of traditions in intergenerational transmission of folklore works, especially heroic epic, it is very important to study the linguistic features of Khakas folklore. The purpose of the article is to describe the features of semantic models of verbal euphemisms with meanings ‘to die’ and ‘to kill’, presented in Khakas heroic epics Altyn-Aryg and Ai-Khuuchin. Nominative units with similar meanings have not been previously studied in Khakas language and folklore studies. To achieve this goal, the method of contextual analysis, component analysis, and word formation analysis were used. Phrases with euphemistic verbal nominations, included in thematic group ‘death’ were identified with the help of the method of contextual analysis. Using the method of component analysis, the presence of seme ‘death as cessation of vital activity’ was confirmed in the verb semes. By word-formation analysis, models of the formation of euphemisms with meanings ‘to die’ (8 models) and ‘to kill’ (5 models) were established. The notion “to die” is conveyed by euphemisms formed according to such semantic models as “to lie down > to die”; “to fall down > to die”; “to cross > to die”; “to pass over > to die”; “to break off > to die”; “to transform > to die”; “to part > to die”; “to break (about a saddle pommel) > to die”. The notion “to kill” in the analyzed texts is conveyed through euphemisms formed using semantic models “to make somebody lie down > to kill”, “to make somebody cross > to kill”, “to drop > to kill”, “to tear > to kill”, “to eat > to kill”. Most of euphemisms are formed by metaphorical transfer; one semantic model is based on metonymic transfer (“to break (about a saddle pommel) > to die”). The analyzed units reflect archaism of the ideas reflected in them about death as a transition to the world of the dead, as the result of the interruption of a thread–like substance – a soul ‘tyn’, as the transformation of the external appearance (khubul- literary ‘to change', ‘to transform'), as the parting with the light world ‘akh charykh’

About the origin of the Ayrums


 
 
 In more recent times, political problems faced by all-Turkic toponymy did not leave the toponymic system of Azerbaijan out of the grip of these challenges. In scientific journals, symposiums, and conferences, the opinions of our linguists, historians, and geographers regarding the linguistic and etymological analyses of any toponymic unit, turning from scientific debates into personal conflicts and outpourings of dissatisfaction, diverted attention from the correct and fair steps taken by honest researchers in the direction of solving the problem. Regretfully, it can be noted that sometimes, without any reason, the search for the explanation of our onomastic units in the Persian and Armenian languages has been connected with the fact that our territory borders Iran and Armenia. But we should not forget the fact that throughout history, Azerbaijan has bordered the Iravan Khanate, South Azerbaijan, and Türkiye. We must not forget that the population here consists entirely of Turkic tribes. Armenians who occupied our historical homeland not only tried to adopt our native names in those areas but in general, the representatives of this nation have always taken a biased position with the desire to appropriate toponyms of Turkish origin. Their main goal was to falsify the fact that our people live in our homeland, which they have owned for thousands of years, by changing these names. One of the ancient Oghuz tribes, the Ayrums contributed to the origin of the Azerbaijani people. The lack of substantial research on this tribe has led to the creation of fictional ideas about the origin of the Ayrums that have no scientific basis in certain periods. Surely, all this indicates the negative intentions of the Armenians and their allies, who from time to time steal the names of ancient Turkic tribes from our history and create a so-called history for themselves. G. Garagashli, a scientist who conducted serious research on the Ayrums for the first time, clarified many points in his work based on quite valid and logical arguments. G. Garagashli advises his colleagues, who do not agree with his views, to prioritize not only archaeological but also paleontological (linguistic) research in the region inhabited by Ayrums when re-investigating this topic. It is possible to draw confident theoretical conclusions based on thorough research. To preserve its national memory, every nation must first of all have its place names. From this point of view, toponyms are of exceptional importance as an invaluable source for the study of the language, history, geography and ethnography of our people. Our old tribal names, beliefs, and language units live probably better live on oeconym. «Ayrums» is one of the ethno-toponyms that keep our ancestry alive.
 
 

SPECIFICS IN THE NATIONAL DANCES OF THE TURKIC PEOPLES

To date, the modern picture of the cultural space is a very diverse, multi-level style palette. In this sense, the XXI century is full of colors of several epochs at once, unfolding consistently and intensively. The relevance of the topic under consideration is also due to the fact that in the period of globalization and the "capture" of the minds of modern youth by the delights of Western European culture, turning to the dances of the Turkic world is another opportunity to preserve the desired folk traditions, which, like language, dance is a reflection of the mentality, character of the nation and even its history. Striving into the roots of Turkic culture, studying and analyzing the dance art of Turkic-speaking, fraternal peoples, its history and its actual modern interpretation is a kind of challenge of the time. The article draws attention to the characteristic features of the common and special in the Turkic circular dances. The author, referring to existing sources, noted about the worship of ancient people, came to the conclusion that the Turkic peoples have a common root, have a common culture and values. The paper analyzes the historical interrelationships and conditionality of changes between the modern period and the stage of cultural construction in the national dances of the Turkic peoples. Also, on the basis of the studied materials, the comparative analysis examines the dance culture of representatives of modern Turkic peoples (Kazakhs, Bashkirs, Uzbeks, Uighurs, Azerbaijanis). The similarities that unite them are not only the common language, historical and geographical space, similar toponyms, customs and traditions, folk crafts, oral folk art, musical culture, but also circular dances. In addition, the article examines the specifics of the in the music of the Turkic-speaking peoples. The article emphasizes that the identification of interregional connections in the musical system of the Turkic-speaking peoples occurs at several levels of research, allowing to optimally show the processes of connections, to identify their origins. The article examines the peculiarities of the development of national choreographic culture in historical retrospect; analyzes the characteristic features of the formation of ethnic dance, the degree of influence of natural factors, color symbols, everyday life on the development of national dance culture as a whole.

TEACHING THE IMAGE OF «HEROINES-GIRLS» IN EPICS IN UNIVERSITIES USING THE TECHNOLOGY OF CRITICAL THINKING

The article discusses the importance of learning through the technology of critical thinking, based on the image of «heroines-girls» in Turkish epics. The typological features and similarities of the images of «heroines-girls» in epics are highlighted. The introduction describes the image of “girl heroines” common to the world and the Turkic peoples. They say that their courage and intelligence are preserved in the memory of the people. Examples were given that every action of a warrior girl in a certain song is worthy of a hero, which remained in the core of poets who have sung for centuries. In the same way, the fact that this topic has found a place in the works of folklorists, educators and researchers to this day and that this topic will never lose its relevance is evidenced by their works. In this regard, a systematic analysis of the heroines of the poem from birth, the environment of growing up, family education, traditions, etc. will be carried out in terms of their personality. In other words, questions and discussions among students at the university, their views and thoughts were analyzed. The theoretical and practical significance of the technology of critical thinking in lectures and practical classes and the effectiveness of the use of methods, scientific findings of well-known specialist teachers were taken into account. That is, the main idea of our research work is the “heroine-girls” in epics, their heroic path, actions, characteristics, etc. The appearance of the videos is described and critiques are discussed. That is, the effectiveness of the method of critical thinking, the exchange of students with their thoughts, critical views, critical opinions during a lecture are comprehensively studied and analyzed. It was determined that there are many opportunities for various simulations in the lectures on the technology of critical thinking. Within the framework of this topic, at the first stage of the experiment, along with a survey, test tasks, analytical work, and discussion work were also organized among students. We also make sure that the main topic is fully disclosed and the listener forms his own opinion on the final result of the lecture.

Description of nomadic turkic tribes of eastern Desht-i Qipcha-q in Muslim Writings of the First Half of the 13th century: on the Problem of Historiographical Continuity

The historical work of the first half of the 13th century “Jawāmi‘ ul-Hikāyāt wa Lawāmi‘ ul-Riwāyāt” (“A Collection of Anekdotes and Brilliant Stories”), written by Sayyīd al-Dīn Muḥammad ‘Awfī, includes a significant section on the history of the nomadic Turkic tribes of Desht-i Qipchāq. Despite the fact that this monument is well known to researchers, this section from “Jawāmi‘ ul-Hikāyāt...” has never been fully translated into Russian. It was published in the first volume of “Turkestan in the Era of the Mongol invasion” by V.V. Barthold on the basis of several handwritten lists. The purpose of this study is, on the one hand, to acquaint researchers with the content of this section from the work of Muḥammad ‘Awfī, and on the other hand, to highlight its historiographical connection with earlier monuments of Muslim historiography. The conducted research once again demonstrated the fact that the basis for the section “Jawāmi‘ ul-Hikāyāt...”, dedicated to the nomadic Turkic tribes of Desht-i Qipchāq, was the work of the first half of the XII century. “Kitāb Ṭabā’i‘ al-Ḥayawān” (“On the Nature of Animals”) by an outstanding Muslim scientist - Sharaf al-Zamān Ṭāhir al-Marwazī. For his part, Muḥammad ‘Awfī did not fully cite the story of an earlier author: the part of the text “Ṭabā’i‘ al-Ḥayawān”, where it was about the tribal union of the Qïrqïz, attracted his greatest attention. Other nomadic Turkic tribes in “Jawāmi‘ ul-Hikāyāt...” are described in much less detail, sometimes with obvious mistakes and distortions, which were made either by Muḥammad ‘Awfī himself, or by the copyist of his work, when transmitting toponyms and ethnonyms borrowed from the text of “Ṭabā’i‘ al-Ḥayawān”. Thus, the evolution of the narrative about the nomadic Turkic tribes of Desht-i Qipchāq in Muslim historiography of the 12th - early 13th centuries is quite clearly traced when comparing these two sections from “Ṭabā’i‘ alḤayawān” by al-Marwazī and “Jawāmi‘ ul-Hikāyāt...” by Muḥammad ‘Awfī.

Latinization of the Language Under the Leadership of Turkey as a Tool for the Formation of a New Identity for the Turkic Post-Soviet States

The study examines the issue of creating a common Turkic alphabet through the prism of Turkey’s interests in its attempts to form a new identity for the Turkic states. It is noted that the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of five new Turkic states were positively received in Turkey and gave impetus to the activation of pan-Turkic ideas. Thus, one of the aspects of Ankara’s humanitarian interaction with the newly formed countries was cooperation within the framework of linguistic reforms, where Turkey actively advocated for the Latinization of the alphabet of the Turkic states. The authors analyze the phenomenon of language in constructing the identity of states. Turkey, which has experience in radical linguistic reforms, recognizes the potential of such transformations in the Turkic space. Ankara seeks to lead this process in order to promote its own logics and narratives, which should ultimately lead to the adoption of the Turkish language as a single language for the Turks. It is noted that with the reformatting of the Organization of Turkic States (OTS), there has been a tendency to return to the agenda of discussions of a single alphabet for the Turkic peoples. Ankara promotes this topic at expert seminars, CTG meetings, etc. It is concluded that Turkey’s strategy is aimed at the long term and the lack of quick results in this area does not indicate its failure. Ankara systematically takes up the entire spectrum of interaction with Turkic partners, creating the foundation for future integration.

ETYMOLOGY OF SOME TURKIC WORDS IN THE WORK SHEZHIRE-I TERAKIME

The study of monuments of historical writing in the linguistic aspect is of great importance for linguistics. The research article analyzes the etymology of the words qaryndas, elshi, eñbek and baila- verb found in the work «Shezhire-i terakime». The use of these words in ancient Turkic written monuments, medieval heritage and modern Turkic languages is described. The main goal of the study was to determine the etymology of Turkish words. Hypothetical opinions of Altaic and Turkic scientists are given during the research. The work of Abulgazy Bahadur Khan “Shezhire-i terakime” is a medieval work written in the Chagatai language. Its lexical layer consists of Turkic, Mongolian, Arabic, and Persian words. Also, the mixed use of Oghuz, Kipchak, Karluk-Uighur elements in the language of the work indicates that the Chagatai language was a common written language for the Turkic peoples. Therefore, the lexical-semantic study of the historical work, which we took as an object, and the determination of the etymology of Turkic words in it speaks of the relevance of the study. To differentiate theoretical conclusions, the article uses the method of analysis, the method of semantic analysis, the descriptive method, and the historical- comparative method.

AZƏRBAYCAN, ÖZBƏK VƏ DİGƏR TÜRK DİLLƏRİNİN TƏDRİSİNDƏ LATIN QRAFİKALI MÜASİR TÜRK ƏLİFBALARININ ROLU

History of writing culture, which presented by Turkic people to human culture is very ancient.Existence of an alphabet with ancient history in Azerbaijan confirmed by science.But, when the Arabs conquered the Turkic world, ancient and historical national alphabet of Turks - the writing culture was lost.Alphabet with Arabic graphic served to the language and culture of Tukic peoples over the centuries.But, absence of special sighns reflecting the vowels of Turkish languages in Arabic alphabet , writing several sounds with one sighn in using as Turkic languages alphabet, always created difficulties.Therefore, changing the Arabic alphabet had became a necessity.One of the first initiators of changing Arabic alphabet was Azerbaijani thinker M.F.Akhundov. Later, other Turkic peoples, who was used Arabic alphabet, were supporters of changing the alphabet.After restoration of independence, again, ideas about chanching the conversion of alphabet to Latin , widely increased. The main goal was idea of creating the common Turkish alphabet for the Turkic peoples.Because of this, analyzing of the Latin alphabet,which had been adopted individual Turkic peoples was need.

Kinetic and artificial neural network modeling of dried black beauty eggplant (Solanum melongenaL.) slices during rehydration

AbstractThis paper targeted to investigate rehydration characteristics of dehydrated black beauty eggplant (which was dried under sun, by hot air, microwave, and infrared) at 25, 50, and 75°C, and to analyze rehydration ratio (RR) by artificial neural network (ANN) approach. RRs of both microwave‐processed specimens (between 5.66 and 7.91) and sun‐dried ones (between 5.38 and 6.37) were always greater than the others, at all rehydration temperatures. Rehydration temperature had an enhancing effect on RRs, and the image that closely resembled the fresh sample was captured in the microwave‐dried rehydrated samples. Nearly 180–240 min was adequate for rehydration of all slices. Zeroth‐ and first‐order kinetic models, Peleg, Peppas, and two‐term exponential decay models, as well as a new rational model were tested to describe rehydration kinetics. Two‐term equation was almost superior with high R2 (between 0.9734 and 0.9994) and the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) and χ2. Novel recommended mathematical expression was also successful (R2: 0.9679–0.9989, χ2: 0.0051–0.0975, RMSE: 0.0191–0.0866). Regarding relationship between actual and predicted RRs and performance indices of ANN equation, overall R and R2 were recorded as follows: 0.9975–0.9950 (sun‐dried) > 0.99642–0.9929 (hot air‐dried) > 0.9955–0.9911 (infrared‐dried) > 0.9907–0.9815 (microwave‐dried), respectively. The proposed ANN model and novel mathematical formula not only offer a considerable potential in predicting rehydration patterns and developing rehydration protocols in food production sector, but also contribute to save energy by completely understanding the process and optimizing conditions.Practical applicationsThe eggplant is a cherished vegetable often dried, providing a velvety texture and rich taste in Anatolian recipes. In Anatolia, colorful vegetables are strung together on strings, adorning traditional houses, and serving as a testament to the region's deep‐rooted cultural heritage. The Turkic people in Central Asia demonstrated remarkable skill in preserving plants by carefully drying leaves, stems, or roots. The process of rehydration entails the addition of water to dehydrated eggplant slices in order to restore their initial dimensions and attributes for being consumed. This investigation integrates the utilization of ANNs to simulate the rehydration procedures of eggplant. This simulation can be employed for the purpose of quality control and standardization within the food sector. Hence, food manufacturers can anticipate the rehydration characteristics of their products across various production batches and conditions, thereby guaranteeing adherence to quality benchmarks.

Didactic discourse in the poetry of the Turkic peoples

Relevance. The stone inscriptions written even in the V-VIII centuries, testify to the ancient development of the literature and culture of the Turkic peoples. From the essence and content of the works of the Turkic peoples living in Central Asia, we see commonalities, such as being a conscious person, escaping from ignorance, defending the country, becoming a nation. Purpose. The article deals with the issue of didactic discourse in the works of the great thinkers of Turkic literature N. Ganzhaui, A. Nauai, A. Kunanbayev. Methodology. The issues of reading, comprehensive education and intellectual development of poets, the acquisition of moral qualities have been compared and analyzed. Results. Instructive ghazals, philosophical thoughts aimed at educating the younger generation of society with such moral qualities as diligence, humanism, patriotism, kindness, truthfulness, justice, honesty are defined. Conclusions. The genius poet Abai Kunanbayev, the pinnacle of Kazakh poetry, recognized the statesmen and genius thinkers of Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan N. Ganjaui and A. Nauai as his teachers. In Kazakh literature, Abai's “Words of edification” and poems are examples of the traditional continuation of oriental didactic works.

Dialogism of Turkic ethnic cultures of the Lower Volga Region in the aspect of semiotic philosophical concepts of the XX century

The object of the article is the Turkic ethnic groups of the Lower Volga region, which carry their own long-established ethnomusicological traditions, at the same time interacting with each other, related by language group, religion. The subject of the article is the phenomenon of dialogic and polyphonic cultures of the Turkic ethnic groups of the Lower Volga region. The author examines in detail such aspects as dialogism, polyphonism of cultures, which give answers in understanding the centuries-old ethno-cultural processes of interaction and mutual influence. Special attention is paid to the genre and stylistic community of samples of epic khushavaz, the genre of "conversation in saza", instrumental plays of the wedding folklore of the Yurt Tatars and Nogai Karagashes. Typological phenomena include the peculiarities of the ladointonal organization of melodies and plays, groups of intonations with typical properties and acting as stable components are identified in intonation dictionaries. Also, the rhythmic organization that unites multi-genre melodies acts as stable elements. Considering that this problem is interdisciplinary in nature, the methodological foundations were the concepts of Russian philosophers: M.M. Bakhtin, Y.M. Lotman, D.D. Likhachev, as well as the concepts of leading Russian ethnomusicologists: V.A. Lapin, N.I. Zhulanova, etc. Consideration of the principles of the mechanism of dialogue and polyphonism of some Turkic cultures with others united by one region, related by language group, religion, but still bearing their own long-established ethnomusicological traditions, is poorly studied both for the region of the polyethnic Lower Volga region, and in particular, the Astrakhan Region, and in general, in ethnomusicology. This confirms the relevance of this study. but still carrying their own long-established ethnomusicological traditions, it is poorly studied both for the region of the polyethnic Lower Volga region, in particular in the Astrakhan Region, and in general, in ethnomusicology. This confirms the relevance of this study. The main conclusions of the conducted research are the expansion of their own musical genre system in the context of dialogism of cultures.

TRADITIONAL FOLK KNOWLEDGE OF THE KAZAKHS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CULT OF THE WOLF

The wolf is a predator that has a symbolic meaning in almost all Turkic peoples. Early Turkic people used the ephemeral name “bori” for wolves. Almost all Turkic peoples consider themselves as descendants of Kokbori. However, different Turkic peoples have various features in the concept of “wolf”. The system of knowledge and skills related to wolves for Kazakh people is associated with the recognition of the secrets of nature and animals from ancient times. There was formed ethno-folklore system (legends, fairy tales, proverbs) related to the cognition of man and wolf, as well as a system of names according to the types of wolves, age and color. The ephemeral name “Bori” used by the ancient Turks and the cult of bori had not lost their meaning from ancient times to the present day. Rock carvings and archeological finds determine the importance of the image of the wolf in the life and worldview of the ancient tribes inhabiting the Kazakh land. The skin was tanned and hung at home. The wolf coat (winter coat) and wolf cap (winter cap) were sewn from its skin. Heart, larynx, meat, fat, wolf soup, bile, genitals had been used in ethnomedicine for the traditional treatment of various diseases. The body parts such as skull, cheeks, teeth, haste, soles, skin were used for magical and ritual purposes. The traditional method of hunting wolves in the hunting industry was to set traps. The system of proverbs associated with the wolf reflects the peculiarities of the Kazakhs' knowledge of wolves. Field research works related to wolves were carried out in the regıon Syrdarya-Aral, the western part of the Kazakhstan, Ulytau.

ТҮРКІ ТІЛДЕРІНДЕГІ ТАБУ АТТАРДЫҢ ҰЛТТЫҚ-МӘДЕНИ ЕРЕКШЕЛІКТЕРІ

The article is devoted to the analysis of peculiarities ofcustoms among the Turkic people, which have arisen in connection with various beliefs: an amulet-personal name, a protective name, an indirect name. Personal names with amulet and or "protective names" are an ancient custom of the Turkic people and a source of much interesting information. Generally, the taboo name, which arose in connection with the cult of the beast in the language of the Turkic people as a whole, has survived to this day as a relics. Particularly, the significance of the linguocultural definition of the taboo words, which characterize the historical ethnic trend, is highlighted. The taboo names of the Kazakh people, the custom of "at tergeu" (indirect names) are compared with other Turkic people. It was especially noticeable that the Siberian Turkic-speaking people use much more forbidden, that is, taboo names.The purpose of the article is to conduct a comparative study of the similarities and differences in the naming traditions of the Turkic people. In some Turkic languages ​​obtained for the study, common signs of anthropocomponents in the procedure for naming a child were revealed. Consideration of names in the material and ethno-cultural space makes it possible to determine the anthroponymic systems of the Turkic people.