Tribal Villages Research Articles

The Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children Under 2 Years of Age in a Rural Community in Maharashtra, India.

BackgroundGlobally, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of acute lower tract infection (LRTI) in children younger than 2 years of age, but there are scant population-based studies on the burden of RSV illness in rural communities and no community studies in preterm infants.MethodsActive surveillance of LRTI was performed in the community and hospital setting for the population of 93 tribal villages in Melghat, Central India, over 4 respiratory seasons. A nasopharyngeal swab was obtained from cases presenting as a severe LRTI for molecular analysis of respiratory pathogens including RSVA and B.ResultsHigh rates of RSV-associated LRTI were found in preterm and term infants beyond 6 months of age, extending into the second year of life. Community severe RSV LRTI rates for 0–11 months of age was 22.4 (18.6–27.0)/1000 child-years (CY) and the hospital-associated rate was 14.1 (11.1–17.8)/1000 CY. For preterm infants, these rates were 26.2 (17.8–38.5)/1000 CY and 12.6 (7.2–22.0)/1000 CY. Comparable rates in the first 6 months were 15.9 (11.8–21.4)/1000 CY and 12.9 (9.3–18.0)/1000 CY in term infants and 26.3 (15.4–45.0)/1000 CY and 10.1 (4.2–24.2)/1000 CY for preterms. The single RSV B season had higher incidences of RSV LRTI in every age group than the 2 RSV A seasons in both preterm and term infants. There were 11 deaths, all term infants.ConclusionsStudies restricted to the healthcare settings significantly underestimate the burden of RSV LRTI and preterm and term infants have comparable burdens of disease in this rural community.

Towards transformative WASH: an integrated case study exploring environmental, sociocultural, economic and institutional risk factors contributing to infant enteric infections in rural tribal India

BackgroundDespite clear linkages between poor Water, Sanitation, Hygiene (WASH) and enteric disease, the design of effective WASH interventions that reduce child enteric infections and stunting rates has proved challenging. WASH factors as currently defined do not capture the overall exposure factors to faecal pathogens through the numerous infection transmission pathways. Understanding the multiple and multifaceted factors contributing to enteric infections and their interconnectedness is key to inform future interventions. This study aimed to perform an in-depth holistic exploration of the environmental, socio-cultural, economic and institutional context surrounding infants to develop an integrated understanding of enteric infection drivers in rural tribal Banswara, in Rajasthan State, India.MethodsThis study relied on the triangulation of mixed-methods to capture critical influences contributing to infant enteric infection transmission. We conducted structured observations and exploratory qualitative research across 9 rural tribal villages, including transect walks, household observations, interviews with frontline health workers and group discussions with mothers. The emergent social themes and identified factors were mapped based on the scale of agency (individual, family or community-level factor) and on their nature (environmental, socio-cultural, economic and institutional factors).ResultsInfants aged 5 to 24 months were seen to have constant exposures to dirt via mouthing of soil, soiled hands, soiled objects and food. Rudimentary household environments with dirt floors and domestic animals lacked a hygiene-enabling environment that hindered hygienic behaviour adoption. Several unsafe behaviours failing to interrupt infants’ exposures to pathogens were captured, but caregivers reported a lack of self-efficacy skills to separate children from faecal exposures due to the rural farming environments where they lived. Conceptual mapping helped understand how wider-level societal factors such as socio-economic limitations, caste inequalities, and political corruption may have trickle-down effects on the caregivers’ motivation and perceived self-efficacy for improving hygiene levels around children, highlighting the influence of interconnected broader factors.ConclusionsConceptual mapping proved useful to develop an integrated understanding of the interlinked factors across socio-ecological levels and domains, highlighting the role of wider sociocultural, economic and institutional factors contributing to infant’s enteric infection risks. Future WASH interventions are likely to require similar integrated approaches that account for the complex factors at all levels.

Association Between Lifestyle Behaviors and Hypertension Among Hill Tribe Adults in Thailand: a Cross-Sectional Study.

Hypertension (HT) is a serious problem in the adult population, particularly among individuals who are living in poor economic conditions and have a low education level. This study aimed to determine the associations between lifestyle and HT among adult hill tribe populations in Thailand. A cross-sectional study was conducted to gather information on several risk behaviors related to HT among the hill tribe population aged 30 years and older by using a validated questionnaire and 5 mL blood specimens. The study was conducted in 30 selected hill tribe villages in Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thailand. Logistic regression was used to detect the associations. A total of 2552 participants participated in the project; 65.9% were female, 72.4% were aged 40-69 years, and 54.2% were Buddhist. The overall prevalence of HT was 33.7%. After controlling for all potential confounding variables, two variables were found to be associated with HT: participants who used moderate (AOR=1.57; 95% CI=1.03-3.76) and high amounts (AOR=1.59; 95% CI=1.05-3.78) of oil for cooking had greater odds of having HT than those who used small amounts. Those who had low (AOR=1.45; 95% CI=1.13-1.88), moderate (AOR=2.68; 95% CI=1.80-8.78), and high (AOR=1.61; 95% CI=1.36-7.26) levels of depression had greater odds of having HT than those who were not depressed. Effective public health programs that focus on reducing the use of daily oil for cooking and decreasing the prevalence of depression in hill tribe people are urgently needed.

Quality of sources of drinking water and health among the hill tribe people of northern Thailand.

Poor-quality drinking water can cause numerous health problems, particularly for people who are living with poor economic conditions, have a low educational status and have limited access to safe drinking water, such as the hill tribe people in Thailand. This study aimed to assess the quality of different sources of natural drinking water from the hill tribe villages in northern Thailand. Seventy-two drinking water samples from the hill tribe villages were collected and tested for biological, chemical and physical qualities, which were compared with the standard parameter values for safe drinking water according to the World Health Organization. Total coliform bacteria and fecal coliform bacteria, which represented the biological parameters, were detected in all samples. The physical parameters, which consisted of turbidity (36.1%), iron content (5.5%), color (2.7%) and pH (2.7%), exceeded the standard indications. However, the hazard quotient and hazard index values were less than 1. The hill tribe people are facing the problem of poor-quality drinking water, particularly in terms of biological and physical parameters that exceed the standard values. An effective program for improving access to safe water for the hill tribe people should be developed and implemented immediately.

Avifaunal diversity and ecotourism opportunities: A case study from Barachaka tribal village of Bankura, West Bengal, India

Ethnic people throughout the globe are engaged in the conservation of biodiversity. The objective of this study was to measure the avifaunal diversity in heterogeneous forest and paddy fields surrounding the Barachaka tribal village of West Bengal, India and the prospect of development of ecotourism spot in this area. The study was conducted during June and July of 2019 and 2020. A total of 47 bird species belonging to 27 families were identified and recorded during the span of study. Among these bird species, Asian open bill stork (Anastomus oscitans) is predominant in the heterogeneous forest of this village and they usually used this place as a breeding ground during the rainy season. The study reveals that the safety and food security provided by the villagers encourage these birds to prepare colonial nests in trees very near to the human habitation. Shannon-Wiener diversity index value was recorded 2.49 within village forest and 2.33 in the paddy field during June 2019 and July 2019 and 2.62 within village forest and 2.47 in the paddy field during June 2020 and July 2020. Results obtained from the questionnaire survey revealed that tribal people of this village are directly attached to bird conservation in their area and these tribal people protect the bird generation after generation through their traditional knowledge. The community-based bird monitoring programs may protect birds as well as wildlife and encourage researchers who may gather scientific knowledge from these ethnic people. The village under study has the prospective to develop into a good bird watching site, where bird lovers may watch the birds in nature and thereby helping the socio-economic development of the tribal people of this village.

Marketing of sweet jelly seeds of palmyra fruit: A study covering the tribal region of South Gujarat, India

Palmyra is a naturally occurring vegetation in Gujarat’s southern region, spread randomly overall soil and land types. The major produce utilized from palmyra palm for a livelihood by the tribal community, contributing considerably to their income, is through sales of the immature soft jelly seed nuts of the fruit called “galeli”. The present investigation was carried out to study the marketing cost, margin, and price spread in galeli marketing. Primary data for the period initiating from 2015-16 to 2017-18 were pooled from 50 palmyra palm growers selected randomly representing five tribal villages of Mahua taluka of Surat district in the South Gujarat region. Two marketing channels viz., Channel-I: producer-consumer and Channel-II: producer - retailer - consumer were observed, and the marketing cost incurred on galeli marketing in these channels was worked out, which was `51.64 and 33.94 per hundred galeli, respectively. The highest producer’s share in consumer’s rupee was worked out in channel-I. The study showed that the major constraint faced by 78 per cent of the palmyra palm growers in the marketing of galeli was the poor functioning of the climber equipment and non-remunerative prices for galeli in the local market.

A One Health Approach to Defining Animal and Human Helminth Exposure Risks in a Tribal Village in Southern India.

The high burden of soil-transmitted helminth infections has been studied in India; however, little data exist on zoonotic helminths, and on animal-associated exposure to soil-transmitted helminths. Our study took place in the Jawadhu Hills, which is a tribal region in Tamil Nadu, India. Using a One Health approach, we included animal and environmental samples and human risk factors to answer questions about the associations among infected household soil, domestic animals, and human risk factors. Helminth eggs were identified by microscopy in animal and soil samples, and a survey about risk factors was administered to the head of the household. Contact with animals was reported in 71% of households. High levels of helminth infections were found across domestic animal species, especially in goats, chickens, and dogs. Helminth eggs were recorded in 44% of household soil (n = 43/97) and separately in 88% of soil near a water source (n = 28/32). Animal contact was associated with 4.05 higher odds of having helminth eggs in the household soil (P = 0.01), and also having a water source at the household was associated with a 0.33 lower odds of having helminth eggs in the household soil (P = 0.04). Soil moisture was a mediator of this association with a significant indirect effect (P < 0.001). The proportion mediated was 0.50. While our work does not examine transmission, these results support consideration of animal-associated exposure to STH and potentially zoonotic helminths in future interventions to reduce helminth burden. Our study provides support for further investigation of the effects of animals and animal fecal matter on human health.

Malaria among the Sauria Paharia, a primitive and vulnerable tribe of Jharkhand state, India

BackgroundPakur district of Jharkhand state is highly malaria-endemic areas in eastern India, mainly inhabited by Sauria Paharia, a primitive and vulnerable tribal group. MethodsAn epidemiological, entomological and malaria-related community-based education; and evaluation of the operational strategies for malaria interventions were performed in eight vulnerable forests-fringed tribal villages in the Pakur district of Jharkhand, India. ResultsOf the 217 confirmed malaria infections, P. falciparum (92.2%), P. vivax (7.8%), and mixed-species infections (6.9%) were found. The SPR, SFR and Pf% ranged from 23.8 to 68.2, 23.8–64.8 and 84.2–100.0, respectively. An. culicifacies, An. annularis, An. fluviatilis and An. minimus became the primary vectors of malaria. Insecticidal susceptibility status indicates An. culicifacies and An. annularis resistance to DDT (4%); and An. culicifacies, An. annularis and An. fluviatilis susceptible to malathion (5%) and deltamethrin (0.05%). Most residents, including health staff, had excellent knowledge of malaria but did not adopt appropriate prevention steps. Many accredited social health activist workers have not trained to diagnose and treat malaria cases, nor have rapid diagnostic test kits and antimalarial drugs been available, resulting in the tribal community adopting traditional treatments and native remedies. ConclusionHigh vector abundance, presence of parasite load, deficiency of prevention practices; and lack of early detection and prompt treatment and vector control strategies indicate that the population living in these provinces is more vulnerable to malaria. Therefore, periodic surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation are also needed to enhance the implementation of malaria interventions in this region.

Control of scabies in a tribal community using mass screening and treatment with oral ivermectin -A cluster randomized controlled trial in Gadchiroli, India.

Scabies is often endemic in tribal communities and difficult to control. We assessed the efficacy of a community-based intervention using mass screening and treatment with oral ivermectin in controlling scabies. In this cluster randomised controlled trial, 12 villages were randomly selected from a cluster of 42 tribal villages in Gadchiroli district. In these villages, trained community health workers (CHWs) conducted mass screening for scabies. The diagnosis was confirmed by a physician. Six villages each were randomly allocated to the intervention and usual care arm (control arm). In the intervention arm (population 1184) CHWs provided directly observed oral ivermectin to scabies cases and their household contacts. In the usual care arm (population 1567) scabies cases were referred to the nearest clinic for topical treatment as per the standard practice. The primary outcome was prevalence of scabies two months after the treatment. Secondary outcomes were prevalence of scabies after twelve months of treatment and prevalence of impetigo after two and twelve months of treatment. Outcomes were measured by the team in a similar way as the baseline. The trial was registered with the clinical trial registry of India, number CTRI/2017/01/007704. In the baseline, 2 months and 12 months assessments 92.4%, 96% and 94% of the eligible individuals were screened in intervention villages and 91.4%, 91.3% and 95% in the usual care villages. The prevalence of scabies in the intervention and usual care arm was 8.4% vs 8.1% at the baseline, 2.8% vs 8.8% at two months [adjusted relative risk (ARR) 0.21, 95% CI 0.11-0.38] and 7.3% vs 14.1% (ARR 0.49, 95% CI 0.25-0.98) at twelve months The prevalence of impetigo in the intervention and usual care arm was 1.7% vs 0.6% at baseline, 0.6% vs 1% at two months (ARR 0.55, 95% CI 0.22-1.37) and 0.3% vs 0.7% at 12 months (ARR 0.42, 95% CI 0.06-2.74). Adverse effects due to ivermectin occurred in 12.1% of patients and were mild. Mass screening and treatment in the community with oral ivermectin delivered by the CHWs is superior to mass screening followed by usual care involving referral to clinic for topical treatment in controlling scabies in this tribal community in Gadchiroli.

Enhancing Language Services to Native American Children: A Look From the Inside

Enhancing Language Services to Native American Children: A Look From the Inside

Factors associated with hypertriglyceridemia among the hill tribe people aged 30\u2009years and over, Thailand: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundTriglycerides are lipids in the human body that are produced from the consumption of daily food and drink. However, elevated serum triglycerides, also known as hypertriglyceridemia (HTG), are key biomarkers indicating an unhealthy status and increased risks of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and pancreatitis. Different groups of people have different patterns and styles of cooking and different patterns of consumption, such as hill tribe people, who have their own unique culture and cooking practices. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of and determine the factors associated with HTG among the hill tribe population in Thailand.MethodA cross-sectional study was performed. Data and a-5 mL blood sample were collected from participants who were members of one of the six main hill tribes in Thailand: Akah, Lahu, Hmong, Yao, Karen, and Lisu. People who lived in 30 selected hill tribe villages and aged 30 years over were asked to participate the study. Pearson correlation and logistic regression were used to detect the correlations and determine the associations between variables, respectively, at a significant level of α = 0.05.ResultsA total of 2552 participants participated this study; 65.9% were females, 72.35% were aged 40–69 years, 76.7% had no education, 48.7% worked in the agricultural section, and 71.2% had an annual income of less than 50,000 baht/family. Regarding the triglyceride level, 41.7% of participants had elevated levels of serum triglyceride or HTG; 16.4% had a borderline high level, and 25.3% had a high level. After controlling for all potential confounder factors, three variables were found to be associated with elevated serum triglycerides. Those who were members of the Lahu and Hmong tribes were 1.62 times (95%CI = 1.25–2.01) and 1.63 times (95%CI = 1.23–2.16) more likely to have elevated serum triglycerides than those who were members of the Akha tribe, respectively. Those who used a high quantity of cooking oil for daily cooking were 0.73 times less likely to have an abnormal level of triglycerides than those who used a low quantity of cooking oil for daily cooking (95%CI = 0.58–0.91), and those who had a waist circumference indicating obesity were 1.28 times more likely to have an abnormal level of triglycerides than those who had a normal waist circumference (95%CI = 1.08–1.52).ConclusionPublic health programs that focus on encouraging people to have regular exercise to reduce their body weight, particularly in some tribes, such as Lahu and Hmong, should be implemented.

Factors associated with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels among hill tribe people aged 30\u2009years and over in Thailand: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundLow-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is one of the most important types of cholesterol and has an impact on health. Certain lifestyle and dietary habits in different populations may leads to increased levels of LDL-C, particularly among those with poor education and economic statuses, such as hill tribe people in Thailand. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of and determine the factors associated with high LDL-C levels among hill tribe people in northern Thailand.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed to gather information from six main hill tribe populations: Akha, Lahu, Hmong, Yao, Karen, and Lisu. Individuals who were aged over 30 years and living in 30 selected hill tribe villages were invited to participate in the study. A validated questionnaire and 5-mL blood specimens were used to obtain data. Correlation analyses, chi-square tests, t-tests, and logistic regression were used to detect correlations and associations.ResultsA total of 2552 participants were recruited into the study; 65.9% were females, and 64.1% were aged younger than 60 years old. Approximately 69.6% of participants had abnormal LDL-C levels; 33.6% had above-optimal levels, 24.3% had borderline high levels, 8.0% had high levels, and 3.7% had very high levels. A total of 17.4% of participants had low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and high LDL-C levels, while 14.9% had high triglyceride and LDL-C levels. After controlling for sex, age, religion, education, annual family income, and marital status in the multivariate model, three variables were found to be associated with high LDL-C levels: occupation, the amount of lard used in daily cooking, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Those who were working as agriculturalists had a 1.34-fold greater chance of having abnormal LDL-C than traders and others (95% CI = 1.09–1.34). Those who used moderate and high quantities of lard in their daily cooking had a 1.45-fold (95% CI = 1.15–1.82) and 1.31-fold (95% CI = 1.04–1.68) greater likelihood of having abnormal LDL-C levels than those who used low quantities, respectively. Those who had abnormal HbA1c levels were less likely to develop abnormal LDL-C levels than those who had normal HbA1c levels (AOR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.51–92).ConclusionsEffective public health programs that do not conflict with the cultures of hill tribes are urgently needed, particularly programs encouraging the use of small quantities of lard for daily cooking practices.

Inequality in Contemporary India: Does Caste Still Matter?

Are the issues of socioeconomic inequalities related to specific caste biases in Contemporary India? Why are some social groups in the socioeconomic ladder lagging compared to others? How much have the poor people living in rural areas in India achieved their esteemed goals in the present economic arena of development? Is it the limited educational attainment or lack of physical and social capital of the poor households that begets inter-group economic inequality? Or is it a social identity that impedes the well-being of a certain social group? In search of answering these questions, this article explores the role of castes in explaining socioeconomic inequalities in the rural settings of contemporary India. The limited access to basic amenities and the poor educational attainment of the lower castes and the dominance of the upper castes in these regards show the persistence of social group inequalities. Four remote villages of Purulia district, one of the most backward tribal districts of West Bengal were systematically selected for scrutiny to explore socioeconomic inequality within the caste structure. Two are tribal villages with low inequality and the other two are multi-caste-oriented villages with high inequality.

Socio-economic changes of the Lodha Tribes in the era of Globalization: A study in the tribal villages of the Jangalmahal

Socio-economic changes of the Lodha Tribes in the era of Globalization: A study in the tribal villages of the Jangalmahal

N’KaNa-my dream: Community action towards the holistic child development in India

Every child has a right to dream for their future. Children are vulnerable and face challenges in accessing their rights, including but not limited to joyful family and community life; quality health, education, and career facilitation; and an understanding of their ecosystem. Innovations in holistic child development are essential and require child-centered and right-based approaches in the welfare system. There is a need for a customized and personalized approach to bridge the gap in the child development process and to help children explore and enjoy their rights and realize their full potential as rights-holders in society.To address this need, Trust for Youth and Child Leadership (TYCL) initiated N’KaNa, a holistic mentorship program for children living in difficult circumstances, such as institutional care and vulnerable communities such as slums and Dalit and tribal villages of Puducherry and Tamil Nadu regions of India.N'KaNa aims to build brother/sister relationships between needy children and local pre-assessed and pre-selected professional mentors. The program relationships include a mentee (child), a mentor (professional), and a student volunteer.Mentorship progress is tracked through a mobile application.This paper has been developed based on the impact measurement of the N’KaNa project. The researchers adopted a decolonizing research methodology to theorize a postcolonial indigenous way of conducting research and applied a triangulation strategy to qualitativeresearch approaches. Focused life story interviews with children ofN’KaNa assessed holistic child development indicators such as education, health, relationships with friends and family, community support, safe environment, and personal hygiene. Triangular feedback and child mentorship tracker data was used to cross-validate the qualitative data. The study found that the children's lived experiences highly influenced their career goals and that the program helps them track their progress systematically. The research also observed positive indicators of change in children's education, health, family safety, community environment, attitude, and behavior. This paper captures the model of the N’KaNa project, a participatory holistic child development process, its outcomes, challenges, and lessons learned from the process and recommendations for key stakeholders of the child welfare system in India.

Nutritional profile of Kolagur tribal women in Yercaud, Tamil Nadu, India: An exploratory study

Background: Malnutrition is a long-standing global health issue to which the tribal population are highly vulnerable. Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment is crucial. Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the nutritional status of tribal women in Kolagur, Yercaud, using anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary assessment parameters. Subjects and Methods: An exploratory study was carried out among women (n = 100) between 18 and 60 years of age from Kolagur, a tribal village in Yercaud taluk, Salem district, Tamil Nadu, India. Information on sociodemographic profile of participants was collected using a structured interview schedule. Anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary parameters were assessed using appropriate standard techniques/tools. Nutrient intake was computed using Diet Cal software and the statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS statistics software version 25. Results: Majority of the participants were malnourished of which 25% were underweight, 20% were obese, and 17% were overweight. The mean waist-to-hip ratio (mean ± standard deviation: 0.87 ± 0.13) was marginally higher than the normal cutoff value for women. The prevalence of anemia was much lower where only 21% had mild anemia, 5% had moderate anemia, and 1% had severe anemia. About 21% were prediabetic and 9% were diabetic. Majority (51%) of the participants had altered blood pressure levels with 20% in hypertension Stage 2, 19% in prehypertensive stage, and 12% in hypertension Stage 1. The mean intake of nutrients such as energy, thiamine, ascorbic acid, and folate was significantly higher than the recommended dietary allowances (RDA), whereas the mean intake of fat, retinol, riboflavin, pyridoxine, calcium, and iron was significantly lesser than the RDA. Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the urgent need for well-planned nutrition-oriented health policies at the community level to eradicate the double burden of malnutrition.

From village to city - The birth of the Islamic city in the Arabian Peninsula: Study in the Holy Quran: من القرية إلى المدينة - ميلاد المدينة الإسلامية في جزيرة العرب، دراسة في القرآن الكريم

This article deals with a problematic subject The emergence of the city in the Arab Islamic civilization, and how to move from tribal fragmentation to living together, through monotheism, under the leadership of a prophet, judge and ruler. this by moving from the idea of a pagan tribal village governed by traditions which favor the privileged, to the city which rests on an agreed legal basis, this city represents the basis of Islamic civilization. The questions raised in this research are: how did the Arabs move to urbanization in the city of the Prophet? Was the foundation of this city a spontaneous historical fact or was it decreed in advance in the inspired book? By following the method of content analysis by describing the characteristics that distinguish a village from a city in the Noble Quran, we came to the conclusion that civilization in Islam was conceived in the founding text before being embodied by the call of the Prophet.

Ethno–medicobotany of Yavatmal District (M.S.) India

Yavatmal district is inhabited by about 14 tribal communities. First hand ethnomedicinal information was collected directly from field survey of tribal villages and forest areas of the district. Present paper deals with ethno medicinal uses of 78 plant species belonging to 47 families used locally for prevention and treatment of various diseases. Sixty two species are used in mono-herbal treatments, while 29 are used in poly-herbal formulations. Observations regarding exploitation of these species are also reported, which will help in conservation and restoration of the species.

Environmental sustainability assessment due to stone quarrying and crushing activities in Jaflong, Sylhet.

Quarrying and crushing activities constitute a major threat to the environment and occupational health of the workers in Jaflong, Sylhet. This study aims to determine the environmental sustainability of stone quarrying and crushing activities considering four dominant environmental components, viz. physicochemical parameters of water, PM2.5 and PM10, sound, and land use land cover (LULC). Water quality was measured in a seasonal variation, and air and sound data were collected in an 8-h period of every weekday of 2 months while LULC data were also collected from 1999 to 2019 with 5 years of interval. Water quality index (WQI) and cluster analysis were applied to classify the pollution sources while inverse distance weighting (IDW) and weighted overlay were used to show the vulnerable zone. All the parameters were considered with the established limit of WHO. WQI detects that the sampling stations located near the quarrying site were responsible for the deterioration of the water quality. Cluster analysis identified that the S8 and S10 sites were heavily susceptible to air and sound pollution. IDW and WO ranked the south-western lower stream and tribal village located at the north-western side as moderately to highly polluted. Correlation analysis illustrated that the values of air and sound parameters were concentrated above the permissible limit. Besides, LULC change revealed the significant lowering trend of vegetation and water bodies whereas it shows the upward trend of barren land and settlement. Finally, the extensive quarrying and crushing activities without any safety measure lead to breaking the environmental sustainability as well as workers and nearby dwellers were exposed to several respiratory diseases.

TOURISM EQUATION: CULTURAL TOURISM MARKETING STRATEGY BADUY TRIBE IN LEBAK DISTRICT

Baduy Tribe Village is one of the famous tourist destinations in the Lebak Regency. As a major tourist destination, the number of tourists visiting the Baduy Tribe Village is still far from expectations. That is because the tourism marketing strategy is still not optimal by the Regional Government of Lebak Regency. This research uses a qualitative method approach by utilizing the literature review and previous experience. One alternative strategy is through the creation of a Tourism Equation that utilizes tourist attractions visited by many tourists, such as Sawarna Beach tourism or other tourist attractions in other areas. The storefront of tourism can trigger public interest to further visit the Baduy Tribe Village. The results of this paper are expected to be used as an alternative that can be tried by the Regional Government of the Regency of Lebak to improve tourism development in the Regency of Lebak.