Transportation In Turkey Research Articles

KALKINMA PLANLARI EKSENİNDE TÜRKİYE’DE KARAYOLU ULAŞIMINDA GÖRÜLEN GELİŞMELER (1963 – 2023)

Ulaşım sistemleri sanayi, tarım, ticaret, turizm vb. ekonomik faaliyetleri geliştiren önemli bir unsurdur. Bu nedenle ülkeler sosyal ve ekonomik kalkınmayı sağlamak amacıyla ulaşım sistemlerinin gelişimine özel önem verirler. Ülkemizde II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra bilinçli bir şekilde karayolu ulaşımının gelişimi tercih edilmiştir. Planlı kalkınmanın başladığı 1960 yılından günümüze kadar uygulanan ulaşım politikalarında karayoluna bütçeden ve yatırımlardan ayrılan pay diğer ulaşım türlerine göre daha fazla olmuştur. Bunun sonucunda karayolunun yolcu ve yük taşımacılığındaki payı giderek artmış ve ülkenin ana ulaşım unsuru haline gelmiştir. Karayolu ulaşımında ortaya konan hedefler ve çalışmalar dönemsel farklılık göstermiş ve bu durum kalkınma planlarına yansımıştır. Bu çalışmada karayolu ulaşımında görülen gelişmeler ilki 1963 yılında uygulamaya konulan toplam on bir kalkınma planı perspektifinden belirli dönemler halinde incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular ışığında Türkiye’de ilk dönem karayolu altyapısının geliştirilmesi hedeflenirken sonraki dönemlerde yerel ve ulusal ölçekte otoyol projelerine önem verilmiştir. Uygulanan bu karayolu ağırlıklı ulaşım politikalarının ekonomik ve sosyal açıdan bir takım yararları görülse de Türkiye gibi enerji konusunda dışa bağımlı olan bir ülke için bazı ekonomik sonuçları da mevcuttur.

Estimation of economic costs of air pollution from road vehicle transportation in Turkey

Valuation of the economic, social and environmental impacts of air pollution has become crucial for the benefit-cost analysis of pollution restriction strategies, which serve as a foundation for establishing priorities for action. This paper focuses on the estimation of total external costs caused by road transport-related air pollutants using an integrated evaluation methodology combining air quality modelling, engineering science and economics. The results showed that total external costs of air pollution in Turkey in 2018 ranges between 37,500 euro that is computed for CO emissions and 2,686 million euro computed as an upper limit for NOx emissions. Regarding the social costs of CO2 emissions, the values range between 31 million euro and 1,427 million euro, the former represents the low value estimate while the latter is the high value estimate. The findings indicate that the impact of emissions from road transport on environment and society can be substantial in Turkey. Therefore, some regulations are necessary to reduce transport emissions and to sustain socio-economic welfare.

Supporting rail freight services in Turkey: Private sector perspectives on logistics connectivity issues

This study explores the current status of rail freight transportation in Turkey, which, despite having once been a dominant mode of land transport, has experienced a substantial decline in its market share. The main aim of this study is to analyse and mitigate the causes that have contributed to the decline in the competitiveness of rail freight. Additionally, this research aims to provide practical solutions for revitalizing the rail freight industry. To achieve this, the research employs a multifaceted approach, involving structured interviews with logistics professionals and industry experts in Turkey, coupled with comprehensive case studies of successful rail initiatives. These methods provide a comprehensive assessment of the current landscape and identify viable strategies for enhancing rail freight competitiveness. The key findings underscore the urgent need for reforms in Turkey's railway sector, emphasizing the importance of improved investment planning, efficient use of rolling stock resources, and the reinforcement of Turkish State Railways' (TCDD) market position. This study concludes that continuous investigation and flexible policy adjustments are essential in order to address issues and ensure the revitalization and growth of the sector. Consequently, this research lays the foundation for future, in-depth examinations and policy refinements, offering valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in Turkey's evolving transport landscape.

Creation of carbon footprint originating from road transportation in Turkey and digital mapping of it

In this study, the carbon footprint created by the greenhouse gases originating from road transportation in Turkey was calculated. In emission calculations, the methodology recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and determined by the tier-1 and tier-2 approaches was used. As a result of the study, it was observed that the CO2 emission, which was 95,689 GgCO2 in 2018 according to the tier 1 method, decreased to 92,424 GgCO2 in 2020, and the CO2 emission, which was 417,359 GgCO2 in 2018 in the tier-2 method, decreased to 404,631 GgCO2 in 2020. Among the fuels used, it was determined that the diesel fuel type had the highest CO2 emission in both methods. Among the provinces, it was determined that Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir have the highest CO2 emissions, respectively. CO2 emissions were calculated for each province and presented visually on maps prepared using the ARCGIS method.

Creation of carbon footprint originating from road transportation in Turkey and digital mapping of it

Creation of carbon footprint originating from road transportation in Turkey and digital mapping of it

A Case Study Of Examining The Relationships Between Maritime Foreign Trade, GDP, And The Construction In Turkey

Although there are many types of transportation used in foreign trade, maritime transportation is great importance. In the globalizing world, the foreign trades between countries have started to become more common and maritime transport has become one of the main actors. Transportation demand increases in this area even more the fact that it is a cheaper, reliable and environmentally friendly. However, economic crises in the world and increases in sea freight prices can affect maritime transport. This situation can affect not only maritime transport but also the economic situation of countries. The aim of this study is to examine the relations between gross domestic product (GDP) and maritime exports, maritime imports and the construction sector (which is one of the most important economic dynamics of the country), due to the decline in maritime transport in Turkey in recent years. The data for the last years used in the research were obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI). The stationarity levels of the data were analyzed with unit root statistics tests. Since all series are stationary at I(1) level, Granger causality method is preferred. As a result, GDP is the Granger cause of maritime exports, maritime imports and the construction industry but no correlation could be established between maritime imports with other data. Also, the construction industry is the Granger cause of maritime exports.

Contagious effect of COVID-19 Pandemic by High Speed Train Transportation in Turkey

The transportation sector was affected by the covid 19 pandemic all over the world. In this study, the relationship between the passenger density at high-speed train points and the spread of the covid 19 epidemic was examined. In addition, the temporal situation of the pandemic was examined by evaluating based on a year and month. In this context, high-speed train passenger movement is mathematically modelled using regression analysis. Strong relation between number of patient and number of passenger. As a result, it was observed that the number of patients increased as the number of passengers increased. In order to limit the epidemic, it may be recommended to increase measures especially in transportation centres.

An Analysis of the Turkish Railway Transport by Comparison with European Countries

The fact that transportation infrastructure has a great impact on economic development reveals the necessity of more economical, comfortable, and environmentally friendly transportation between transportation systems. With the rapid development of technology, the importance of the railway transportation system, which can carry high-capacity, economical and safe cargo, in the transportation sector is increasing. Although railway transportation has been used for many years in our country, it is not at the desired level in terms of both freight and passenger transportation. For a more balanced and systematic distribution of transportation infrastructure, transportation systems should be analyzed. In this study, the development of railway transport in Turkey, its ratio among other types in terms of freight and passenger transport, and its status in railway transport compared to European countries have been analyzed. In line with this information, the deficiencies in rail transport and the investments that need to be made have been determined.

Determining Maritime Health Online Training Needs for Seafarers and Doctors in Maritime Transportation

After the liberalization of the air transportation sector in 2003, we investigate the factors affecting the preference of air transportation as a mode of transportation and the changes in the air transportation preferences of the Turkish households over the years. For this purpose, we analyze the micro datasets of the household budget surveys using logistic regression and decision tree methods. We find that the most critical factors affecting the air transportation preference of the households for the 2003-2017 period are the income level and the occupation of the household head. The fuel expenditures and the existence of transportation subsidies reduce the air transportation preference of the households. In addition, since 2003, there has been a significant increase in the rate of households preferring air transportation in Turkey. So much so that air transportation is the only mode of transportation that has risen over time. A remarkable finding is that air expenditure of the low-income group is not observed in the 2003 survey, whereas it was a small amount in 2017. The literature on transportation preferences is generally based on primary survey data. This study contributes to the literature as it is applied to a relatively large sample of household micro datasets.

The Liberalization Effect on Air Transport Expenditure Choices of Turkish Households: The Perspective of Micro Data Analysis

After the liberalization of the air transportation sector in 2003, we investigate the factors affecting the preference of air transportation as a mode of transportation and the changes in the air transportation preferences of the Turkish households over the years. For this purpose, we analyze the micro datasets of the household budget surveys using logistic regression and decision tree methods. We find that the most critical factors affecting the air transportation preference of the households for the 2003-2017 period are the income level and the occupation of the household head. The fuel expenditures and the existence of transportation subsidies reduce the air transportation preference of the households. In addition, since 2003, there has been a significant increase in the rate of households preferring air transportation in Turkey. So much so that air transportation is the only mode of transportation that has risen over time. A remarkable finding is that air expenditure of the low-income group is not observed in the 2003 survey, whereas it was a small amount in 2017. The literature on transportation preferences is generally based on primary survey data. This study contributes to the literature as it is applied to a relatively large sample of household micro datasets.

Risks in Road Transportation of Sport Horses: the Case of Turkey

Horses are transported more frequently than any other animals (European Commission, 2002), but lack of education and knowledge in and control over their transportation leads to consequences harmful for the development and expansion of the industry. This study investigates the risks of horse transportation and aims to improve risk mitigation by proposing procedures and control systems. This study focuses particularly on racehorses and showjumping horses, considering their volume and the value of the equestrian market. Employing multi-method research, we aim to investigate the risks involved in horse transportation in Turkey and contribute to the related literature by creating a holistic approach with multiple parties involved in the industry. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with coaches, riders, grooms, drivers, a veterinarian, and a company owner in three cities of Turkey. The data revealed seven risk categories in horse road transportation: employee expertise, insurance issuance, horse health and safety, industry qualification, infrastructure, transportation planning, and vehicle design.

Risks in Road Transportation of Sport Horses: the Case of Turkey

Horses are transported more frequently than any other animals (European Commission, 2002), but lack of education and knowledge in and control over their transportation leads to consequences harmful for the development and expansion of the industry. This study investigates the risks of horse transportation and aims to improve risk mitigation by proposing procedures and control systems. This study focuses particularly on racehorses and showjumping horses, considering their volume and the value of the equestrian market. Employing multi-method research, we aim to investigate the risks involved in horse transportation in Turkey and contribute to the related literature by creating a holistic approach with multiple parties involved in the industry. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with coaches, riders, grooms, drivers, a veterinarian, and a company owner in three cities of Turkey. The data revealed seven risk categories in horse road transportation: employee expertise, insurance issuance, horse health and safety, industry qualification, infrastructure, transportation planning, and vehicle design.

Turkey as a Transport Hub: a Vision Strategy for Integrating Regional Infrastructures and Services

Surrounded by seas on three sides, Turkey wants to connect different seas and coastal regions by land transport corridors. Moreover, Turkey pretends to connect the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and also Arctic Oceans by various transport corridors, which may referred to China, the EU, India and Russia accordingly. Thus, Turkey's transport strategy has 3 levels: national, regional and international. The research objective is to reveal Turkey's prospects of becoming a transport hub, to analyze Turkey's geographical location, the favorable circumstances and obstacles, the positions of the Turkish leadership and regional and extra-regional actors. We conclude that Turkey has glimmering chances to become a transport hub both in the West-East and North-South directions, and even in their various branches. Becoming a transport hub is very important from Turkey's point of view to be included in the top ten economically leading countries․ Likewise, it full compliances with Turkey's current ambitions։ Turkey is already a regional superpower with global ambitions, and in the long-term perspective it aspires to become a global player. The topic is actual for Armenia, as it directly refers on it․ The aspiration of Turkey to become a transport hub can also put Armenia on the world transport map, turning it into a transport hub as well, at least in the East-West (China-Europe) direction.

A comparative bus selection for intercity transportation with an integrated PIPRECIA & COPRAS-G

The selection of buses for intercity transportation takes an important place for each stakeholder. Since this selection problem may contain many conflicting criteria and many alternatives, it should be considered a multi-criteria decision-making problem (MCDM). In this study, three brands of bus manufacturer preferred in Turkey are evaluated in terms of ten different criteria by considering both bus drivers' and bus owners' preferences as an MCDM problem. The PIPRECIA method is used to calculate criterion weights, and COPRAS-G is used to rank bus brands. The study was conducted separately for two bus drivers and two bus owners in order to reveal whether there is a preference difference. According to the preferences of bus owners, Maximum Torq is found out as the first criterion with the highest weight (0.153) while for bus drivers, the first criterion is Common Spare Parts with 0.1172 weight. Although the importance levels of the criteria differ according to the results obtained in the criterion evaluation stage, it has been concluded that the rankings of the brands do not make a difference in terms of the evaluation of bus drivers and owners. As a result, the rankings of bus manufacturers are obtained as Mercedes-Benz Travego, Man Lions Coach, Temsa Maraton model respectively. From a general point of view, this study will attract attention in revealing the stakeholder perception among the alternatives in the passenger bus market used in intercity transportation in Turkey from both the bus owner's and the driver's point of view.

EXPLORING THE DYNAMIC SPILLOVER EFFECTS BETWEEN AIR TRANSPORTATION AND DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS IN TURKEY

Purpose: This study presents the relationship between air transportation and development indicators in Turkey covering the period from 1970 to 2017. The transportation sector tends to expand significantly in the 21st century compared to previous years. Nowadays, there are various transportation methods, especially by air, land, sea, railway, and pipeline. Although the reasons for being preferred in this sector where goods and services and passenger transportation are different, air transportation has come to the fore as the fastest and safest method.
 Method/Design/Methodology/Approach: While air transportation depends on the economic level, it also has effects on development. In this context the objectives are twofold: the paper (i) investigates the relationship between air transportation measures and a wide variety of development indicators, and (ii) incorporates an empirical framework based on the dynamic connectedness approach. This method supplies net, pairwise, and total connectedness parameters, which form integral parts of a relational network among variables.
 Findings: According to empirical findings, air passenger transportation, life expectancy, and infant mortality are net transmitters, where air freight transportation and other development indicators (urbanization, human capital index, CO2 emissions, and GDP per capita) are net receivers.
 Originality: The results obtained by the dynamic connectedness method differ from conventional methods in the plane of creating a relationship network within the variables. Through this paper, the relations between development indicators and air transportation in Turkey have been uncovered under the terms of the contribution to the literature, were revealed as part of a network system.

Ulaştırma Enerji Talebinin Yapay Sinir Ağları ile Modellenmesi

Energy demands of countries are changing rapidly in parallel with development, industrialization, urbanization, the spread of technology, prosperity, and population growth. Energy use in the transport sector in the last few years, Turkey has shown a significant increase. Therefore, energy management and predicting are critically important to environmental safety and the upcoming economic well-being. In recent years, studies to determine the energy demand have accelerated. In Addition, in order to estimate the demand levels in the most accurate way, the most appropriate model should be selected. In this study, different models for predicting Turkey's transport energy demand by using artificial neural networks have been established. Population, oil prices, gross domestic product, ton-km, vehicle-km, and passenger-km are selected as parameters by considering 1975 and 2016 data. The best model is tried to be obtained with the models in which different parameters are used together. The best model was established with the oil price, population, ton-km and it was determined that this model had the lowest error and highest R2 values.

DETERMINING THE MARITIME TRANSPORTATION POLICY OF TURKEY

Maritime transportation, Turkey’s position in the sector and determining Turkey’s maritime transportation policy with the help of SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) - AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) integrated method is researched within all details. First of all, the maritime transportation and the position of Turkey in maritime transportation are indicated briefly. The progress and the position of maritime transportation in the world and the status of the maritime transportation in Turkey are all examined. Secondly, the method of the research is shown and SWOT - AHP integrated method is explained. After that, SWOT - AHP method has been performed to select the best alternative. Finally; it has been discovered that SO (using strengths to catch opportunities) is the best alternative that can determine Turkey’s maritime transportation policy rather than WO (using opportunities to avoid weaknesses), ST (using strengths to avoid threats) and WT (realizing weaknesses to avoid threats).

Energy Transition and Sustainable Road Transportation in Turkey: Multiple Policy Challenges for Inclusive Change

This paper aims to explore energy insecurity in Turkey at the intersection of environmental sustainability, human security and justice vis-à-vis growing energy demand coupled with greenhouse gas emissions coming from the transport sector. High dependence on fossil fuel imports creates bottlenecks for the economy and require urgent shift to renewable energy sources. Prospects for renewable energy transition are analyzed based on focusing on total final energy consumption by energy and transport sector as well as greenhouse gas emissions. In order to propose holistic clarifications to the triangular problem of high fossil fuel dependence, energy demand increase and greenhouse gas mitigation, sustainable energy transition in road transport is put forward. It is justified based on the share of greenhouse gas emissions originating from road transport sector and high taxation levels that create extra burden on private consumers. Energy transition is conceptualized with the theoretical offerings of sustainability transition literature that point out to socio-technical processes, hence the societal, technological as well as external structural contexts of change. Upon this background, this policy and practice review outlines the current policy instruments in order to highlight the mismatch between policy and practices for just energy transition in conjunction with sustainable mobility in Turkey.

Influence of COVID-19 on air pollution caused by commercial flights in Turkey

ABSTRACT The present research addresses the influence of COVID-19 on the amount of air pollutants induced by commercial air transport in Turkey. The data sets were obtained from the General Directorate of State Airports Authority (GDSA), the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and Turkish Airlines (THY). Since the pandemic became a serious issue for Turkey in March, 2020, the period from March until August 2020 is considered as being the pandemic period for the purpose of calculations. Comparisons were added to computations starting from January 2017. The percentage changes in the total pollutant amount on a monthly basis, induced by domestic flights in 2020 for the months of March, April, May, June, July and August were calculated to be −42.78%, −99.76%, −99.61, −73.27, −49.66% and −36.66%, respectively. Compared to the total amount of emissions of domestic traffic, the total amount of pollutants for international traffic did not increase in July and August. The increase in traffic on domestic flights in July and August 2020, along with the increase in demand for the tourism sector, did not reflect the same on international routes. The fact that part of the data obtained during the study is based on real evidence, and that some of it gives an average result through assumptions, indicates a serious decrease in the amount of pollutants as an undeniable fact.

COVID-19 pandemisinin Türkiye havayolu ulaşımına etkisi

Havayolu ulaşımı, Covid-19 Pandemi sürecinde ilk kez küresel ölçekte neredeyse bütünüyle durma noktasına gelmiştir. Temel amacı, Covid-19 Pandemisinin Türkiye’de havayolu ulaşımı üzerindeki etkilerini analiz etmek olan bu çalışma, veri değerlendirme eksenli olarak yapılandırılmıştır. Çalışmanın temel veri setini, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) yıllık havayolu ulaşım verileri ile Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmesi (DHMİ) tarafından üretilen aylık havayolu ulaşım verileri oluşturmaktadır. 2020 Ocak-Ağustos döneminde toplam yolcu taşımalarında önceki yılın aynı dönemine göre %62,8’lik bir düşüş meydana gelirken, yük taşımalarında ise toplam %45,4 gerileme ortaya çıkmıştır. Türkiye’de 2019 yılında en fazla taşıma gerçekleştirilen ilk 10 havalimanı esas alındığında, 2020 yılı Ağustos sonunda 2019 yılının aynı dönemine göre toplam yolcu ulaşımında en fazla oransal düşüşün Antalya Havalimanında olduğu (%80,1), yük taşımacılığında da yine en yüksek oranda gerilemenin Antalya havalimanında yaşandığı anlaşılmaktadır (%80,5). Pandemi nedeniyle Dünya genelinde 2020 yılı boyunca önceki yıla göre taşınan yolcu sayısında %53-60 arasında bir azalmanın olacağı öngörülmekte, mevcut veriler benzer bir durumun Türkiye’de de yaşanacağını göstermektedir. Yine Pandeminin 2020 yılı sonu itibariyle havayolu ulaşımında 352-390 milyar dolar arasında bir kayba neden olacağı öngörülmektedir. Pandeminin Türkiye’de de, 2019 yılı verilerine göre 205 bin olan havayolu istihdamını olumsuzetkilemesi beklenmektedir.