Turkic Peoples Research Articles

Kazak Toponimik Efsanelerinde Türk Halklarının Ortak Motifleri

Toponymic legends, a subcategory of the legend genre in field of folklore, are valuable cultural heritage that reflect the cultural and historical significance of a place and are associated with the beliefs and stories of local people. Toponymic legends are stories hidden in the depths of place names. These legends shed light on the history and cultural context of the places they are named after. Serving as a reflection of a place's essence, toponymic legends nourish the fabric of geography, revealing the uniqueness of a region. Like an archaeologist carrying the traces of history, they provide us with an unparalleled window to unravel the secrets of the past and understand the roots of local culture. However, this subcategory has not been sufficiently studied within the discipline of folklore. However, the study of toponymic legends contributes to the preservation and valorization of cultural heritage by providing scientific data in cultural, historical, linguistic, geographical and ecological fields. Moreover, the interrelationship between similar legends in different regions is an important means of comprehensively assessing the culture of a nation. This relationship sheds light on the internal harmony, national unity and historical depth of a spesific nation's traditional culture. The aim of the study is to provide a holistic perspective on Turkish culture through two toponymic legend texts from Kazakh Turks. The legends of "Kız Kulesi" (Maiden's Tower) and "Kırk Kız" (Forty Maidens) exist among both Kazakh Turks and other Turkish communities in the research sample. Both legends belong to the categorical subcategory of toponymic legends. When examined in terms of their motifs and narrative patterns, along with their texts, variants, and historical background, they show significant similarities. Furthermore, when the elements that constitute the narrative are analyzed and interpreted from the perspective of Turkish culture, it is determined that they possess intra-cultural consistency. The fact that Turkic communities, which have interacted with distant and different cultures, share the same legends with almost identical motifs, indicates the preservation of cultural unity. "Kırk Kız" and "Kız Kulesi" legends shed historical light on Turkish culture within the toponymic category. These legends, with their rich motifs and narrative elements, provide insights into the cultural heritage and historical background of the Turkish people. They serve as important cultural symbols, reflecting the deep-rooted traditions, beliefs, and values of the Turkish culture. Through the exploration of these legends, one can gain a deeper understanding of the historical, social, and cultural dynamics that have shaped the Turkish identity over time.

The spiritual heritage of the Turkic peoples according to the data of “Shadzhara-i-tarakime”

The study of the foundations of the Turkic tribes existence, especially their characteristic properties of the space organization, the true needs of individual existence and development, large-scale migration flows turned out to be important in understanding the space of Eurasia from the point of view of the cultural and historical integrity. The social consequences of the world order on the territory of Eurasia at that time led to the merging of different character centers civilizations. This article is devoted to the study of the traditions relationship in the spiritual culture of the Turkic peoples on the basis of oral historical traditions and legends in the work “Shadzhara-i-tarаkime”. We discuss the important aspects of the formation of the worldview foundations of the Turkic-speaking peoples. Therefore, it is relevant to consider the problem of studying the ethnic identity of the early Turkic tribes in the continuity with the study of the ethno-political processes of the Middle Ages. The study of these historical events will not only help to reveal the problem of selfdetermination more deeply, but will also reveal the formation of historical prerequisites for the beginning of economic, social, cultural, and political interaction between the Turkic peoples.

THE TAIBUGA DYNASTY IN THE HISTORY OF THE JOSHI ULUS

Abstract. In the first quarter of the XIIIth century, almost simultaneously with the formation of Ulus Juchi, a union of Turkic-speaking tribes was formed in the valley of the rivers of Middle Irtysh, Tobol, Ishim and Tura, which historically received the name Sibir Ulus. The center was Isker (Kashlyk, Siberia). At the beginning of 16th century the territory of the Siberia was under the authority of the family from the Taibuga clan. The first independent rulers of Taibugids, Muhammed bek killed Sayyid Ibrahim Khan Shibanid and united the crushed Turkic uluses in Western Siberia under his rule. Thus, covered a large territory, consisting of Uluses.
 The article is aimed to reveal the role of Taibuga clan in the history of the Jochi ulus, which came to the power of state who were weakly connected with each other. It is proved that the Taibuga family is a clan descended from the Kereys, it has contributed to the strengthening of the Jochis in Siberia, it is also the seat of the Naiman tribes, and a description of their historical figures is given.
 Siberian annals, eastern data were used as the main sources, and the principle of historicity was used as a basis. Systematization and comparison methods were used in the article. The analysis was made from the perspective of regionalism theory.
 The Taibugids were part of the Jochi ulus, since their territory was in Siberia. The formation of the Taibugids ulus was a response of the local Turkicized Tatar-Ugric population to the pressure of the southern nomads.
 Taibuga dynasty was one of the significant tribal associations that lived together with many Turkic tribes in Siberia and rose to the status of a state. The Kereys were one of the tribes that expanded the Kazakh ethnic range.

Рower and Knowledge of Wisdom

The Middle Ages were a period of rapid development of education and science in the Muslim world, including among the Turkic peoples. Along with the spread of religious teachings in the political and social spheres, many scientific ideas were born, including the art of governing the country. The article cites verses from the Qur'an and hadith concerning the government of the country and left an indelible mark on the Islamic era. Epos of Balasaguni «Kutty Bilik», epos of A. Yugneki «Hibat-ul Hakаik», the book of King Kaikawis «Qabusnama», philosophical treatises of al-Farabi, «Divani Hikmet» by Khoja Ahmed Yassawi and others. «Kutty Bilik» – a book of wisdom from the common people to the king, in which you can learn the subtleties of humanity, education, the art of governing the country, the way to the prosperity of the state. Herebouts the khan and his vizier, the palace leaders, the generals, the ambassadors, to the extent that they should be directly involved in the government of the country, correlate their behavior, intelligence, and knowledge. The poet sings of morality, humanity, spirituality. Comprehensively focuses on everything that is needed to achieve happiness. Whatever sphere of social society we take, the centuries-old activity of religion in regulating relations between people manifests itself. These relations, as well as the models of governance of the country that we are talking about, we consider it right to base on the principles of Islam, our thinkers believe.Into his works, they analyze the issues of governing the country and issues of intelligence and education that are directly related to this. Although many centuries have passed, the teachings of our ancestors, which have retained their value, are considered an inalienable legacy, and their significance today is discussed in different ways.

The personality of Tonyukuk and the geopolitical position of the Second East Turkish Khaganate

A relevant topic of historical science is the study and evaluation of the activities of Tonyukuk, the state councilor of the Second Turkic Kaganate, the chief ideologist responsible for the ideological activities of the Kaganate from 682 to 725. Between 682 and 725 the wise Tonyukuk worked as an adviser to the three ruling Kagans on political and spiritual-cultural issues. The article reveals the essence of the secrets of Tonyukuk's socio-political activities, who was a state councilor of the Khaganate and the chairman of the Supreme Court. In the course of the research work the historical data as well as the works of turkologists and historians deal- ing with the fundamental problems of the Turkic Khaganate were studied. The article analyzes the ethnic origin, ethnogenesis, tribal composition and state structure of the ancient Turks. At present, there is relatively little research work on the activities of Ashide Tonyukuk as a historical figure who did a tremendous political work to establish the Second East Turkic Khaganate. The article extensively discussed hypotheses and scholarly considerations about the reasons why historical figures as Kutlug Kagan and the wise Tonyukuk, within the ideas of independence of all ethnic Turkic tribes, resumed state building of the Second East Turkic Khaganate in 682.

Features of Health-Related Tradıtıons ın Kazakh Culture

Kazakh people have always seen human health as the first wealth and gave importance to healthy life above all in education. This is also true today. With the rapid development and change of today's society, competition in life has psychological and physiological effects on human health. In this study, the folk tradition of healthy life in Kazakh culture is explained with its unique features and its genetic importance is explained. Based on the Kazakh people's tradition of not marrying for seven generations, different ways of maintaining blood purity and establishing a healthy family are discussed. The role of parents in the family order and the importance of health among young people and adults are stated. In addition, the current situation of the Kazakh people's health traditions was examined in comparison with the views of the Turkic peoples living in the southern region of Kazakhstan, and determinations were made according to the results of the surveys and interviews. In the survey study, “Do you strictly comply with the condition of not marrying until seven belly buttons, or does it not matter to you?”, “Do you know your seven ancestors?”, “How old do you think an individual should get married”, “What if your family objects to your decision and preference to start a family? do you?” and “Did you know that avoiding consanguineous marriages up to seven navels is important for generational health, How do you know?” By asking questions such as, the effects and consequences of global phenomena on the attitudes of today's youth were analyzed. In the conclusion part of the study, the importance of Kazakh culture, which shapes the welfare of the generation in the context of family upbringing, is presented.

THE MAIN FEATURES OF BUKHAR ZHYRAU'S POEMS DEDICATED TO ABYLAI KHAN

The work of Bukhara in Kazakh poetry has become the garbage of systematic research is described In this article. In the given article analyzed creativity of Bukhar, aspects of Bukhara's participation in solving cases are revealed and images are revealed as an adviser to Abalai Khan. Bukhar zhyrau was a man who lived in the difficult time of the Kazakh people and was able to quickly respond to difficult technical times. Zhirau gave advice to Abylai Khan on the affairs of the country and pointed out the right path in the affairs of the country. With his works, he tried to unite his people under one banner in the fight against the invading enemy. Bukhar zhyrau, with his political and social songs, became the singer of the passionate struggle of his country. The article reveals the political and social views of Bukhar zhyrau, reveals the social meaning of the works of zhyrau, which have become the battle cry of the country on difficult becoming of the country. Poems written by Zhyrau for Abylai Khan are analyzed. It is concluded that Zhyrau, who wrote poetry of political and social significance, served at the palace, but was not a palace poet. If we look at world literature, we can find poets who worked in different areas and served at the khan's court in each period. Navoi who was a classic of the literature of the Turkic peoples, representatives of Turkish literature Mahmut Baki, Ahmed Nedim Efendi and others and the poets of the palace district in Kazakh poetry Januzak, Baytok and others. Focusing on the work of poets, on the basis of his works, a person who cares about the people of Bukhara is revealed.

The Diwani Hikmet Collection and Its Relation to the Kazakh People Oral Literature

The teachings and works of Hoja Ahmet Yasawi are of great importance to Kazakh national culture. The collection «Diwani Hikmet» is a unique work composed of symmetrical dimensions, in rhythmic, branching, rhyming style, containing many wise thoughts and philosophical generalizations. It is filled with reflections in the form of prayers, proverbs and stories to help educate humanity in faith, brotherhood, love and kindness. The collection of wisdom is an important monument of culture and literature of the Turkic peoples, including the Kazakh people. The wisdom and philosophical thoughts it contains are very relevant even for the modern society. Since the collection is oriented towards a nomadic environment, it was written under the influence of oral artistic tradition. Therefore, it is closely related to the oral literature of the Kazakh people. Hikmet was not only related to the oral tradition of folklore and oral, folklore literature that preceded it. As a result of oral distribution, they have greatly influenced the formation of many genres, themes and art forms of the whole Turkic, and especially Kazakh, folklore. The purpose of this research paper is to determine the content and form of connection and continuity between the oral literature of the Kazakh people and the collection of Yasawi «Diwani Hikmet». The article aims to describe the content and art forms of Yasawi wisdom that originated in the oral artistic tradition of the Kazakh people, as well as to identify common artistic origins from which they both are rooted. The materials and results of the analysis of Hikmets of Yasawi can form the basis for the creation of new theoretical works.

PROVERBS ARE A REFLECTION OF NATIONAL CHARACTER

Language is an invaluable treasure of the people, an indicator of national character, national wealth, the history of its customs, traditions, worldview. When we take into account the spiritual values and cultural treasures of our nation, its golden source begins with the art of speech. The eloquent reflections of the ancestors, which reconcile the endless dispute with one word, poems and epics that bring the life of each period to our eyes, become the treasures of the sea of today's generation. Perhaps one of the most important branches of this are proverbs and sayings, which have passed from mouth to mouth and accumulated over the centuries. It is clear that the system of spiritual and cultural values of the Turkic peoples as a whole is a holistic phenomenon, which is continuously connected with the worldview, history, life experience of the Turkic peoples of their ancestors. Proverbs, being an integral part of the language, reflect the culture, originality, worldview, basic values of this people. Therefore, the study of proverbs helps to understand the national characteristics of a particular population. Proverbs are a good material for getting acquainted with the peculiarities of the national character, because they have preserved the image, the imprint of the originality of the people. The study of proverbs in any language can contribute to understanding the mentality and national character of a person who speaks that language. The article analyzes the place of proverbs and sayings in the reflection of the character, national identity and identity of the people by specific examples. This article will help young readers and their parents, as well as everyone who loves the native Kazakh language, replenish their knowledge, enrich and revive their speech with figurative, concise, concrete words.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА ТЮРКСКИХ НАРОДОВ: ОБРАЗ «ВРАГА» В КОНТЕКСТЕ СОВЕТСКОЙ ИДЕОЛОГЕМЫ

The concept of the ‘enemy’ in the literature of the Turkic peoples of the Post-Soviet Turkic states is an important aspect of the study of cultural, identity and political relationships of these peoples. This article will consider various characteristics of the image of the enemy in the works of Turkic literature, as well as their influence on the formation of the ideologeme of the enemy among the Turkic peoples of the USSR in the period from the 1920s to the 1960s. The ideological and social factors associated with the Soviet era played an important role in shaping the image of the enemy in Turkic literature. However, it is worth noting that this image had its own regional characteristics, which reflected local cultural contexts. New enemy images such as "Basmachi", "Musavatists", "Jadidists" and others appeared in the works of the Turkic peoples of the USSR, in addition to the usual images of enemies developed in Russian Soviet literature. The mentioned images reflected the specific historical and socio-political conditions of these regions.

Мағжан Жұмабаев шығармашылығының философиялық аспектілері

This article was written as part of the 130th anniversary of M. Zhumabaev. The article examined the issues of philosophical reflection of the work of M. Zhumabaev. M. Bekenuly is a poet lyricist and he is truly perceived as a single, public figure of the Turkic peoples. The poet's work is characterized not only by historicism, reflections on spirituality, but also by an irrational experience, abstract imagination. The article contains a study of the spiritual activity of M. Zhumabaev and a comparison of his works with the philosophical views of the German philosopher F. Nietzsche on art. A comparative study by F. Nietzsche on the role, specifics of categories of religion, art and philosophy in determining the cognitive actions of a person was used. The poetic heritage of M. Zhumabaev passed the test of time and proved its artistic value and synthesized the categories of humanism, nobility, happiness and pan-Turkism, pessimism and lyrical experience of the aspirations of Kazakh society. The article uses the hermeneutic method of contents of the verse “Prophet” and “Flood” to determine the philosophical meaning of artistic images. The revival of national identity in modern Kazakh society, the strengthening of independence aroused interest in the poetic activities of Magzhan as an object of philosophical research. The field of study of the works of Magzhan strengthened the spiritual, historical self-awareness of generations. She laid the groundwork for shaping it as ideological content of public policy. He painfully assessed radical changes in society, trying to comprehend the future of the Kazakh people and the tragedy of the rash action of contemporaries. The value of M. Zhumabaev's creative contribution for the culture and historical memory of Kazakhstan was analyzed.

Historiographical Analysis of the Work «Taqwim Al-Buldan» by Abu Al-Fida in the System of Philosophical Views Orientalists

Ancient and medieval historical and geographical written monuments are valuable sources for studying the geographical, toponymic, etymological, ethnopolitical history of various territories. Geographical discoveries of medieval scientists and travelers based on specific materials will make a new scientific contribution to the reconstruction of ideas about the area, but also contribute to the study of the heritage of the Turkic peoples. As part of the study of historiography, the works of Arab geographers and travelers occupy a huge place among foreign sources related to various countries. And the studies of Western orientalists of the new time have not lost their relevance to this day. This article is dedicated to the book of the Syrian geographer, historian and politician Abu al-Fida’ (1273-1331) «Taqwim al-Buldan». The article provides a historiographical analysis of the accumulated knowledge of historical science in order to identify important information, as well as conducting paradigmatic links with sources of medieval time. The level of study of the topic shows new aspects of historical reality that are necessary for further research.

Turkmen exodus to the Anatolia and establishing their pricipalities

The Turkmen exodus to the Anatolia is considered one of the important historical periods in the history of the Turks. After the tenth century, a number of the Turkish tribes had converted to Islam in the central Asia. Gradually they headed toward western of the central Asia, they migrated from Iran to Anatolia especially after the foundation of the Sajuq`s state in (1037). Afterwards, under the authority of the Saljuqs, the Turkmen started to migrate to Anatolia. At the same time, the Byzantine dynasty had internal conflicts that paved the way for the Seljuqs to take action and to head toward Anatolia. the first half of the 11th century, the Turkmen tribes attempted to settle down in Anatolia, but their attempts failed. While, in the second half of the 11th century, and after they defeated the Byzantins in the battle of Malazgirt, they could eventually make Anatolia their own home in (1071). Their victory in the battle led to the foundation the state of the Saljuq`s Rum in Anatolia. Consequently, some leader emerged from among the Turkmen tribes could build some emirates such as; Danishmandi, Saltuk, Mankochk, and Zackac.

The Heritage of N.F. Katanov and the Prospects of its Study: Diaries and materials of his Travel to Siberia and Xinjiang (1889–1892) (Tuva–Khakassia–East Turkestan)

In 2022, Russia celebrated the 160th anniversary birthday of the famous Khakass scholar, Turkologist, teacher, traveler and educator Nikolaj Fedorovich Katanov (18621922), who played a significant role in the study of the language and culture of the Tuvan people. Katanovs biography and research works allow us to study the origins and the contemporary state of development of the humanities. The biography and legacy of N.F. Katanov are of academic and especially scientific, educational, and humanistic interest. They reflect important trends in Oriental studies both in Russia and abroad, especially in Turkology. N.F. Katanovs doctoral dissertation A Study of the Uriankhai language laid the foundation for the scientific study of the Tuvan language, and his handwritten diaries and materials from the period of travel in Tuva, Khakassia, Xinjiang and Eastern Turkestan, entered the golden fund of Russian and European Turkology. His comprehensive studies of Turkic peoples of Eurasia at the turn of the century remain relevant and valuable at present. The article presents the research work on the heritage of N.F. Katanov scattered in archival centers of Kazan, Moscow, St. Petersburg and several foreign institutions. For the most part, the written materials (diaries, letters, unfinished manuscripts, etc.) of N.F. Katanov, revealed by the authors, bear the stamp of the era of the late 19th first decades of the 20th cc. and its socio-political life. Introduction into scientific circulation of N.F. Katanovs manuscripts allows us to identify the directions and features of his research work and to form an objective basis for the preparation of an academic biography of the classic of Russian Turkology.

ACCEPTANCE OF THE ISLAM BY TURKS AND THE FIRST TRANSLATIONS OF THE QUR’AN IN TURKIC

After Turks had accepted Islam as the official state religion, the Qur’an was translated into Turkic as a whole. The emergence of the Islamic religion in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to the VI-VII centuries. The adoption of Islam as the official state religion among the Turks corresponds to circa three centuries after the birth of Islam. Suppose some Turkic tribes and small communities are exempted. In that case, Idil (Volga), the first independent Muslim Turkic state accepting Islam as the official state religion, is the state of Volga (Idyll) Bulgaria. Thus, Volga (Idyll) Bulgarian Khanate, the first independent Turkic-Islamic state, was completely far from Islamic countries, Bulgarian territory joined the Islamic geography with the acceptance of this religion, and the Bulgarian nation also accepted the spiritual authority of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Qarakhanid Khanate, the Ghaznavid dynasty, and the Seljuq dynasty emerged as the Turkic-Islamic state in later periods. With the acceptance of Islam as the state religion, the translation of the Qur’an into Turkic accelerated. As the patron of the religion was a state institution in this way, translation activities gained an official quality. The first translations of the Qur’an into Turkic were made using the word-for-word translation technique, which is often referred to as interlinear translation. Turkic equivalents were given to each Arabic word mentioned in the Qur’an. This method called interlinear translation is the translation technique seen in the first early Qur’an translations. Bilingualism was taken as the basis in the translations of the Qur’an, which are supposed to be made in the region of Transoxiana. In other words, both Turkic and Persian equivalents were given to Arabic words in the Qur’an translations made in this region. In the 10th century, Persian and Turkic were common languages of culture in the regions of Samarkand and Bukhara. Today, Persian domination is discussed in this geography.

PRAYER, VIRD AND ZIKR IN CENTRAL ASIAN FOLK MEDICINE

It is of great importance for us to unearth and examine such Turkic texts, which are important both in terms of history and geography of Turkic world and shed light on a large part of it. Finding and examining historical texts written in Central Asia is one of the important steps to be taken, especially in Turkic medical history studies. One of these values is the reflection of Yesevilik and Sufism, which reflects the culture, Islamic understanding and philosophy of Turkiс tribes’ life, in prayers and virds, which are important actions for mental and physical health. The manuscript “Dastūr al-‘Ilāj” written in the Chagatai language by Sultan Ali Tabīb Khorasani, who was chief physician in palace of Kyoskunju Khan of 16th century, is discussed. In the text, various prayers and rituals are used in addition to the drugs and classical methods used in the treatment of various diseases. In this classical and traditional medicine book written in the 16th century Central Asia, the treatment methods of various diseases, its functions and reasons of prayers used with drugs will be explained with examples. In the study, the meaning and importance of prayer and its effect in traditional medicine, that is, in folk medicine, as well as the fact that it is a supportive and auxiliary power and method besides medical treatment on the basis of domestic and foreign sources compiled from various scientific publications, the importance of spiritual treatment used on the basis of prayer, its psychodynamics are still up-to-date in Turkic culture. It has been emphasized that our spiritual values and mystical views play an important role in not being forgotten. Keywords: Traditional Medicine In Turks, Spiritual Treatment, Religious Rituals, Yesevilik, Historical Medical Texts.

The Concept of Political Leadership in Yusuf Balasaguni’s Work “Kutadgu Bilig”

The outstanding work of the Turkic thinker Yusuf Balasaguni “Kutadgu Bilig” (“The Wisdom of Royal Glory”), written in the era of the Karakhanids (840-1212) in Central Asia, played a significant role in the formation and development of Turkic-Islamic philosophy during the period of significant political and spiritual changes in history Turkic people. In his work, Yusuf Balasaguni expressed many progressive ideas about the ideal forms of social and political order, a fair society, and the norm of behavior for the political leader. In this regard, the article discusses the political and philosophical aspects of the work «Kutadgu Bilig» and Yusuf Balasaguni’s thoughts on political leadership. At the same time, in order to reveal the topic, the authors determine the socio-cultural prerequisites for the formation of Yusuf Balasaguni’s thoughts on political leadership and analyze the ideas and thoughts about the concept of political leadership from the point of view of objective views.

Interaction of Religious Communities of the Turkic Peoples of European Russia in the late 19th – early 20th centuries

Interaction of Religious Communities of the Turkic Peoples of European Russia in the late 19th – early 20th centuries

Мусульманский вопрос в Степном крае в освящении газет «Казак» и «Колокол» (1913–1914 гг.)

The relevance of the issue under study is due to the interest in the problem of the confessional policy of the Russian state in the eastern outskirts of the empire. The article is aimed at revealing the positions of the liberal Tatar and Kazakh intelligentsia in defending ethno-confessional interests on the eve of the First World War. The theoretical and methodological basis of the article were the conceptual provisions of academic research in the field of state-confessional relations in the Asian outskirts of the Russian Empire. The author applied the historical-systemic method that allows to consider the problem under study in chronological and systemic relationships with ethnic, confessional and political chal-lenges faced by the Turkic peoples in the early twentieth century. The study made it possible to identify ways to solve the ethno-confessional problems of the Tatars and the Kazakhs proposed by the Russian state officials, as well as by the Muslim intelligentsia of the Turkic-Muslim peoples during the prepara-tion and work of the 4th Muslim Congress held from July 15 to July 25, 1914 in St. Petersburg.

The Creation of the Original Text of the Epic "Alpomish"

In the article, there are many original and translated sources that have come down to us, but the content of which has not been sufficiently studied. The epics of the "Alpomish" series, which are widespread among the Turkic peoples, have attracted the attention of a large number of folklorists, linguists, literary scholars, philosophers, historians, and ethnographers due to their historical significance and artistic value.