Treated Cotton Fabrics Research Articles

Alizarin-functionalized organic-inorganic silane coatings for the development of wearable textile sensors

HypothesisThe broad detection properties of alizarin, not only concerning pH variations but also temperature, glucose and health-like relevant cations alterations, make it a molecule of great scientific interest, particularly for developing multifunctional wearable sensors. ExperimentHerein, the alizarin red S dyestuff is bonded with trimethoxy-[3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl]silane, as a sol–gel precursor, to functionalize cotton fabrics. The chemical and structural properties of both plain and silane-functionalized dyestuffs are investigated in solution and solid-state by several chemical-physical characterization techniques. FindingsThe hybrid dyestuff characterization reveals the epoxy ring-opening of the silica precursor, leading to covalent linkages to the sulfonic group of alizarin, which retains its structure during the sol–gel reaction. The silane-functionalized halochromic dyestuff shows similar halochromic behaviour as its pristine solution in the investigated pH range, thus demonstrating a color shift from yellow to red due to the protonation/deprotonation reversible mechanism of the chromophore. The reversibility and repeatability of pH-sensing properties of treated cotton fabrics are confirmed by diffuse reflectance and CIELAB color space characterizations. Cotton fabric functionalized with alizarin-containing sol–gel coating shows excellent durability of halochromic properties, thus emerging as a versatile platform for stimuli-responsive materials.

Exploring the Antifungal Activity and Action of Saussurea costus Root Extracts against Candida albicans and Non-albicans Species.

The isolation and assessment of the active constituents in polar and non-polar crude extracts of Saussurea costus roots as antifungal agents, against Candida albicans and non-C. albicans (NAC) species, was the aim of this current investigation. The SEM “Scanning electron microscopy” imaging provided potential action modes of n-hexane extract (nhhE) toward Candida spp., whereas the TLC-DB “Thin layer chromatography-direct bioautography” was employed for detecting the anticandidal compounds. nhhE had the greatest biocidal activity against all strains and clinical isolates of Candida spp. with maximum zones of inhibition. SEM revealed the occurrence of irregular, dense inclusions of C. albicans cell walls after treatment with nhhE for 12 h. Complete morphological distortions with lysed membranes and deterioration signs appeared in most treated cells of C. parapsilosis. The most effectual compound with anticandidal activity was isolated using TLC-BD and identified as sesquiterpene by GC/MS analysis. The infra-red analysis revealed the presence of lactone ring stretching vibrations at 1766.72 cm−1. The anticandidal activity of nhhE of S. costus roots was confirmed from the results, and the treated cotton fabrics with nhhE of S. costus possessed observable activity against C. albicans. Data could recommend the practical usage of S. costus extracts, particularly nhhE, as influential natural bioactive sources for combating pathogenic Candida spp.

Sustainable application of novel herbs on cotton fabrics as biomordants and colourants

The textile industry is ambitiously parading towards circularity and curtailing its dependency on fossil fuels hence the instigated research that adheres to Sustainable Developmental Goals (SDGs) and benefits the environment and human health alike. The current research experimented with innovative sources of plant-based biomaterials namely dandelion leaves, bilberry leaves, nettle leaves, and violet herb for application on cotton fabric as biomordants and colourants. The AAS analysis of mild 6% herbal solution revealed ferrous content of 6.78 mg/l in violet herb and 5.03 mg/l of the copper content in dandelion leaves applicable on cotton fabrics as biomordants thereby preventing the depletion of copper and ferrous elements mineral ores. A fair lightfastness rating and good to very good wash and rub fastness test results were obtained individually. The maximum K/S value of 13.95 was gained on cotton fabrics treated with a mild herbal infusion of bilberry leaves and coloured with violet herbs. The ATR-FTIR peak analysis noted strong = C-H bend of alkenes, strong C = O stretch of α and β unsaturated esters, and strong C-O stretch of carboxylic acids functional groups in raw herbs and its treated cotton fabrics. The dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), and potential of Hydrogen (pH) values were found in the acceptable range for all the spent solutions left after colouration of cotton fabrics with violet herbs hence sustainable. The data set obtained was statistically validated with ANOVA one-way test. Life cycle analysis and clinical investigation on potential therapeutic benefits of herbal fabrics to the wearer are suggested for future research and development.

Multiwalled-Carbon-Nanotubes (MWCNTs)–GPTMS/Tannic-Acid-Nanocomposite-Coated Cotton Fabric for Sustainable Antibacterial Properties and Electrical Conductivity

We propose a method of crosslinking multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with cotton fabric. 3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy silane (GPTMS) polymer was used for the stabilization and modification of the surfaces of MWCNTs. The presence of tannic acid in the finishing formulation adds a sustainable functionality to the treated surface. The formation of the GPTMS–MWCNTs nanocomposite as well as the MWCNTs–GPTMS tannic-epoxy nanocomposite on the fabric surface was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR). The surface morphology and physical properties were investigated. An assessment of antibacterial activity, UV-protective properties, and electrical conductivity was performed. The post-treatment results of the MWCNTs–GPTMS nanocomposite fabric with tannic acid exhibited superior antibacterial character with the highest inhibition zones for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (26 mm, 24 mm). On the contrary, the electrical conductivity was negatively impacted. The treatment of cotton fabric with tannic acid showed a great UV-protection-factor estimation of 96.2, which was additionally improved by treatment with MWCNTs 152.1. Cotton fabric treated with cotton/GPTMS/tannic acid/MWCNTs as well as cotton/GPTMS/MWCNTs recorded the highest electrical-conductivity properties. Fabrication of MWCNTs–GPTMS/tannic-acid-nanocomposite-coated cotton fabric for durable antibacterial and UV protection with improved electrical and physical properties was successfully achieved.

Durable and high-efficiency casein-derived phosphorus-nitrogen-rich flame retardants for cotton fabrics

A casein derivative (CADP) was synthesized using casein, which is bifunctional containing both –P=O(O−NH4+)2 reactive groups and –P(=O)–O–C– groups, and the durable flame-retardant cotton fabrics were successfully prepared by CADP. The –P=O(O−NH4+)2 reactive groups allowed CADP to be firmly grafted onto cellulose. The –P(=O)–O–C– groups made flame-retardant cotton fabrics more resistant to soaping and improved its durability. The modification by 40% CADP increased the limited oxygen index value of cotton fabric from 17.4 to 41.6%, which maintained at 26.4% after 50 cycles of home machine washes. The results of TG, TG-FTIR, FTIR and SEM indicated that CADP increased the condensed components and decreased the flammable gaseous compounds, resulting the positive effect on char formation of cellulose. The whiteness, softness and tensile strength of cotton fabrics were retained well after modification, and the treated cotton fabrics didn’t have skin irritation.

Sustainable isolation of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.)-based yellow natural colorant for dyeing of bio-mordanted cotton.

Sustainability in the utilization of products in all fields particularly food textiles, solar cells, etc. is of prime concern to the global community. In this study, licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) as a source of herbal-based coloring agent for cotton dyeing has been explored under the influence of ultrasonic (US) waves. Methanolic extract of licorice bark after US treatment for 20min has shown excellent color depth (K/S) onto ultrasonically treated cotton fabric at 65°Cfor 45min. Applying bio-mordants, it has been found that acacia extract (1%), henna (5%), and pomegranate and turmeric extracts (7%) as pre-bio-mordant, whereas acacia, turmeric, and henna extracts (7%) and pomegranate extract (5%) as post-bio-mordants, exhibited superb color strength. Salts of Al (7%) and salts of Fe (3%) as pre chemical mordants, while salts of Al (3%) and salts of Fe (5%) as post chemical mordants, have given good results. Overall, it has been found that salt of Fe (3%) as pre-chemical mordant and extract of turmeric (7%) as post bio-mordant have shown superb color strength. It can be concluded that US treatment being an environmentally safe means has only improved the color strength of colorant onto cotton fabric and the adding of bio-mordants has contrived the method more sustainable.

Waste gelatin based layer by layer assembly for sustainable solution to cotton fabrics flame retardancy

Cotton fabrics are the main textile material in the daily life, but they may threaten people's lives and property when encountering flame due to its flammability. However, traditional halogen-containing flame retardancy strategies were considered owning health risks for human and perceived environmental concerns. In this work, bio-based gelatin extracted from scrap skin in leather processing, which is the component of the carbon source, was utilized for layer-by-layer assembly constructing intumescent flame-retardant coating onto cotton fabrics surface. The flame retardancy of the treated cotton fabrics was significantly improved, as showed by the limited oxygen index values of 28.5 for the cotton fabrics sample with 6 bilayer gelatin/ammonium polyphosphate (GL/APP) coating. Simultaneously, vertical burning test illustrated that the GL/APP coated fabrics exhibited excellent self-extinguishing behavior, and resulting in 63% maximum reduction in peak heat release rate obtained from Micro-scale Combustion Calorimeter tests for C200-6BL sample. These LbL-assembled cotton fabrics also presented excellent breathability and hygroscopicity, and would maintain good perspiration absorption and moisture removal properties in the practical application. Considering their healthy, eco-friendliness, low cost, and excellent flame retardant efficiency, GL/APP coatings can be considered as promising sustainable flame retardant strategy for cotton fabrics.

Antihemorrhagic and Antimicrobial Property of Cotton Fabric Treated with Medicinal Herb Alfalfa

Abstract In this work, medicinal plant alfalfa leaf extract was used as an antihemorrhagic, antimicrobial, and antifungal agent and applied to cotton fabrics. The medicinal herb alfalfa leaf was extracted using the ethanol and methanol solvents in the Soxhlet apparatus. The 50-µL, 100-µL, and 150-µL concentrations of extracted solution were tested against the positive and negative bacteria, namely Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and the yeast fungi. The zone of inhibition was measured in each concentration. The 150-µL extract concentration in methanol extract showed good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus and P. aeruginosa bacteria compared with the ethanol extract. The treated cotton fabrics were assessed for their antimicrobial property, and the zone of inhibition was found to be in the range of 13–15 mm. Then the antihemorrhagic property was assessed in both ethanol extract and methanol extract solution alone. The ethanol extracts showed a minimum time for clotting the blood, i.e., 2.2 min. The treated fabrics were assessed for the time taken to clot blood, and it was found that it took 1.2–1.4 min, which was improved when compared with the normal blood clotting time of 2–2.3 min. Biocompatibility Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) preparation helps us to know the endpoints like hemorrhage, vascularlysis, coagulation, and irritation score of treated and untreated cotton fabric. The test is similar to the effects of the rabbit skin testing treatment, which shows the result of zero value for endpoints. The Medicago sativa herb exhibited good antimicrobial and antihemorrhagic properties for medicinal applications.

Preparation of multiple-reactive-site and flexible crosslinking agent with transaconitic acid and acrylic acid and its application for three-dimensional crosslinking of cellulose

A novel multiple-reactive-site crosslinking agent, P(TAA‒AA), was developed from transaconitic acid and acrylic acid in this study. Cotton fabrics with durable wrinkle-resistant properties were obtained by crosslinking with P(TAA‒AA), which benefited from the multifunctional carboxyl groups of crosslinking agents and the three-dimensional crosslinking inside cotton fibers. The wrinkle-resistant properties of P(TAA‒AA)-modified fabrics were evaluated and compared with those of other polycarboxylic acid-treated fabrics, and the P(TAA‒AA)-modified fabrics showed a wrinkle recovery angle of 262° as high as the 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid-modified fabrics while maintaining nearly two-fold higher tearing strength retention (62.9%), and they showed a much higher value of whiteness index than the citric acid-modified fabrics. This demonstrated that the obtained P(TAA‒AA) is an ideal polycarboxylic acid already known to date simultaneously to realize the high wrinkle recovery angle and high tearing strength retention for treated cotton fabrics. The Raman depth mapping images and the scanning electron microscope images of P(TAA‒AA)-modified samples indicated that P(TAA‒AA) molecules can diffuse into the amorphous regions of the cellulose fibers and form crosslinking bridges between cellulose chains. The multiple reactive carboxyl groups in P(TAA‒AA) may form three or more ester bonds between the P(TAA‒AA) molecule and different cellulose chains, which were regarded as the main contribution to the high crosslinking effectiveness of the P(TAA‒AA)-modified fabrics.

Cationization of TiO2 nanoparticles to develop highly durable multifunctional cotton fabric

The nanomaterials' utilization for the development of multifunctional textiles is offering enormous commercial potential. At one end, conventional materials can be upgraded by nanoparticles' (NPs) application while on the other, entirely different products with totally new multifunctional attributes can be fabricated. Although, nanoengineered products have the potential to modernize industry, but, the immobilization of NPs onto textiles is a difficult task. Though different research efforts have improved the durability of NPs, however, the adequate affinity of NPs have not yet been achieved. For maximum attachment of TiO2 NPs with the textile surface their cationization with trimethyl[3-trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride, afterward, application on cotton fabric by pad-dry-cure method was done. The cationized TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR, TGA and zeta potential. The chemical composition of treated cotton fabric's surface was assessed by FTIR and XPS. While surface morphology and topography were examined by SEM and AFM. The treatment imparted antibacterial activity, chemical self-cleaning, and UV protection to fabric without any significant impact on comfort properties (assessed by KAWABATA evaluation system). Nearly the same results after 20 industrial washing cycles confirmed the durable performance of textile. The One-Way ANOVA; Tukey's honest significance test was used for statistical evaluation of obtained results by using Minitab 18® software.

Smooth appearance analysis of the finished cotton fabric affected by structural parameters based on Hopfield neural network

Cotton as the most important natural fibre is used to produce apparel in clothing industry. The appearance of the cotton garment is an important factor for consumers. Therefore, in textile industry, the cotton fabric is treated with anti-wrinkle finishing material. In this process, the cross-linking is the main parameter that produces the resiliency in the chemical structure of the fiber and gives the crease retention to the cellulosic fabrics. According to this introduction, is the crosslinking unique parameter in the wrinkle resistance appearance of treated cotton fabric or others important parameters related to the fabric structure lead to the wrinkle resistance? Reply of this question is the first novelty of this article. For this purpose, we intend to use a novel tool in computational intelligence to model the wrinkle appearance of the treated and non-treated cotton fabric due to the structural parameters of the fabric. Therefore, the effect of the fiber diameter, yarn twist, fabric thickness and bending length parameters are evaluated experimentally and theoretically on the wrinkle grade of the fabric. In experiments, the mentioned parameters are measured for various provided fabrics. Then wrinkle degree of the samples is ratted according to the light line method. In theoretical study, a new Hopfield neural network model is presented as one of the novelties of this article. Four mentioned parameters are considered as the inputs and the wrinkle degree is obtained as the output of the developed Hopfield NN model. This model approximated a nonlinear function between the output and all four inputs. Simulation and experimental results show the effect of four mentioned inputs on the wrinkle degree of the non-treated cotton samples. Simulation of the treated wrinkle grade shows that the fiber diameter, yarn twist, fabric thickness and bending length parameters affect the wrinkle grade and the crosslinking is not any effect on cotton wrinkle grade. Modeling results show that the proposed Hopfield neural network has high learning capability, fast convergence and accuracy (greater than 98%) and finally negligible error value (smaller than of 1%), so it can be reasonably used in clothing industry.

Chemically modified wool waste keratin for flame retardant cotton finishing

Environmentally friendly flame retardant chemicals are being developed in recent studies as legislation for eco-sustainable textile production becomes more stringent around the world. Utilisation of waste generated by the wool spinning industry is a prime concern with present work. The extraction and modification of keratin from waste wool for flame retardant cotton has not been attempted previously. The research describes a unique method for using chemically modified keratin derived from wool waste as an environmentally acceptable nitrogen/phosphorus containing flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Melamine and sodium pyrophosphate were used as nitrogen and phosphorus sources, respectively, along with glyoxal as a cross-linking agent. The improved thermal stability of modified wool waste keratin and treated cotton fabrics was confirmed by TGA, while structural changes were established by FTIR and XRD analyses. Due to the synergistic impact of nitrogen and phosphorous, the modified wool waste keratin resulted in the formation of a continuous and intact layer of char that confers flame retardancy on treated cotton. The limiting oxygen index of cotton after application of the modified keratin showed a nearly 66.7% increase in flame retardancy compared to untreated cotton. Overall, the findings in the paper show a sustainable approach for the textile industry that combines waste utilisation from one textile sector (minimizing solid waste from the wool industry) with waste management elements to add value to another (multifunctional textile finishing agent for the cotton industry).

A biological reactive flame retardant for flame retardant modification of cotton fabric

A novel, high-efficiency, bio-based flame retardant ammonium salt of arginine hexamethylenephosphonic acid (AAHMPA) for cotton fabric was synthesized and grafted onto the cotton fabric by P–O–C and C–O–C covalent bonds. The flame retardancy and durability of treated cotton were improved obviously. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 35 wt% AAHMPA-treated cotton reached 45.1%, and after 50 laundering cycles (LCs), the LOI value remained at 28.6%. The cone calorimeter, thermogravimetric and vertical flammability test indicated that treated cotton decomposed into phosphoric acid or polyphosphoric acid during combustion, which promoted the thermal degradation and charring of cotton fabrics and hindered the spread of flames. The mechanical properties of treated cotton fibers were slightly reduced. These results confirmed that AAHMPA treated cotton obtained excellent flame retardancy and high durability. • Flame-retardant cotton fabric was prepared by surface modification. • The treated cotton fabric has excellently durable flame retardant. • The flame retardant can form P–O–C and C–O–C covalent bonds with cotton fibers. • The raw materials of flame retardant are naturally-abundant. • Flame retardants will not produce harmful substances during use.

Synthesis of a novel P-N reactive ammonium phosphate-based flame retardant for durable finishing of cotton fabric

Cotton fiber is a very common natural fiber and widely used in many aspects of life, but it is extremely flammable due to its low limiting oxygen index (LOI) of only about 18%. Therefore, it is necessary to impart flame retardancy to cotton fabrics. In this paper, N,N,N′,N′-tetra (2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine (EDTP) was used to synthesize a novel P-N flame retardant (FR-EDTP) by a two-step method. FR-EDTP was then successfully grafted onto cotton fabrics to improve their flame retardancy. The treated cotton fabrics could withstand multiple washing cycles. The structure of the flame retardant was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 31P NMR. The results of FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental analysis confirmed that the flame retardant was successfully combined with cotton fabric. SEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that the flame retardant only slightly damaged to the structure of cotton fabrics. The LOI and the vertical burning tests intuitively showed that the treated cotton had high flame retardancy and washing resistance. The LOI value of cotton fabric treated with 30 wt% FR-EDTP reached 39.7%, and after 50 laundering cycles (LCs), its LOI value remained at 28.2%. Cotton fabric treated with 20 wt% FR-EDTP could still withstand 30 LCs. The vertical burning test indicated that the treated cotton self-extinguished after being ignited and retained an intact carbon frame after combustion. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and cone calorimetry test were used to evaluated the flame retardant property and thermal stability of treated cotton.

Amphiphilic alginate stabilized UV-curable polyurethane acrylate as a surface coating to improve the anti-wrinkle performance of cotton fabrics

In this paper, a reactive amphiphilic alginate was prepared by an Ugi reaction using 4,4′-diaminostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid and its structure was analyzed by FT-IR and 1H NMR measurement. Subsequently, it was utilized as emulsifier to prepare polyurethane acrylate (PUA) emulsion and the colloidal properties including zeta potential, droplet size distribution and stability were evaluated. The results showed that the PUA emulsion by this modified alginate had better colloidal stability than that by original one. Finally, stable PUA emulsion was used for surface treatment of cotton fabrics in a UV curing process to improve their anti-wrinkle performance. By measuring the wrinkle recovery angle, it was found the anti-wrinkle properties of cotton fabrics were significantly improved with the increase in the amount of modified alginate. In addition, this anti-wrinkle finishing method was found to have many advantages such as low temperature, low yellowing as well as high washing resistance.

Locating the Reaction Site of 1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic Acid Carboxyl and Cellulose Hydroxyl in the Esterification Cross-Linking.

The modification of cellulose with polycarboxylic acid is an important technology to functionalize the substrate. 1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) can significantly improve the anti-wrinkle performance of treated cotton fabrics by cross-linking with cellulose. However, the reaction site of BTCA carboxyl and the cellulose hydroxyl has not yet been clarified, which hinders the in-depth understanding about the reaction mechanism and the development of new cross-linking reagents. This study combines Fourier transform infrared and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy to try to make it clear. Results confirmed that BTCA anhydride is an active intermediate (corresponding to the generally accepted theory) to esterify with cellulose hydroxyl, especially the O(6)–H(6) and O(2)–H(2). Cellobiose was taken as a model of cellulose to react with BTCA at variable temperatures, proving the above conclusion. In addition, the C14- or C11-containing carboxyl of BTCA showed a higher reactivity. Based on calculating reaction kinetics and thermodynamics with Gaussian 09W software, the most likely reaction route between BTCA and cellulose was as follows: BTCA → BTCA C5C14 anhydride → C14O15 ester → C14O15 ester C31C34 anhydride → C14O15C33O ester.

Evaluation of the effect of green synthesized silver nanoparticles on dyeing process and in vitro contamination control of Egyptian cotton

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using bark extract of Acacia nilotica as green reducing agent and natural colorant was achieved. Simultaneous dyeing of Egyptian cotton fabric and control of the in vitro contamination of Egyptian cotton culture (var Giza 86) plant were also carried out. Ferric chloride was used as metal mordant in the dyeing process and the color measurements were carried out to evaluate the shade obtained. The dyed fabric was subjected for analysis in terms of K S, CIE L*a*b*, and fastness properties. For assaying the antimicrobial activity, the disk diffusion assay on two model organisms, E. coli (Gram Negative) and Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) were achieved resulting that the treated cotton fabric showed a clear antimicrobial against both model organisms. The treatments of produced AgNPs on cotton not only improve its antimicrobial efficiency but also influenced the tensile strength of the fabric sample positively. The treatment was found to enhance the color depth and fastness properties of dyed cotton fabric samples. Concerning the new application for in vitro control of bacterial and fungal contamination, the synthesized AgNPs was conducted in the sterilization protocol and showed the effective elimination of fungal and bacterial contamination in in vitro cotton var G86, these results provided a new sterilization product to be used for future studies of plant tissue culture.

Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by Hydrothermal Methods and Spectroscopic Investigation of Ultraviolet Radiation Protective Properties

Ultraviolet radiation causes damages to the human body, such as skin ageing, skin cancer, and allergies throughout the world. Applying zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in sunscreen products (like cloths or textiles) to protect human skin by absorbing the ultraviolet radiations that emerged from the sun. The main aim of this study is to investigate both absorbance and transmittance characteristics of the untreated and treated cotton textiles. For ZnO NPs using hydrothermal methods, they were made from Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and NaOH at a constant annealing temperature of 300°C. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to analyze the produced ZnO NPs. From the FT-IR result, ZnO NPs were observed in the region of 400-600 cm-1. Wurtzite hexagonal structure of ZnO NPs with the average crystal size 32 ± 49 nm was observed from XRD results. Flowers in the shape of synthesized ZnO NPs were observed from SEM images. The UV-vis penetration peaks were identified at 264 nm and 376 nm, with energy band gaps of 4.68 and 3.536 eV, respectively. When compared to bulk ZnO, the energy band gap of ZnO NPs was blue-shifted due to the impact of quantum confinement. The peaks in UV-vis absorption were caused by an electronic transition from the valiancy to the conduction bands. The high energy band shows high absorbance of the synthesis sample in the case of 264 nm. The ZnO NPs were manufactured and applied to 100% of raw cotton to impart sunscreen action to both untreated and treated cotton fabrics. The performance of treatment has been evaluated utilizing UV-vis spectroscopy through quantifying ultraviolet protective factors (UPF) and percentage of transmitted (%T) radiations. The treated cotton textiles have 61.50% UPF while 2.65% ultraviolet radiations were transmitted. In other words, untreated cotton textiles have 1.63% UPF while 74.56% ultraviolet radiation was transmitted. Therefore, the treated cotton textiles have excellent protection categories when compared to untreated cotton textiles.

Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activities of Durable Cotton Fabrics Treated with Nanocomposite Based on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, Acyclovir, Nanochitosan, and Clove Oil.

In this study, cotton fabrics based on zinc oxide nanoparticles in situ synthesis, acyclovir, nanochitosan, and clove oil were treated. The treated cotton fabrics were examined by FTIR, HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDAX, and the surface roughness processing of FE-SEM images. The obtained characterization data emphasized the nano-size of nanocomposite with high homogeneity of particles in spherical shape as well as affirmed the deposition of nanocomposite onto the textile fibers with concluded that the deposition of nanocomposite was increased parallel with sonication time. Antimicrobial and antiviral activities of treated cotton fabrics were evaluated. Results revealed that treated cotton fabrics exhibited promising antibacterial activity toward Gram-positive higher than Gram-negative bacteria. Likewise, treated cotton fabrics are still effective as antibacterial after washing for 100 cycles. Moreover, treated cotton fabrics exhibited potential antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus fumigatus. The antiviral activity significantly depended on the type of virus. The treated cotton fabrics showed antiviral activity against tested viral particles (HSV-1, Adeno, and CoxB2) with viral inhibition of 95.9, 76.4, and 86.9% respectively, while in the case of coated cotton textile with acyclovir, it only exhibited viral inhibition of 49.9, 41, and 22.3% respectively.

Fabrication and investigation of multifunctional fluorinated polysiloxane coatings with phenyl as bridging group

AbstractIn this study, we fabricated the multifunctional fluorophenyl polysiloxane coatings with different grafting densities of fluorophenyl groups. The structure and emulsion stability of fluorophenyl polysiloxanes were analyzed by Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectrum, nuclear magnetic resonance, particle size, and zeta potential, and the application performance of fluorophenyl polysiloxanes were investigated. FT‐IR spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy proved the successful application of fluorophenyl polysiloxanes onto cotton fabrics. Afterwards, the liquid repellency, thermal stability, and deepening performance of cotton fabrics treated with fluorophenyl polysiloxane coatings were investigated. Results showed that all the treated cotton fabrics possessed contact angles greater than 110°, and cotton fabrics treated with FPPS‐23 (fluorophenyl polysiloxane with 23% theoretical fluorine content) obtained the best thermal stability. Additionally, the blue cotton fabric and orange cotton fabric treated with FPPS‐23 had the best deepening performance with K/S values as 27.23 and 20.56, which increased by 34.20% and 16.82%, respectively.