Turkic Languages Research Articles

Mosque as a Bilingual Space – an Investigation on Speech Intelligibility in Mosque Acoustics Using Simulation Techniques

Mosques are Islamic places of worship where speech and music rituals are performed. Since two different languages are spoken there, mosques are described as bilingual spaces. Among studies on the complex acoustic structure of mosques there are only few studies on speech intelligibility and none on the bilingual characteristics of the mosque. Therefore, a comprehensive study has been carried out to evaluate the acoustic comfort of the contemporary Turkish mosques (CTM) over speech intelligibility of Turkish and Arabic languages. In the study the CTM model providing optimum acoustic conditions recommended in the literature is examined on speech intelligibility by applying acoustic simulation and auralisation techniques, as well as word recognition tests. As a result, the acoustic condition in the model is found insufficient in terms of speech intelligibility of both languages. Also, with the decrease of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), the Turkish intelligibility ratio is observed to decrease at least two times faster than the Arabic ones. This study is viewed as an outline for researchers to further study mosque acoustics in terms of speech intelligibility, and thus support the standardisation process of the acoustic comfort criteria for the mosques.

Towards Understanding Tajikistan’s Sociolinguistically Complex Language Ecology: Historical Development, Current Status, Issues, Research, Policy and Practice

Tajikistan, at the heart of Central Eurasia, had a population of 7,563,687 in 2010, estimated recently to be almost 10,084,935. Named for its majority nationality, Tajikistan has many other nationalities, most with their own language. This article explores what is known about the historical, development and current status of multiple languages in Tajikistan’s linguistic tapestry. We provide a tentative overview of Tajikistan’s evolving language ecology from earliest times when a range of Eastern Iranian languages were dominant, to the reduced use of Eastern Iranian languages following the entry of Arabic and New Persian (a western Iranian language) into the ecology with the Arab conquest, and the subsequent entry of Turkic languages, and more recently the entry of Russian under the late Russian empire and its spread under the Soviet Union. Following independence in 1991, a shift in balance among domains of use of Tajik and Russian has been ongoing at the same time as international languages, especially English, have entered Tajikistan’s language ecology. We review the current state of knowledge about contemporary sociolinguistic dynamics, monolingualism and plurilingualism in society, where the titular language, Tajik/Persian, is in interaction with local, regional and global languages. Against the background of changing post-independence language and language-in-education policies, we discuss the prospects for monolingual, multilingual and plurilingual education in Tajikistan among efforts to promote the official language, Tajik, and to provide minority language education, while also developing proficiency in foreign languages in Tajikistan, through initiatives such as English-medium instruction.

The Turkic middle voice system: deponency and paradigm reorganization

Abstract The goal of this paper is to recharacterize the distribution of two suffixes in Common Turkic, the reflexive -(I)n and the reciprocal -(I)š. Despite having quite distinct sources (the former as a suffix employed in the derivation of intransitive verbs, the latter a plural marker), these two suffixes have fallen into a somewhat overlapping distribution in the modern Turkic languages. They share a range of middle-like functions, and so they are characterized here as a bipartite middle voice system. Many of these functions have become peripheral, however, and the system increasingly consists of a class of verbs with deponent paradigms.

The Distinction Between Synchronous and Retrospective Inferences in Uzbek:

This paper investigates the inferentials shekilli and -(i)bdi in a written corpus of modern Uzbek with consideration of native speakers’ opinions on the interpretation of specific uses of these items. As a result of the analysis, these inferentials are used to distinguish synchronic or a priori evidence and a posteriori evidence respectively in the Uzbek evidential system. Although both inferentials have developed from markers encodingobservable evidence that is related to a propositional event, the characteristics of the evidence forming the basis of the proposition differ. While -(i)bdi encodes inference based on traces that are interpreted as a posteriori evidence, which remains after the actualization of the event, shekilli is used for propositions based on signs that are synchronically present, or a priori evidence in cases without clear evidence at the time of speaking. Based on these two types of indirect evidence, speakers can mark synchronic and retrospective inferences in the Uzbek language with these two inferentials. Considering the evidential system in Turkic languages, Uzbek, which is considered the continuation of Chagatay, has a relatively rich evidential system that includes different markers with specific semantic tasks. Furthermore, this research shows that in Uzbek’s comprehensive evidential system, copying items can also develop as evidential in addition to evidentials of Turkic origin.

ОРЧИН ЦАГИЙН МОНГОЛ, ТУРК, СОЛОНГОС ХЭЛНИЙ ЦАГИЙН БАЙЦ ГИШҮҮНТ УГСАРСАН НИЙЛМЭЛ ӨГҮҮЛБЭРИЙН ХАРЬЦУУЛСАН СУДАЛГАА

Until now, comparative studies in the vocative of the two languages have been carried out in the context of simple sentences. However, in real life complex sentences are used more than simple sentences in spoken and written language. So, a complex sentence with adverbial clause of time has been specially considered on the example of the Mongolian language, that including complex sentences shows unique features of the vocative. If a complex sentence has two different subjects, it appears by nominative case in the clause sentence of Korean and Turkish; but it appears by vocative clause in the clause sentence of Mongolian; sometimes it appears by the zero subject. The main importance of this study is to clarify and explain this reason from the point of view of grammar and identity. When we do this, research, aimed to be as a language usage for bilingual students and to the teaching teachers. We have reviewed the special usage of the vocative in the three languages based on the imperative characteristic of the verb to be transitive. This characteristic is manifested in the subjective of complex sentences with an adverbial clause of time in the Mongolian language, but in the objective of simple sentences in the Turkish and Korean languages. This is due to the fact that is not the primary function of vocative case adjective to transitive verb and it is due to the fact that it serves as an auxiliary suffix that highlights the subject and intensifies the tone of speech. As seen from suffix of vocative in the three languages, it is necessary to learn to understand and use it in relation to human attitudes in addition to the rules of linguistics, that relates with both transitive or intransitive verb for to eliminate the prejudice that verb with suffix of vocative case is commands to only transitive verbs. We are considering that is possible, it can be explained by the characteristics of human attitudes and relationships that is not from the point of view of grammatical whether to get a vocative in subjective in the clause sentence of a complex sentences.

ХVІІ-ХІХ ғасырлардағы қазақ хандарының хаттары және дипломатиялық хат алмасулардағы шағатай тілінің рөлі

In the international relations of the Kazakh Khanate of the XVII-XIX centuries, the main diplomatic source were the letters of the Kazakh khans and sultans. The famous historian I.V. Yerofeyeva made a great contribution to the issue of a comprehensive study of the letters of the ruling elite of Kazakh society and their introduction into scientific circulation. For the historian-researcher, the letters of the khans and sultans are a valuable source, since they contain reliable historical information about the domestic and foreign policy situation in the Kazakh Khanate. The scientific article based on the two-volume fundamental research “Epistolary heritage of the Kazakh ruling elite of 1675-1821” published under the leadership of I.V. Yerofeyeva in 2014 examines the letters of khans and sultans, describes the features of the rule of the Kazakh ruling elite. The article also pays considerable attention to the issues of the Chagatai language, which served and was widely used in the diplomatic seice during the historical period under consideration. In the XVI-XIX centuries, the khans’ and sultans’ letters were mainly written in the literary Chagatay or Central Asian Turkic language. The Chagatay language served as a business language in the steppe khanates and was widely used in diplomatic correspondence with the monarchs of neighboring countries.

SPEECH ETIQUETTE IN THE KAZAKH AND CHUVASH LANGUAGES (BASED ON GREETINGS)

The research paper considers the speech etiquette in the Kazakh and Chuvash languages, belonging to a family of Turkic languages, from the point of view of the genealogical origin of the language, based on the formula of welcome. Speech etiquette is an inextricable part of the culture of any country. Its basic structure consists of special lexical units - speech formulas used in situations that take place in different contexts. Functional study of speech formulas allows to classify models of speech etiquette with equivalents in the Kazakh and Chuvash languages. The purpose and objectives of the study - functional-linguistic analysis of the use of greeting formulas in Kazakh and Chuvash, to consider the theoretical aspects of speech communication, to describe some parameters of etiquette formulations, to analyze thematic themes and also to reveal speech formulas by different methods. Research methods include analysis, synthesis, and linguistic analysis based on culturological, ethnographic, and social features. As a result of the research, the authors come to the conclusion that the speech formulas of two languages have general drawings and inconsistencies, conditioned by different factors. The similarities and differences in speech behavior in these languages are reflected in the basic welcome models.

XIX - the Beginning of the XX Century as a Special Stage in the History of the Tatar literary language

The study examines one of the important periods in the formation of the Tatar literary language - the 19th - the beginning of the 20th centuries. A detailed picture of the functioning and interaction of language variants is given, the important role of fiction in its formation is determined. The significance of the process of contacting languages, the dialogue of cultures, the coexistence of religious ideas, figurative and symbolic codes is shown on the example of monuments of literature. The special place of Arabic-Persian borrowings in the development of the literary language is emphasized. The question is raised about the intellectual status of the recipient, his potential ability to understand related Turkic languages and functional styles of the Tatar language. The great contribution of the national humanitarian intelligentsia to the enrichment of the literary language is shown, the phenomenon of the Tatar enlightenment is indirectly considered. The paramount importance of literary translation in the functional expansion of the styles of the Tatar language and the strengthening of its aesthetic component is indicated. Special attention is paid to the newspaper “Tarzhiman”.

Deep Learning Based Fake News Detection on Social Media

Social media platforms become indispensable channels to discover the latest news by the Internet users. Millions of
 news is broken first, spread faster, and reach larger communities on these platforms in a very short time compared to traditional media organs. However, in contrast to traditional media, social media platforms lack of security in terms of control mechanisms to verify the reliability and accuracy of the disseminated news. This brings the need for automatic fake news detection systems for these platforms to prevent or reduce spread of false information. In this paper, we study the problem of fake news detection on social media for two languages, both of them having distinct linguistic features: Turkish and English. In this regard, we create the first real-world public dataset of Turkish fake and real news tweets, named SOSYalan, to the best of our knowledge. For English language, we carry out experiments with two benchmark datasets, BuzzFeed and ISOT. We develop deep learning based fake news detection systems for both of Turkish and English languages based on convolutional neural networks (CNN), and recurrent neural networks-long short term memory (RNN-LSTM) approaches with Word2vec embedding model. We evaluate the developed systems in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, true-negative rate, false-positive rate, and false-negative rate metrics. The results demonstrate that the developed systems for English language produce higher accuracy rates compared to the most of the existing state-of-the-art studies. Additionally, the results confirm the superiority of our systems developed for Turkish language in comparison to very few studies conducted in this area.

Review of Modern Turkic Languages. An Introduction with Accompanying Audio

Review of Modern Turkic Languages. An Introduction with Accompanying Audio

Emotive Characteristics of Lacunae in Russian and Turkish Languages

All that a recipient notices but doesn’t understand in the text of foreign culture, which seems to him strange and requires interpretation, indicates that the text contains national-specific elements of the culture in which the text is created, notably lacuna. Every person perceives the surrounding reality in his own way. Words are connected to the absence of things and events in Russian or Turkish languages. Different nations cannot think using similar notions. For normal communication, it is necessary to be well informed about the national culture and customs of the nation and the nation speaking the given language.Keywords: Communication, foreign culture, the lacuna, worldview of the nation.

On the Issue of Word Formation in Turkology

In Turkology, in particular, Kyrgyz linguistics, there are no special studies devoted to the problems of word-formation nests. In some scientific papers there are questions directly or indirectly related to this problem. As you know, the lexical composition of each language is constantly changing, among them the Turkic languages are permanently replenished with new words, names and phrases. Each new word or name used in a language acquires a new meaning and semantics. In Turkology, some scientists have long been conducting research on the problems of word formation. However, only in the last decade word formation, as a separate branch of linguistics, has attracted close attention of linguists.

Mahmud Koshg‘ariyning “Devonu lug‘ati-t-turk” asarining o‘zbekcha o‘girmalaridagi ayrim yanglish ochiqlamalar to‘g‘risida

In this article it is discussed how to read several Old Turkic words mentioned in the work by Mahmud Kāshgarī, who lived in the 11th century, “Dīwān Luγāt at-Turk” (Dictionary of Turkic Languages, briefly – Dīwān). The Dīwān has been translated into Turkish, Uzbek, English, Kazakh, Russian, Uighur, Persian, Kyrgyz languages. And in a large part of them it is noticeable that some words were misread or wrong statements were made. This situation is especially prevalent in the Uzbek, Kazakh, and Uighur versions of the Dīwān. At the basis of such erroneous statements lies the drop of a dot or the displacement of some words in the Dīwān’s manuscript. It is also clear that some researchers, when interprets certain word, relied not on the manuscript of the work, but on the previous trans-lations which caused confusions.

Between East and West: Hungarian and the Volga-Kama Sprachbund

AbstractWhile the Hungarian language is spoken in the heart of Europe, both scientific and pseudoscientific explanations trace its origins to the East. Also structurally, Hungarian shows many structural features more reminiscent of more Eastern languages. This paper examines the relationship of Hungarian, genealogically and contact-linguistically, with more Eastern languages, both related (e.g., Mansi, Khanty, Mari) and unrelated (i.e., the Turkic languages).Historical records strongly imply that a variant of Hungarian, East Hungarian, was spoken in the Volga-Kama Region of European Russia until the 13th century, lexical evidence (i.e., borrowings) also strongly imply that historic migration took the linguistic ancestors of modern Hungarians through this area. Yet, much remains unknown about these processes: there are no written records of East Hungarian or of Hungarian predating the arrival in the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century, hence, all evidence is indirect.In this paper, we give a brief overview of what is known and what is not known about the relationship of Hungarian with the languages of the Volga-Kama Region: What evidence do we have of historical contacts, from lexicon and language structure? For which structural features of Hungarian have scholars postulated a possible contact-linguistic explanation, possibly showing linguistic heritage Hungarians brought from the Volga-Kama Region to the Carpathian Basin?

SEMANTICAL AND STYLISTICAL PECULIARITIES OF PARTICLES IN KARAKALPAK LANGUAGE

This article focuses on examining the semantics and stylistics of particles in the Karakalpak language, a Turkic language primarily spoken in Karakalpakstan. Particles play a crucial role in shaping the meaning and expression of sentences in any language, and this study aims to shed light on their significance within the specific linguistic context of Karakalpak. The article explores the semantic properties of particles in the Karakalpak language, investigating their individual meanings, functions, and roles within sentence structures. It examines how particles contribute to the formation of different linguistic categories, such as aspect, tense, modality, and negation. By delving into the nuances of particle usage, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of their semantic contributions and the implications for overall sentence meaning. KEY WORDS: semantical, stylistical, particles, Karakalpak language, linguistic structure.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ABBREVIATIONS IN ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES

This study compares the use of abbreviations in English and Karakalpak languages. Abbreviations are essential for efficient communication and are commonly used in technical and professional settings. English is a widely spoken language, while Karakalpak is a Turkic language spoken in Karakalpakstan. This study examines the similarities and differences between these languages, including their linguistic features and cultural backgrounds. The study compares the frequency, structure, and meaning of abbreviations in both languages and discusses the implications for language learners and professionals. Ultimately, this study contributes to our understanding of cross-cultural communication and the importance of understanding language variation

Word Formation by Reduplication Method in Modern Turkic Languages

There are examples of grammaticalisation in various forms in Turkic languages. Reduplication attracts attention both as a grammatical sign and as one of the ways of word formation. Repetition is one of the grammatical categories functionally used in Turkic languages. This article examines examples from old and modern Turkic languages. It explains with examples that the method of reduplication is used in Turkish as a method of word formation, as in some other world languages. In addition, some language units formed by repetition are tried to explain by the theory of grammar and are dealt with from examples in which reduplication creates the inflectional features in semantic and morphological categories. The method of reduplication in languages where it is used as a grammatical sign, grammatical categories such as augmentative, limitation, frequency, transition, etc., can be mentioned by forms with different phonological values, such as full or partial reduplication. The reduplication formed by the repetition of a word in the first stage represents the intermediate stage before the completion of word formation in the second stage. It is a semantic description of the newly formed word. There are many lexical units in the orthographic dictionary of the Azerbaijani language, which are words formed by the method of reduplication. The reproduction process is less productive than morphological, syntactic, lexical and other word-formation methods. Still, as a result, there is such a method in the grammatical structure of Turkic languages.

Comparative Analysis of Russian and Turkish Proverbs that Involve the Concept of “Family”

Proverbs are an ancient and known part of folk literature. Wisdom, philosophy, ethical norms, experience and aesthetic ideals of the folk is seen in the proverbs. At the current stage of the development of linguistics, comparative analysis of proverbs in different languages has become increasingly important. This article compares Russian and Turkish proverbs that involve the concept of “family”. Proverbs about family make up a significant group in both languages. Concept of “family” plays an important role in social structure and reflects the collective mind of society. The aim of this study is to compare the semantic features of Russian and Turkish proverbs and to identify their common and national characteristics. During the comparative analysis of proverbs, we aimed to identify the links between the facts of different languages that reflect the common culture of their native speakers and the specific features inherent only to a particular cultural background. The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that for the first time the proverbs in Russian and Turkish languages with the component “family” are considered in terms of comparing their semantic characteristics. In the result of the comparison of 155 proverbs (81 Russian and 74 Turkish) involving the concept of “family”, common and national features as well as similarities and differences in their meanings were revealed. The data has been analyzed and presented in four charts.

Issues of Speech Culture in Navoi's Work

In this article, Navai realized that language is a growing and developing necessity that meets the needs of the society. In the work "Muhokamatul-lughatayn" the Arabic language is glorified as a "divine word" and the Persian and Turkish languages are compared.

Common borrowed vocabulary in Georgian and Circassian languages

The beginning of this article is the  articles which are published in the works of Kutaisi International Scientific conferences “Language and Culture” VI and VII. Now we are discussing 22 words which are in Georgian language from Arabic, Persian,Turkish languages. They was established in different phonetic forms (often with different semantics).