Bean Tree Research Articles

Tree Bean (Parkia Roxburghii) declined in Mizoram

Tree Bean (Parkia Roxburghii) declined in Mizoram

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Plant Materials for the Control of Flea Beetles Podagrica spp on Okra Abelmoschus esculentus L

The efficacy of the Senegal prickly-ash Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) roots and the African locust bean tree Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) pod back was study for their efficacy in the control of okra pest, Podagrica spp. The study was carried out in the laboratory and on the field in the farming season of 2018. Z. zanthoxyloides roots were obtained from Jima-Doko forest and P. biglibosa fruit back from Takunpara. Both plant materials were air-dried under shade for 120 hours. Both plant parts were pounded separately in wooden mortar with the aid of wooden pestle until the materials turns to fine particles. Determined weight of 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 grams were taken for each plant materials and soaked in water for 24 hours and stirred at intervals of an hour. The mixture were then sieved with a muslin cloth and filtered with Whatman filter paper to eliminate all finest particles of varying sizes. These concentrations were applied individually on 10 adults of Podagrica spp. in the laboratory. It was observed that the concentration of 200 – 300g performed better for both plant materials in the control of okra flea beetle. These resulted to the death of above 50% of the insect within 2 hours. These significant laboratory trials were then formulated and taken to the field. Both plant materials acted as anti-feedants and repellants against Podagrica spp. It was also revealed that Z. zanthoxyloides performed significantly (p<0.05) better than the P. biglibosa. Furthermore, short interval applications (<or=3days) of these plant materials could be a good replacement for synthetic chemicals, hence bio-pesticides that could be adopted for organic agriculture.

Fortification of ready-to-eat extruded snacks with tree bean powder: nutritional, antioxidant, essential amino acids, and sensory properties.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05251-w.

Pentaclethra macrophylla stem bark extract anchored on functionalized MWCNT-spent molecular sieve nanocomposite for the biosorption of hexavalent chromium

This study presents the fabrication of nanocomposite for the sequestering of Cr(VI) from solution. The nanocomposites were obtained from the molecular sieve and functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes and further modified with Pentaclethra macrophylla (oil bean tree) stem bark extract. The pristine molecular sieve (MS) and the modified nanocomposite [Pentaclethra macrophylla stem bark extract anchored on molecular sieve (SMP)] adsorbent were characterized by the FTIR, FESEM, XRD, BET, and TGA techniques. The batch adsorption experiment revealed an agitation time of 120 min, 0.02 g dosage, and sorbate pH of 2.0 as optimum conditions for effective use of MS and SMP. Under these conditions a maximum monolayer capacity (q max) of 135.5 mg g−1 was obtained for SMP, a value that is better compared to many other related absorbent materials. The uptake of Cr(VI) onto MS and SMP was best described by pseudo-first-order and Elovich kinetic models respectively. Meanwhile, the Freundlich model was noticed to sufficiently describe the isotherm data obtained for MS and SMP. The adsorption of Cr(VI) onto MS and SMP was spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy-driven. The reusability of the nanocomposite and its efficient Cr(VI) removal, present SMP as a potent adsorbent for the sequestration Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. Novelty Statement nsufficient innovative research on the sequestration of Cr(VI) from the aquatic ecosystem has made Cr(VI) a recalcitrant water contaminant that often affects water sources. In this work, a novel plant anchor-nanocomposite was fabricated from the spent molecular sieve, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and the extract from the stem bark of Pentaclethra macrophylla. It was envisaged that due to the phytochemical constituent of the modifier, this nanocomposite could also act as potent adsorbents for the treatment of Cr(VI) polluted water. To the best of our knowledge, the application of Pentaclethra macrophylla stem bark extract as a modifier for the green fabrication of nanocomposite has not been reported. The resulting composites showed good uptake capacity for Cr(VI) as well as efficient reusability.

The effect of tempeh flour from tree bean (Parkia timoriana (dc) Merr.) seeds on lipid profile in protein-energy malnutrition rats

Children with protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) need a food product that can be easily absorbed by the body because they have impaired nutrient utilization and lipid profile disorder. The provision of fermented products such as tempeh is an alternative approach. Seeds of tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) are a good source of various nutrients needed by children with PEM. This study aimed to prove the effectiveness of the administration of tempeh flour from tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) seeds on the lipid profile in PEM rats. PEM in rats was induced by a zero-protein diet containing granulated sugar (20 g), vegetable oil (1 g), and cornstarch (24 g). The animals were categorized into a normal control group (K+), a PEM group without treatment (K−); a group fed tempeh flour from tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) seeds 1.5 g.kg-1 BW (P1); and a group fed tempeh flour from tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) seeds 3 g.kg-1 BW (P2). The intervention was administered for 30 days. There was a significant increase in HDL levels (p = 0.001) and significant decreases in cholesterol (p = 0.001), triglyceride (p = 0.001), LDL levels (p = 0.001), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) (p = 0.000) in treatment groups. In conclusion, the administration of tempeh flour from tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) seeds increases HDL levels and decreases cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL level, and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in rats with PEM.

Gold Mine Wastewater Induced Morpho-physiological Alteration of Four Biodiesel Producing Species

This experiment aimed to determine the adaptability of four biodiesel-producing plants to gold mine wastewater based on morpho-physiological properties. Four species namely jatropha (Jatropha curcas), castor bean (Ricinus communis), wild candlenut (Reutealis trisperma) and bead tree (Melia azedarach) were grown in water culture using Hoagland solution for 2 weeks and then treated with gold mining wastewater at 0% (control), 25%, 50%, and 75% (v/v) for 3 weeks. Growth, anatomical and physiological characteristics were observed during the treatment. The results showed that gold mine wastewater significantly decreased growth of the four species despite varied among the species. Wastewater had significant effect on leaves anatomy of Jatropha but not on others. It also significantly induced the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) content in Jatropha and castor bean, but not in wild candlenut and bead-tree. Meanwhile, the treatment significantly decreased chlorophyll content of all species with the most in bead-tree plant, and leaves relative water content (RWC) particularly in castor bean and bead-tree plants. There was strong negative correlation between the increase of MDA content and the decrease of chlorophyll content and leaf RWC. Among the four species, wild candlenut (R. trisperma) was the most resistant to gold mine wastewater based on morphological and physiological properties.

Chemisorptive removal of a synthetic dye from single and binary basic dye systems using sawdust of locust bean tree: Isotherm, kinetics, error function and thermodynamics

Adsorptive properties of sawdust of locust bean tree, an agrowaste toward the removal of methylene blue from single and binary dye systems in aqueous solution is investigated so as to determine the effects of the composition of the solution on adsorption process. The sawdust was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry, X-Ray diffraction and pH point of zero charge. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of adsorbent dose, solution pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and temperature on the dye adsorption. The equilibrium data obtained were subjected to Langmuir, Freudlich, Temkin and Harkin- Jura isotherm equations. The data on kinetics were tested with pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and Weber-Morris equations, while the thermodynamics of the sorption processes were also studied. The adsorption isotherm in all the dye systems follow Freundlich model. The adsorption process in single and binary dye systems is well described by both pseudo first order and pseudo second order kinetics. All the adsorption processes were spontaneous, endothermic and with increased randomness (+ve DS).

Physico-mechanical properties of cement bonded ceiling board developed from teak and African locust bean tree wood residue

Abstract Over the years, the pursuit for locally sourced economical and environmentally safe materials has been on the increase in the development of composite boards. These locally sourced materials are organic materials from plants and livestock such as wood residue, feathers, rice husk, maize husk and bamboo fiber. Therefore, this study utilizes species of wood residue in the development composite ceiling boards. Ceiling boards were developed from teak and African locust bean tree wood residue using cement as a binder. The ceiling boards were made by varying the composite mass of the mix and mixing ratio of wood dust to cement. A constant load of 5 kN was used for the compaction process using a hydraulic pressing machine. Physico-mechanical properties of the ceiling boards such as moisture content, density, water absorption, drying shrinkage, tensile strength, and compressive strength were evaluated. The percentage of moisture content were 9.50 and 14.50% for teak and African locust bean tree wood dust, respectively. The values of density varied from 0.56 − 0.68 g/cm3. The water absorption ranged from 9.0 to 39.8% after 24 h immersion and drying shrinkage ranged from 8.60 to 35%. The maximum impact energy obtained is 98 J. The highest tensile, compressive and flexural strengths for the ceiling boards were 1.09, 0.82, and 0.56 MPa, respectively. The composite samples showed that ceiling boards made from teak wood dust is most suitable for interior use. Cement was found to be suitable as a binder for the development of ceiling boards.

Role of a complex of two proteins in alleviating sodium ion stress in an economic crop.

An economically valuable woody plant species tree bean (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is predominantly cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas and is regarded as an important food legume (or pulse) crop that is facing serious sodium ion stress. NAM (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) has been implicated in abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants. However, the role of NAM in sodium ion stress tolerance has not been determined. In this study, the effect of NAM was investigated in the economically valuable woody plant species, challenged with stress at 40 mM sodium ion for 3 days. NAM-treated plants (200 μM) had significantly higher fresh weight, average root length, significantly reduced cell size, increased cell number, and increased cytoskeleton filaments in single cells. The expression pattern of one of 10 Tree bean Dynamic Balance Movement Related Protein (TbDMP), TbDMP was consistent with the sodium ion-stress alleviation by NAM. Using TbDMP as bait, Dynamic Balance Movement Related Kinase Protein (TbDBK) was determined to interact with TbDMP by screening the tree bean root cDNA library in yeast. Biochemical experiments showed that NAM enhanced the interaction between the two proteins which promoted resist sodium ion stress resistance. This study provides evidence of a pathway through which the skeleton participates in NAM signaling.

Fenología floral de la guaba (Inga edulis) en un valle interandino del Ecuador

La investigación se realizó en la provincia de Pichincha, cantón Quito, Parroquia Nayón, cuya temperatura varía entre 18°C a 22°C y se encuentra a una altitud de 2325 msnm. La guaba es una especie utilizada para brindar sombra en algunos cultivos como el café y cacao. En este estudio se seleccionaron 15 árboles de guaba en los cuales se marcaron 30 yemas vegetativas/planta para seguirlas en el tiempo y observar su desarrollo. Se realizaron observaciones semanales del paso de las fenofases vegetativa a reproductiva del cultivo para establecer la duración de cada una y la actividad térmica necesaria para que estos cambios se puedan dar. Durante el estudio los árboles de guaba seleccionados presentaron brotación, caída del follaje y fructificación constante. Estos cambios variaron dependiendo las condiciones climáticas de Nayón. Con los resultados obtenidos finalmente se determinó que la etapa de floración duró 155 días para el cultivo de guaba y un total de 497 unidades térmicas necesarias para cosechar frutos. La escala BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie) describe el desarrollo fenológico de los cultivos desde la germinación hasta la senescencia, comprende 8 etapas principales que son la germinación, desarrollo de las hojas, formación de brotes, aparición de inflorescencias, floración, desarrollo de los frutos, maduración de frutos y senescencia. En base a esta escala se desarrolló una descripción fenológica visual de la guaba de la fase de floración y desarrollo del fruto con las subfases más importante visualizadas (521, 525, 529, 621, 625, 629, 723, 725, 729). Esta información básica y de gran utilidad constituye un fundamento clave para comprender mejor el proceso de desarrollo de este cultivo y mejorar las prácticas de campo y producción.

Parkia biglobosa (Mimosaceae): Botany, Uses, Phytochemical Properties and Pharmacological Potential

Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don, popularly known as the African locust bean tree, is a perennial tree legume that belongs to Mimosoïdeae sub-family and family of Fabaceae. This study is aimed at reviewing the botany, nutritional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of P. biglobosa and the information was undertaken using electronic databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Science Direct, Web of Science, Pubmed, SciFinder, BMC and Open-thesis. Parkia biglobosa is a very important multipurpose tree that is used essentially for food, medicinal, cultural, economic and magico-therapeutic purposes. Due to its socio-economic and cultural importance, P. biglobosa species are vulnerable to unsustainable harvesting and are declining in numbers because they remain semi- or undomesticated in some west Africa countries. Different aqueous and organic extracts of P. biglobosa indicate that the species are rich in saponins, tannins, flavonoids, resins, carbohydrates, terpenoids, phenols, sterols, and cardiac glycosides. The nutritional and pharmacological benefits of P. biglobosa has been associated with its physicochemical properties. Pharmacological studies on P. biglobosa exhibited antimalarial, anti-helminthic, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-trypanosomic activities and antioxidant properties. Threats to the survival of this multipurpose species are also highlighted.

Empirical Studies of Indigenous and Medicinal Utilization of African Locust Beans (Parkia biglobosa. Jacq Benth) in Zaria Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria

The study examines the indigenous and medicinal utilization of African locust bean tree Parkia biglobosa) in Zaria Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Twenty (20) questionnaires were randomly administered in each of the six (6) districts to make a total of one hundred and twenty questionnaires (120). Ninety (90) were retrieved. The results show that the species is a multipurpose tree that can be subjected to various indigenous uses such as: root decoction in treatment of coccidiosis in poultry (100%), green pod of the fruit use as a fish poison to catch fish in the rivers (100%), seeds, pods, and fruits use as a drinking ingredients (75%), mature wood of the species are use in light construction of mortars and pestles, different kinds of furniture and utensils (75%) and so on. The result further, revealed that the plant parts (leaves; stem; bark, root, exudates (gum) seed and yellow pulp) is used in treatment and prevention of various diseases such as small pox; pile; malaria; dysentery; diarrhea; leprosy; snake bite; fever; measles, convulsion in infant, liver problem, headache, ear, skin diseases and so on. Demographic characteristic of the respondents was also examined. The percentage of male was (43.34%) while that of their female counter part was (56.66%). Majority (43.33%) of the respondents were between 31 – 40 years’ age bracket and majority (44.44%) are married with majority (37.78%) having 1-5 house hold size. 45.56% of the respondents had secondary education while 2.22% had no formal education and majority (51.11%) are traditional healers. The regression analysis showed significant relationship between age, household size, educational status, occupation and the indigenous and medicinal utilization of African locust bean tree(P<0.05) level of significant. However, it is recommended that sustainability of biological resources should be ensured so that medicinal plants such as Parkia biglobosa do not go into extinction. Also, enforcement of the forestry act with regards to illegal and indiscriminately felling of trees like Parkia biglobosa are highlighted.

Antioxidant potential and free radical scavenging activity of Parkia roxburghii, G. Don, a lesser known leguminous tree from North East India

Total phenolics in extracts of different parts of Parkia roxburghii varied from 80.1 (flowers) to 311.6 mg/ g GAE (Pods) with moderate amounts of flavonoids and high antioxidant activity (50.1–92.4%). The pods of Parkia roxburghii were found to be potent DPPH radical scavengers followed by leaves, seeds and then flowers as evident by their low IC50, EC50 values and reasonably high ARP values (34.5–230.4). The pod and seed extracts exhibited good reducing power expressed as ascorbic acid equivalents (ASE/ ml) and significant protection against DNA damage caused by free radicals too. The extracts of Tree bean studied showed appreciable free radical scavenging activities through inhibition of lipid per oxidation (LPO) measured by ammonium thiocyanate assay, inhibition of hydroxyl radical observed in non-site specific and site specific assays, metal chelating capacity and superoxide radical scavenging activity. In most of the assays, the pod extracts showed higher potency in scavenging of free radicals than quercetin which was used as a standard. The specific phenolic composition of Parkia roxburghii extracts performed through HPLC and LC-MS/MS showed presence of gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid ferulic acid. Low amounts of flavonoids like kaempferol, quercetin, diadzein and genestein were also observed in some parts of the plant. Such scientific evidences in the present investigation on the functional attributes of Parkia roxburghii, a traditional food plant would hold significant importance in genetic diversity studies and also for disease prevention and management through diets.

The Crumbling Backbone of the Savannah Woman: Adjusting to the Declining Shea and Locust Tree Densities in Northern Ghana

Rural women in Northern Ghana depend largely on indigenous forest resources, particularly Shea and locust bean trees as a major source of livelihood support. The fruits of these trees, are so essential to rural livelihoods that their collection and processing, are subjects of intense competition among rural women. Recent studies, however suggest a significant degradation of agroforestry parklands, and the population densities of Shea and locust bean trees. Using a case study approach, and employing participatory tools such as focus group discussions, interviews and structured observations, the study sought to unpack the experiences of rural women on the decline in these tree species, and examine how this new reality affects their major livelihood assets. The study found that, the decline in Shea and locust bean trees, affects the social, human and economic capital of rural women. Exploitation of other environmental resources, the use of improved Shea processing methods, and vegetable farming, were identified as major adaptation strategies among rural women. The study also found evidence of deep-seated historical and socio-economic factors militating against the successful adaptation of rural women. Consequently, the study highlighted the need for micro credit accessibility programmes, and gendered land tenure arrangements to support rural women in Agriculture. Keywords: Agroforestry parklands, Shea trees, Locust trees, Livelihoods, Rural women, Response mechanisms. DOI : 10.7176/JCSD/54-05 Publication date: December 31 st 2019

Response of locust bean tree <i>Parkia biglobosa</i> (Jacq) Benth. explant to growth promoters for micropropagation

Parkia biglobosa, a leguminous savanna species, is a threatened species in some West African countries especially Nigeria, due to deforestation and unsustainable exploitation. To conserve this economically important genetic resource, attempt on its micropropagation was carried out using nodal cuttings of the young stem as the explants. The explants were thoroughly surface sterilized, disinfected and cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium. About three weeks after inoculation, 95% sprouting was recorded. The new spouts were subcultured into MS medium fortified with varied concentrations (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 mg/L) of benzylaminopurine (BAP) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and then transferred to the growth chamber at 27±1oC. The 0.75 mg/L of BAP produced highest shoot elongation of 3.60 cm while 1.0 mg/L caused shrinkage of the explants in relation to the control (0.00 mg/L concentration). Attempt to root the plantlets with the above-stated concentrations of IBA led to callogenesis and the callus mass increased with the increasing concentration of IBA.Keywords: callus induction, explant, micropropagation, Parkia biglobosa

EFFECT OF AGROCLIMATE ON SEED AND SEEDLING TRAITS OF TREE BEAN (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) IN NORTH EAST INDIA

Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr (popularly known as tree bean) is a leguminous tree species found distributed in several South-East Asian countries like Indonesia, Japan, Malayasia, Phillipines, Thailand, Vietname including the mid and foothills of eastern Himalayas. We identified the seed source of this species and grouped them into different agro climatic zones based on moisture index and precipitation. The resultant agroclimatic zones were analysed for significant influences on quantitative traits of seeds and seedlings of P. timoriana and their contribution to germination and growth. Analysis of variance showed significant variation (p humid > subhumid > perhumid. We recommend tree breeders to chose of P. timotiana from arid zone (MI = -20 to -60) for establishing seed orchard for optimum yield. Further, ARCGIS interpolation tool could be of use for predicting better seed source of this species in plantation programmes.

Formulation of White Board Marker Ink Using Locally Sourced Raw Materials

This research work was conducted to demonstrate the mechanism of white board marker ink production using locally sourced raw materials such as charcoal and used lube oil. In the production of the ink, the charcoal served as a pigment, used lube oil served as the primary binder or resin, ethanol served as solvent and gum Arabic served as an additive. The charcoal was obtained from processing of Mango, Oil bean (Ugba) and rubber trees, which were further crushed to their finest particles respectively and the used lube oil was obtained from mechanical engineering servicing unit of automobile engines. The crushed charcoal samples were characterized to determine the physio-chemical properties of some mineral elements such as Ca, Cu, P, K, C, S, N. however the mineral component that controlled the production of this ink was the Carbon content. The different ink samples were formulated in terms of odour, colour, hazardous reaction, pH, density and viscosity and compared with that of international standards. Results obtained showed a good match, indicating the reliability and the quality of the produced white board marker ink. The pH results for Ugba ink = 5.43, Rubber ink = 6.79, and Mango = 7.41. Empirical models were used to predict concentration with that of experimental values, a plot of concentration against time in terms of production yield revealed that the order of magnitude was rubber>Ugba>Mango whereas in terms of penetration and writing ability Ugba>rubber>mango. Furthermore, the research demonstrates the significance of the characteristics of the charcoal and the used lube oil in the quality of the end product. Finally, the research revealed that ink produced from the oil bean (ugba) charcoal and lube oil was best in terms of write-ability and quality in the production of white board marker ink.

Formulation of White Board Marker Ink Using Locally Sourced Raw Materials

This research work was conducted to demonstrate the mechanism of white board marker ink production using locally sourced raw materials such as charcoal and used lube oil. In the production of the ink, the charcoal served as a pigment, used lube oil served as the primary binder or resin, ethanol served as solvent and gum Arabic served as an additive. The charcoal was obtained from processing of Mango, Oil bean (Ugba) and rubber trees, which were further crushed to their finest particles respectively and the used lube oil was obtained from mechanical engineering servicing unit of automobile engines. The crushed charcoal samples were characterized to determine the physio-chemical properties of some mineral elements such as Ca, Cu, P, K, C, S, N. however the mineral component that controlled the production of this ink was the Carbon content. The different ink samples were formulated in terms of odour, colour, hazardous reaction, pH, density and viscosity and compared with that of international standards. Results obtained showed a good match, indicating the reliability and the quality of the produced white board marker ink. The pH results for Ugba ink = 5.43, Rubber ink = 6.79, and Mango = 7.41. Empirical models were used to predict concentration with that of experimental values, a plot of concentration against time in terms of production yield revealed that the order of magnitude was rubber>Ugba>Mango whereas in terms of penetration and writing ability Ugba>rubber>mango. Furthermore, the research demonstrates the significance of the characteristics of the charcoal and the used lube oil in the quality of the end product. Finally, the research revealed that ink produced from the oil bean (ugba) charcoal and lube oil was best in terms of write-ability and quality in the production of white board marker ink.

Identifying Arabica Raw Coffee Bean Varieties through Feature Extraction GLCM and Circularity

The morphology of raw coffee bean which has colour, texture, size and circularity features are used as standardization to calculate the price and the quality of the raw coffee bean. Meanwhile, coffee farmers have difficulties to distinguish the coffee varieties based on the features of raw coffee bean. Generally, the way of the distinguish the varieties of the coffee is through their own visual perception in form of the tree, leaves, and raw coffee bean. They find it difficult to distinguish the coffee varieties due to the similarity of the varieties forms and colours. This research proposes to solve the problem through the image processing method as the second opinion to help the coffee farmers in identifying the coffee varieties. The research is conducted in three steps processes: The first is pre-processing by cropping the image of raw coffee bean. The second is extracting the image feature of raw coffee bean with Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrices (GLCM) and circularity feature. The last is classifying the feature with multilayer perceptron. The results of the image processing method indicate that the accuracy is 90% with sensitivity is 90%, and 90% specific.

Levels of Biologically Active Compounds and some Essential Metal in Parts of African Oil Bean Tree (<i>Pentaclethra macrophylla</i>)

Levels of Biologically Active Compounds and some Essential Metal in Parts of African Oil Bean Tree (<i>Pentaclethra macrophylla</i>)