Triethylamine Gas Research Articles

Enhanced triethylamine sensing characteristics of In-doped WO3 cubic nanoblocks at low operating temperature

This study accomplished the one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of cubic WO3 nanocubes both in their pure form and doped with In (3 wt%, 5 wt%, and 7 wt%). The morphological and microstructural features of these cubic nanoblocks were assessed using various techniques including XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, and BET analysis. Gas sensing tests were conducted on pure and In-doped WO3 cubic nanoblocks, using triethylamine (TEA) as the test gas. Among all tested samples, the 5% In-WO3 sensor showed the highest response to 50 ppm TEA (Ra/Rg = 11.2). The gas sensor additionally demonstrates rapid responses and recovery times, long-term stability, and outstanding selectivity, all of which are crucial for the construction of effective TEA gas sensors. The improvement of gas sensing performance may be due to the increase of oxygen vacancies and surface adsorbed oxygen after In-doping and the large specific surface area.

Ag-decorated MoO3 microspheres gas sensor for triethylamine detection with rapid response/recovery

In this work, Ag-decorated MoO3 microspheres with regular morphology were prepared by a simple dipping method. The gas-sensing measurement results show that the optimum operating temperature of the Ag/MoO3 sensor decreased 20 ℃ compared with the pure MoO3, and the response to 20 ppm triethylamine increased 10 times. Furthermore, the Ag/MoO3 sensor manifests fast response/recovery times (4/14 s), good selectivity and reliable stability to triethylamine at 220 ℃. The improved triethylamine gas-sensing properties of Ag/MoO3 sensor is mainly due to the spillover effect and high oxygen vacancy ratio brought about by the introduction of Ag nanoparticles, which greatly speeds up the carrier migration rate. The Ag-decorated MoO3 microspheres provide a new pathway for the development and design of new triethylamine gas sensors.

Fabrication of selective and highly sensitive triethylamine gas sensor using In2O3–SnO2 hollow nanospheres in room temperature activated by UV irradiation

Introducing a groundbreaking solution, a room-temperature (RT, 25 °C) gas sensor addresses complexities in conventional sensors, promising enhanced performance. Synthesized through hydrothermal and thermal calcination processes, SnO2 hollow nanospheres (HNs) are integrated with In2O3 components to bolster sensing capabilities. The sensor detects triethylamine (TEA) gas upon UV light irradiation, owing to its unique surface properties and SnO2–SnO2 and SnO2–In2O3 homo- and heterojunctions. This results in unparalleled sensitivity to TEA gas (Ra/Rg = 34–100 ppm) and an exceptional limit of detection (3.98 ppt), attributed to photo-ionized O2− ions' heightened reactivity. The study proposes superior sensors backed by comprehensive analyses, demonstrating their performance improvements and underlying mechanisms. The optimized sensor design, based on In2O3-appended SnO2 HNs, presents exceptional selectivity, pattern recognition for low TEA gas concentrations, humidity resistance, and reliability under UV irradiation.

Novel Metal–Organic Framework-Assisted Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticle-Decorated {221} SnO2 Octahedrons for Improved Triethylamine Gas Sensing

Novel Metal–Organic Framework-Assisted Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticle-Decorated {221} SnO₂ Octahedrons for Improved Triethylamine Gas Sensing

Low-temperature and high-efficient detection of triethylamine based on Pt/PtO2 loaded WO3 gas sensors

Triethylamine (TEA) is a kind of flammable and pungent gas, which widely exists in our daily life. It is very important to monitor TEA gas rapidly and selectively at low temperatures. In this work, hierarchical structured WO3 nanomaterials assembled from two-dimensional rectangular nanoflakes were prepared by a simple solvothermal method. On this basis, TEA gas sensors were fabricated successfully by applying different amounts of noble metal Pt on WO3. The results showed that the sensing behavior of WO3 loaded with 1 at% Pt/PtO2 was remarkably improved (3323.5–50 ppm TEA, 137.5 °C) about 90 times than pure WO3 (37–50 ppm TEA, 225 °C), and the response time was shortened to 16 s (pure WO3 was 40 s). In addition, the selectivity of the sensor to TEA was excellent, as well as good repeatability and long-term stability. The improvement of gas sensing performance can be attributed to the catalytic spillover effect of Pt/PtO2, and the existence of heterojunction between PtO2 and WO3, etc. Moreover, density functional theory calculations were used to explain the excellent selectivity of WO3 for TEA. This work provides a new idea for real-time and accurate detection of TEA at low temperatures.

PdO-modified ZnSnO3 hollow rounded cubes for high-performance TEA gas sensors at low temperature

Given human health and environmental safety issues, it is particularly imperative to detect triethylamine (TEA) rapidly and effectively at low temperatures. In this work, ZnSnO3 hollow rounded cubes (HZTO) with different PdO contents were prepared by liquid phase synthesis methods. The characterization results show that the side length of the hollow-rounded cubes is 500 – 700 nm, and the thickness is about 50 nm. Synthetic materials were applied to TEA gas sensors, and the sensing characteristics of the sensors were evaluated. The gas sensing results indicate that the modification of PdO can adjust the optimal operating temperature and the response of the gas sensor. The response value of the sensor with the best gas sensing performance can be as high as 532 to 100 ppm TEA at 175 °C, which is 17 times that of the unmodified material, and the working temperature is reduced by 125 °C. In addition, the sensor has good performance in selectivity, response time (1 s), low detection limit (500 ppb), and long-term stability. The improved TEA gas sensing performance is attributed to the structural characteristics of the hollow rounded cube of the material, p-n heterojunction, and the catalytic effect of PdO.

Bismuth Molybdate Nanorods Derived from a Metal–Organic Framework for Triethylamine Gas Sensors

Bismuth Molybdate Nanorods Derived from a Metal–Organic Framework for Triethylamine Gas Sensors

2D polyaniline derivatives as turn-on fluorescent probe for efficient triethylamine detection at room temperature

Due to the severe toxicity of triethylamine (TEA), the preparation of chemsensors with high sensitivity, low cost and visualization for TEA detection has been a research hotspot. However, based on the fluorescence turn-on detection of TEA remains rare. In this work, three two-dimensional conjugated polymers (2D CPs) were prepared by chemical oxidation polymerization. These sensors show a quick response and excellent selectivity toward TEA at room temperature. The minimum limit of detection (LOD) for TEA was 3.6 nM in the range of 10 μM ∼ 30 μM. Interestingly, the paper sensor based on P2–HCl can quantitatively detect TEA gas within 20 s, which showed great application potential in fields of environmental monitoring. Besides, Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data were used to thoroughly interpret the sensing mechanism. This work provided an effective method for the development of 2D fluorescent chemosensors for TEA detection.

Hollow ZnWO4/In2O3 Nanotubes for Ultrasensitive and Rapid Trace Detection of Triethylamine

The directional modulation of metal oxide semiconductors (MOSs) can be effective in developing high-performance gas-sensing materials. Herein, we propose an efficient strategy by modifying ZnWO4 on In2O3 to achieve controllable modulation of oxygen vacancies and energy band structures in ZnWO4/In2O3 heterostructures. The sensor based on optimized ZnWO4/In2O3 exhibits significantly enhanced performance to detect triethylamine, including a lower operating temperature (100 °C), a higher responsivity (Ra/Rg = 221.2 for 100 ppm), and a lower detection limit (500 ppb). In addition, the fabricated sensor exhibits faster response and good selectivity. The improved gas-sensing performance could be attributed to the acid–base interaction between triethylamine gas and ZnWO4, the formation of heterojunctions, and the increase of oxygen vacancies to achieve a synergistic modulation of the chemical and energy band structures. It is anticipated that our current investigation could offer insights and a useful strategy for triethylamine detection.

Au modified Nd-doped In2O3 hollow microspheres for high performance triethylamine gas sensor

The Au-modified Nd-doped In2O3 hollow microspheres were prepared by hydrothermal method as well as UV irradiation reduction. Their microstructure and phase structure were characterized by SEM, TEM and XRD. The effect of Nd3+ doping and Au loading were discussed based on the results of XPS, UV–vis, BET. The gas-sensitive measurement reveal the In2O3 loaded with 2 wt% Au and doped with 3 mol% Nd3+ (2 wt% Au/3 mol% Nd–In2O3) exhibited the optimal sensing performance among Au-modified Nd-doped In2O3 nanocomposites. Compared with unmodified In2O3, its sensing properties are improved. The response to 100 ppm triethylamine is 61, 4 times of pure In2O3, along with improved selectivity, declined optimum operation temperature, reduced recovery time and good stability. Using Nd–In2O3 and Au/In2O3 as control samples, the synergetic roles of Nd doping and Au loading in sensing process were discussed. By the cooperation of Nd and Au, more oxygen vacancies, raised electric resistance and increased specific surface area are triggered, which improve the gas-sensitive performance of the sensor. The excellent sensing performance of Au-modified Nd-doped In2O3 nanocomposites makes it a potential sensing material for triethylamine detection.

MOF-5 derived 3D ZnO/Ag micro-octahedra for ultrahigh response and selective triethylamine detection at low temperature

The leakage of raw material triethylamine in the process of chemical production causes harm and damage to health and environment. Therefore, the development of triethylamine sensors with high response and selectivity is urgently needed. Using metal organic frames (MOF) as templates has become a new strategy to prepare nano structural metal oxides based gas sensing materials, which leads to a high specific surface area and enhanced gas sensing performances. In this work, the metal organic framework MOF-5 decorated with large Ag particles is prepared by a conventional one-step solvothermal method. Then 3D ZnO/Ag micro-octahedra assembled from ZnO nanosheets are derived by subsequent calcination. The 3D ZnO/Ag micro-octahedra based sensor exhibits excellent gas sensing performance toward triethylamine, including an ultrahigh response of 293.8–10 ppm and selectivity, as well as a low operating temperature of 200 °C, and long-time stability. The excellent triethylamine gas sensing performance can be attributed to the synergy effect between oxygen vacancies and the catalytic spillover effect generated by the noble metal silver. This work shows that MOF derived hierarchical 3D ZnO/Ag micro-octahedra provides a great potential for triethylamine monitoring.

Room temperature triethylamine gas sensor with excellent performances based on novel porous CuO foam via a simple and facile route

Monitoring of explosive and toxic triethylamine (TEA) is essential for environmental safety and human health. However, high sensitivity detection of TEA remains a huge challenge at low temperature or even room temperature. Here, we developed a CuO porous foam-based gas sensor for TEA detection at room temperature by defect engineering of oxygen vacancies. The CuO porous foam with rich surface oxygen vacancies have been synthesized through a sol-gel autocombustion method, and the formation mechanism of porous foam structure and rich oxygen vacancies of CuO have been investigated by various characterization methods. Moreover, the fabricated CuO foam gas sensor reveals the high response of 140.0 for 50 ppm TEA, a low detection limit of 0.5 ppm, excellent selectivity, good stability and repeatability at room temperature, which are ascribed to porous structure and rich surface oxygen vacancies of CuO foam. Importantly, the surface redox reaction model and density function theoretical calculation have been applied to deeply explore the sensing mechanism. This work can not only realize the ultra-sensitive sensing of TEA at room temperature, but also provide a novel strategy for the design of other ideal performance sensors at low operating temperatures.

Nitrogen-doped ZnO microspheres with a yolk-shell structure for high sensing response of triethylamine

Triethylamine is a kind of volatile organic compounds, which is harmful and toxic to the environment and people. Therefore, triethylamine gas sensors are increasingly demanded in practical applications. In this work, we synthesized the nitrogen-doped ZnO yolk-shell microspheres with mesoporous distribution by a facile strategy of hydrothermal-annealing. The influence of the amount of hexamethylene tetramine on the morphology of yolk-shell ZnO was studied and the yolk-shell ZnO (YSZ-3) prepared with 0.3 g hexamethylene tetramine showed the best gas sensing performances for triethylamine at 370 ℃. The response to 100 ppm triethylamine was 133. Moreover, a low triethylamine detection limit was achieved (1 ppm), with a response value of 2.6. The prepared yolk-shell ZnO showed an excellent selectivity to triethylamine, over ethanol, methanol, acetone, formaldehyde, ammonia, and toluene. Furthermore, YSZ-3 offered a low theoretical detection limit (42.4 ppb) and a fast response and recovery (20 s/5 s). Finally, the growth mechanism and gas sensing mechanism of yolk-shell ZnO were discussed.

Superior triethylamine sensing platform based on MOF activated by carbon dots for photoelectric dual-mode in biphasic system

Multimode sensors are required to enable detect of hazardous substances in different media. A sensing platform based on metal organic frameworks (MOF) and its derivatives was established to detect triethylamine (TEA) gas and TEA aqueous solution in the range of 1–100 ppm. The carbon dots (CDs) were selected as the light-energy conversion module to improve greatly the photoelectric performance of sensors. On the one hand, the dual-emission ratio type fluorescent sensor was built by CDs and MOF. The CDs@ZIF-8(In) showed excellent fluorescence emission enhancement at 440 nm and 610 nm in a dose-dependent manner when TEA was added. The change of fluorescence emission intensity of CDs@ZIF-8(In) sensor for TEA in water was at least 3 times than that of other volatile organic compounds, and its detection limit reached 1 ppm. On the other hand, the gas sensor based on MOF derivatives modified by CDs (CDs@DZIF-8(In)) displayed 3.5 times signal response than pure DZIF-8(In), reaching 374.6 to 100 ppm TEA. Moreover, the optimal operating temperature of CDs@DZIF-8(In) sensor was 40 ℃ lower than that of DZIF-8(In) sensor. The excellent fluorescence and electron transfer properties of CDs may play a key role in the design and modification of various types of sensors.

Electronic structure and oxygen vacancy tuning of Co & Ni co-doped W18O49 nanourchins for efficient TEA gas sensing

Inducing oxygen vacancies in metal oxides by dual doping metal ions is the key to modulating their electronic structure and designing highly sensitive noble metal-free materials for detecting hazardous toxic gases. This study reports nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) co-doping in W18O49 crystal lattices leads to electronic structure modulation and generates oxygen vacancies to highly activate the redox capability and catalytic efficacy of the urchin-like W18O49 sensor toward triethylamine (TEA) gas species. The electronic structure modulations and physisorption interactions between TEA molecules and W18O49 and/or Co&Ni co-doped W18O49 nanourchins were calculated by density functional theory (DFT). The experimental results and DFT calculations confirmed more significant charge transfers due to bandgap excitation and reactivity of TEA with Co&Ni co-doped W18O49 verifying their strong binding interactions. Electrons move from lattice oxygen to surface O2 molecules through co-doped cations-induced oxygen vacancies, which provide active sites and form surface superoxide and peroxide species incorporated into the sensing materials surface. Benefiting from the high specific surface area, abundant active sites, and faster electron/charge transport capability, the optimized 2 %Ni-doped W18O49, and 1 %Co&2%Ni co-doped W18O49 nanourchins exhibited excellent sensitivity towards TEA gas molecules. The sensing response of Co&Ni-W18O49 (Ra/Rg = 156) is higher than Ni-W18O49 (Ra/Rg = 114) and W18O49 (Ra/Rg = 76) at 250 °C, fast response/recovery (16/13), and superior selectivity. The XRD and XPS results combining the DFT calculations verify the improved sensitivity due to the synergistic modulation of electronic structure, which paws a friendly strategy for enriching the free electronics to design cost-effective gas sensors.

NiO/BiVO4 p-n heterojunction microspheres for conductometric triethylamine gas sensors

Triethylamine (TEA), a clear and colorless liquid with strong ammonia odor, has great danger to human health and environment. We synthesize the NiO/BiVO4 p-n heterojunction microspheres using hydrothermal method for TEA detection. To characterize the as-prepared samples, XRD, XPS, SEM, UV–vis, and EIS are used. Among the pure NiO, BiVO4, 5%NiO-BiVO4 and 30%NiO-BiVO4, the 10%NiO-BiVO4 sensor exhibits excellent gas sensing properties, including fast response/recovery times, high humidity resistance, and low detection limit of 3.42 ppb toward TEA. Moreover, the enhanced mechanism of NiO/BiVO4 p-n heterojunction microsphere is also proposed. Consequently, NiO coupled with BiVO4 to form NiO-BiVO4 can be an effective strategy for improving TEA gas sensors.

ZnO Nanorod-Immobilized Pt Single-Atoms as an Ultrasensitive Sensor for Triethylamine Detection.

Triethylamine (TEA) is a flammable and highly toxic gas, and the fast, accurate, and sensitive detection of gas TEA remains greatly challenging. Herein, we report a ZnO nanorod anchored with a single-atom Pt catalyst (Pt1/ZnO) as a gas sensor for TEA detection. The sensor shows high selectivity and high response to gas TEA with a response value of 4170 at 200 °C, which is 92 times higher than that of pure ZnO. Moreover, the Pt1/ZnO sensor has very short response and recovery times of only 34 and 76 s, respectively, and also has a high response to ppb-level TEA gas (100 ppb-21.6). The gas-sensing enhancement mechanism of the Pt1/ZnO sensor to gas TEA was systematically investigated using band structure analysis, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transformation spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. The results show that the oxygen vacancies on Pt1/ZnO can effectively activate the adsorbed oxygen. Moreover, chemical bonds can be formed between Pt single atoms and N atoms in TEA to achieve effective adsorption and activation of TEA molecules, facilitating the reaction between TEA and the adsorbed oxygen on Pt1/ZnO, and thereby obtaining high gas-sensing performance. This work highlights the crucial role of Pt single-atom in improving the sensing performance for gas TEA detection, paving the way for developing more advanced gas sensors.

On the beneficial effect of Rh2O3 modification of Sn doped NiO nanofibers for conductometric triethylamine gas sensing

In this work, Sn4+ doped NiO nanofibers are modified by different contents of Rh2O3 through a facile electrospinning method to improve the gas sensing properties, especially the humidity tolerance, response value and detection limit. The morphological characterization indicates that the hollow nanostructures are still maintained after loading Rh2O3. Gas sensing investigation demonstrates that 6 at% Sn4+ doped NiO nanofibers modified with 6 at% Rh2O3 exhibit the highest response to triethylamine (28.3–20 ppm) with low detection limit (50 ppb) at a relatively low working temperature (165 °C), which are obviously superior to those (16.6–100 ppm, 500 ppb and 180 °C) of 6 at% Sn4+ doped NiO nanofibers without Rh2O3 modification. The response value to 20 ppm triethylamine is only changed about 35.7% as the relative humidity increases from 35% to 95%. The humidity tolerance of the optimal sensor is also improved after Rh2O3 modification including the baseline resistance and gas response changes. Furthermore, the baseline resistances of the optimal gas sensors don’t become higher after Rh2O3 modification. These phenomena can be mainly attributed to the improved catalytic effect and increased surface defects caused by Rh2O3 modification.

High sensitivity and selectivity triethylamine gas sensor based on ZnO–SmFeO3 molecular imprinted polymers

In this study, ZnO–SmFeO3 molecular imprinted polymers (ZMIPs) gas sensors for the detection of triethylamine (TEA) gas were successfully prepared via the sol–gel method combined with the molecular imprinting technique (MIT). The structure, morphology and chemical valence states of these materials were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and their gas-sensing properties and related mechanisms were studied. The results reveal that the ZMIPs consist of nanoparticles with a diameter of around 60 nm. 3% molar ratio (Zn: Sm=3: 97) of ZMIPs show an excellent sensitivity to TEA gas. At 200 °C, the response to 5 ppm of TEA gas reaches 150, and the response to other interferent gases is significantly lower than that to TEA gas. The 3% ZMIPs also show a good stability, a low detection limit of TEA gas and a good linear relationship between the response value and the concentration of TEA gas. The superior TEA gas-sensing performance of the 3% ZMIPs is attributed to the realization of specific identification sites and ZnO doping into ZMIPs. Composites are a promising TEA gas sensing material that can be used for a wide range of applications.

Construction of ZnCo2O4 decorated ZnO heterostructure materials for sensing triethylamine with dramatically enhanced performance

In this paper, a sensor based on a novel ZnCo2O4/ZnO nanosheet-like p–n heterostructure was designed using a one-step hydrothermal method and utilized to dramatically improve the sensitivity toward triethylamine (TEA) gas.