Transportation In Turkey Research Articles

ISPARTA SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL HAVALİMANINDA TİCARİ UÇUŞLAR KAYNAKLI EGZOZ EMİSYONLARININ ÇEVRESEL ETKİLERİ VE MALİYET DEĞERLENDİRMESİ

Airway is one of the widely preferred transportation in Turkey since investment in the sector in the last decade. Increase in interest to airway causes more energy consumption and emissions. Thus evaluation of air transportation induced emissions draws attention of researchers. In this framework the current paper discusses environmental and economic evaluation of emissions from aircraft in Isparta Süleyman Demirel Airport in 2018. At the end of the study March month of the year is determined to be the period that environmental impact and environmental cost reach peak point.

Factors Affecting the Capacity Utilization of Road Freight Transport in Turkey

Road freight accounts for the 89% of the inland freight transportation in Turkey. This study examined the factors affecting capacity utilization in Turkey with a specific focus on load factors and empty running. These two decisions, the load factor and the choice of running empty, are modelled jointly in a Heckman model. The model results showed that rigid and articulated trucks represent relatively different transport markets. Their age and the distance profile of the shipments affect the load factor and the probability of running empty. These effects are further examined for different commodity types and by testing different econometric specifications.

Analysis of modal shift potential towards intermodal transportation in short-distance inland container transport

This study investigated modal shift potential in short-distance inland container transport by considering behavioral aspects of inland container transportation mode choice using the stated choice experiment technique. This was applied to one short-distance inland container transportation corridor in Turkey between Denizli region and the seaports of Izmir. The stated choice experiment in this study included two alternatives, intermodal-rail and road transport, as they are the two inland transportation modes available in this transport corridor. These transportation modes were described by five attributes: transportation cost, transit time, delay percentage, frequency and free time. Estimation results show that all five attributes are statistically significant, however, transit time is only statistically significant in the estimations of mixed logit models with random transit time coefficient indicating the preference heterogeneity of the respondents towards the transit time. The elasticities indicate that the transportation cost attribute has the biggest impact on mode choice and the modal shift is more sensitive to the road transport costs than the transportation cost of intermodal rail. The simulations showed that the most effective policy for modal shift towards intermodal rail in the investigated corridor is doubling the train frequency and reducing transit time 50% depending on the increased frequency. The outcomes and methodological approach of the study can provide a framework for developing effective modal shift policies to reduce the high road dependency of inland container transportation in Turkey and other countries. The case-specific approach can also help to identify modal shift policies and practices tailored to the characteristics of applied transportation corridors.

A Dynamic Panel Data Approach for the Analysis of the Growth Impact of Highway Infrastructures on Economic Development

Turkey is a developing country where the transportation sector receives a considerable economic share. Roads are the pioneer mode of transportation in Turkey and the common opinion is that increasing highway networks lead to major changes in economic development. This paper focuses on the growth impact of highway infrastructure on economic development and recommends a dynamic panel data approach which is not common in the transportation economics literature. This model is applied to local regions that are located in the eastern and northern parts of Turkey to measure the effects of highway capital stocks on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) change between 2004 and 2016. The analysis reveals that the relationship between GDP and highway capital stock is positive, and statistically significant for local regions in Turkey. It is indicated that the findings of this paper can be a guide for policy and decision-makers and implemented into different regions and locations.

Toplu Taşımada Akıllı Ulaşım Sistemlerinin Kullanımı: Türkiye’de Belediyelerin Sunduğu Hizmetlerin Değerlendirilmesi

<p class="ql-align-justify">Advancement in information and communication technologies has considerably affected the economy, socio-cultural structure and administrative dynamics of the cities we live in. In this context, the existence of an innovative, technology- and data-based transportation system should be considered within the scope of sustainability in order to increase the mobility of cities. In this context, Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) provides a systematic approach to regulating, managing and directing transportation and related factors (vehicles, infrastructure, users and decision makers) with the help of information and communication systems. ITS, which generally consists of many sub- systems, affects our lives in many areas from passenger information systems to travel planning, dynamic junction control to fleet management. The main objective of the ITS is to alleviate the burden of both users (drivers, passengers, pedestrians) and decision-makers to improve the economic, environmental and social impacts of transportation. In this study, ITS applications in public transportation in Turkey are assessed based on the National Intelligent Transportation Systems Strategy Document prepared by the Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure (UAB) in 2014. A total of 81 municipalities, 30 of which are metropolitan, have been evaluated in terms of traffic management, passenger information, accessibility and mobile applications. When the results are examined, it is seen that the majority of municipalities have sufficient infrastructure and provide services in terms of passenger information and electronic payment systems. On the other hand, although some municipalities have effective applications in terms of accessibility and mobile applications, they are generally open to development.&nbsp;

Determining the Maritime Transportation Policy of Turkey

Maritime transportation, Turkey’s position in the sector and determining Turkey’s maritime transportation policy with the help of SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) - AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) integrated method is researched within all details. First of all, the maritime transportation and the position of Turkey in maritime transportation are indicated briefly. The progress and the position of maritime transportation in the world and the status of the maritime transportation in Turkey are all examined. Secondly, the method of the research is shown and SWOT - AHP integrated method is explained. After that, SWOT - AHP method has been performed to select the best alternative. Finally; it has been discovered that SO (using strengths to catch opportunities) is the best alternative that can determine Turkey’s maritime transportation policy rather than WO (using opportunities to avoid weaknesses), ST (using strengths to avoid threats) and WT (realizing weaknesses to avoid threats).

Assessing the Environmental Benefits of Dry Port Usage: A Case of Inland Container Transport in Turkey

Inland transportation of maritime freight conducted by trucks creates extensive emissions. These emissions can be mitigated by using intermodal-rail transport through dry ports. In that regard, this study evaluated the environmental benefits of dry port usage by using discrete event simulation modelling. The results show that the current level of dry port-based intermodal transportation decreases greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 5.79% compared to transportation of all containers on the road. Evaluating the impact of the electrified railway line on the GHG emissions revealed unexpected results; the electrification of the railway line would decrease GHG emissions only by 0.06%. The improvements in empty container movement and scheduling slightly reduced GHG emissions by 0.69% and 0.63% respectively, however, highest GHG emissions reduction resulted from modal shift by 6.56%. This study extended the previous literature by assessing not only the environmental benefits of dry port usage but also its effects on train capacity usage, while taking the empty container movement into account.

A Forecasting Study on Air Transportation in Turkey

Planlama ve kontrol işlemlerinde tahminleme önemli bir araçtır. Gelecekteki belirsizliklerin aydınlanması, değerlendirilmesi, önlemlerin alınması açısından tahmin yani öngörü, kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Özellikle hava taşımacılığı gibi sürekli büyüyen bir sektörde de gelecek için öngörünün yapılarak planlamanın gerçekleştirilmesi her açıdan önemlidir. Bu nedenle öncelikle Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmesi (DHMİ)’nin Türkiye genelindeki havalimanları için yayımladığı istatistikler doğrultusunda 2002-2017 yıllarına ait iç hat, dış hat ve toplam olmak üzere uçak, yolcu ve yük trafiğinden oluşan bir veri seti hazırlanmıştır. Bu veri seti yardımıyla çalışmada, hızla büyüyen hava taşımacılığı için 2018-2023 yılları arasındaki uçak, yolcu ve yük trafik sayılarının eğri uydurma yöntemi kullanılarak tahmin edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Elde edilen tahmin sonuçları 2019 ve 2020 yılları için DHMİ’nin tahminleri ile karşılaştırılmış ve sonuçların birbirine yakın olduğu gözlenmiştir.

Investigations of a Southerly Non-Convective High Wind Event in Turkey and Effects on PM10 Values: A Case Study on April 18, 2012

On 18 April 2012, a cyclone originating in the Central Mediterranean caused a southerly non-convective high wind event, gusts ≥ 50 kn and not associated with thunderstorms, in the western and interior regions of Turkey. Dust events occurred because of dust plumes that rose from the Sahara Desert and from the interior regions of Turkey. The particle matter profile (PM10) on 18 April 2012 was the result of dust transport that appeared in conjunction with a non-convective high wind event, which is investigated in this study. The main objective of this research is to describe the conditions that prevailed before or during the event that occurred over airports and the long-range (intercontinental) trans-boundary transport of PM10 in Turkey. The dust transport trajectories were adjusted to determine the trajectories of long-range dust particles and/or dust particles that moved from interior regions of Turkey using the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and by calculating the backward trajectories of airports that experienced dust occurrences. Furthermore, dust RGB and MODIS satellite pictures, CALIPSO images, BSC-DREAM8b outputs, Global Forecast System analysis outputs, and surface chart analysis outputs were used for various analyses. On 18 April 2012, Turkey’s largest average hourly value of PM10 was observed to be 844 µg/m3 at Kayseri 1 Air Quality Observation Station. Consequently, it was concluded that the Sahara Desert is the main source of dust transport in Turkey.

Analysis of the Determinant Factors of the Historical Development of Air Transport: An Empirical Application to Turkey

Abstract The aim of this study was to empirically examine the development of air transport in Turkey in the period between 1980 and 2015. The study intended, within its scope, to determine the developments experienced in air transport in Turkey and the probable causes of the structural changes. Moreover, it was aimed at highlighting the years in which the structural changes in air transport were realized. In line with this objective, the one-break Zivot Anderews (1992) unit root test, the two-break Clemente-Montañés-Reyes (1998) unit root test, and the one-break and two-break LM were applied to the domestic and international air transport data of the 1980-2015 period. The results of the study show that there were substantial economic and political developments both at home and abroad in the years that the significant structural breaks that affect air transport took place.

Cost evaluation of two potential nuclear power plants for hydrogen production

Hydrogen is recognized as one of the most promising alternative fuels to meet the energy demand for the future by providing a carbon-free solution. In regards to hydrogen production, there has been increasing interest to develop, innovate and commercialize more efficient, effective and economic methods, systems and applications. Nuclear based hydrogen production options through electrolysis and thermochemical cycles appear to be potentially attractive and sustainable for the expanding hydrogen sector. In the current study, two potential nuclear power plants, which are planned to be built in Akkuyu and Sinop in Turkey, are evaluated for hydrogen production scenarios and cost aspects. These two plants will employ the pressurized water reactors with the electricity production capacities of 4800 MW (consisting of 4 units of 1200 MW) for Akkuyu nuclear power plant and 4480 MW (consisting of 4 units of 1120 MW) for Sinop nuclear power plant. Each of these plants are expected to cost about 20 billion US dollars. In the present study, these two plants are considered for hydrogen production and their cost evaluations by employing the special software entitled “Hydrogen Economic Evaluation Program (HEEP)” developed by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) which includes numerous options for hydrogen generation, storage and transportation. The costs of capital, fuel, electricity, decommissioning and consumables are calculated and evaluated in detail for hydrogen generation, storage and transportation in Turkey. The results show that the amount of hydrogen cost varies from 3.18 $/kg H2 to 6.17 $/kg H2.

Aerosol contributions at an urban background site in Eastern Mediterranean – Potential source regions of PAHs in PM10 mass

In this paper, two backward air mass trajectory-based models (Potential Source Contribution Function [PSCF] and Concentration Weighted Trajectory [CWT]) were combined, aiming to identify sources and factors defining the load of PM in the city of Limassol (Cyprus). The study also focused on the determination of atmospheric pathways enriching the aerosol phase of four carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), Benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), Benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) and Benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), in PM10 mass. The analysis was performed on a 0.5°·0.5° resolution grid for the two-year period 2011–2012. During cold seasons, regional airflows triggered the accumulation of locally produced PM2.5, while the impact of dust plumes originated from deserts in NE Africa, Syria and the Middle East, was apparent on PM2.5 and principally on PMCOARSE levels. On the contrary, within warm seasons, weaker dust PMCOARSE contributions were detected in Limassol from areas in Egypt and Libya. Raised particulate-phase PAH concentrations in Limassol were clearly related to air parcels reaching Cyprus via continental areas. The use of outdated technologies for heating and transportation in Turkey and Syria, and fire events in central Turkey, are possible sources of exogenous PAHs throughout cold and warm period respectively. The influence of clean marine air masses dropped the levels of PAH compounds in all seasons.

A New Approach to Sea Transportation

This study has been conducted to detect the strengths and the improvement requiring areas of sea transportation in Turkey via SWOT analysis, and the opportunities this sector brings to Turkey and the threats that might appear have been put forward in several aspects. When the necessary advances have been made considering the outcomes of this study, it can be foreseen that Turkish navigation can make a swift progress and assume its place in the top 5 mercantile fleets of the World Trade Fleet. Moreover, this new approach that can be developed through the example of Turkey, especially in the context of SWOT analysis methodology, can get to be seen as a role model before the other developing countries.Sea transportation is not merely a transportation sector. Along with goods and human transportation, ship building industry, port services, sea insurance and sea tourism are among the many naval activities. Because of all these, sea transportation has a significant place in international trade. The overall commercial value of world trade mounting up to 15 trillion US dollars, 9 trillion dollars of this has been conducted via sea transportation. In other words, 60 percent of world commerce has been done through sea transportation (GISBIR, 2013). Furthermore, the volume of the dry bulk market via sea transportation is expected to grow by 6 percent between the years 2014 and 2018 (GISBIR, 2013).

City logistics: problems and recovery proposals

The city logistics is the multidisciplinary science that makes a bridge between both urban freight transportation and sustainability of the cities. It has also focused on various subject matters such as populations, facilities, traffics and logistics activities. If all this dynamic criteria consider, different logistics scheme must be prepared for each city. Cities have to be handled and analysed individually according to their own characteristics. In order to understand the current situation and problems of urban freight transport in Turkey, this paper examines the specific focus on Turkey's third largest city Izmir in terms of city logistics with the eye of logistics service providers. A qualitative approach was used and unstructured interviews with subject matter experts were conducted to gain general insight into how logistics service providers perceive the problems in city logistics in Izmir and the solutions they propose. Regarding the gap between theory and practice, this study would be valuable for future research in city logistics studies, and the results of the study would be a practical tool for decision makers in their city logistics planning process.

City logistics: problems and recovery proposals

The city logistics is the multidisciplinary science that makes a bridge between both urban freight transportation and sustainability of the cities. It has also focused on various subject matters such as populations, facilities, traffics and logistics activities. If all this dynamic criteria consider, different logistics scheme must be prepared for each city. Cities have to be handled and analysed individually according to their own characteristics. In order to understand the current situation and problems of urban freight transport in Turkey, this paper examines the specific focus on Turkey's third largest city Izmir in terms of city logistics with the eye of logistics service providers. A qualitative approach was used and unstructured interviews with subject matter experts were conducted to gain general insight into how logistics service providers perceive the problems in city logistics in Izmir and the solutions they propose. Regarding the gap between theory and practice, this study would be valuable for future research in city logistics studies, and the results of the study would be a practical tool for decision makers in their city logistics planning process.

Calculation of Fair wage potentials along products' life cycle – Introduction of a new midpoint impact category for social life cycle assessment

Income and wages are among the determinant factors for the living standards and well-being of workers and thus carry a certain degree of relevance for social life cycle assessment (SLCA). Although, fair wages have often been mentioned as a quantitative measure of societal well-being, a defined impact category and quantitative characterization model is missing. Against this background, this paper aims at defining Fair wage as a new midpoint impact category for SLCA and suggests a characterization model to calculate fair wage potentials (FWPs) along a product's life cycle. The characterization model considers the actual wage paid at each process step in comparison to a minimum living wage. It furthermore relates wage to the effective working time and includes an inequality factor to account for income inequalities. The characterization model was tested in a cradle-to-gate case study on tomatoes produced in Germany to ensure its applicability. Results indicate potentially negative social impacts for workers employed in packaging and transport in Turkey and workers in manufacturing and packaging in China. In contrast, low impacts resulted for the Indian workers. No negative impacts are expected for the German and Dutch workers. The midpoint category Fair wage and the associated characterization model facilitate the operationalization of social impact assessment and provide companies with a practical method to quantify and evaluate their products' life cycle.

The Effect of Energy Policies in Turkey on Transportation Sector: The analysis of energy related price and cost in road transportation

Abstract Energy policies are seriously affecting economic and social life all over the world as well as in Turkey. When the supply process from the energy resource to the consumer increase in energy cost depending on transport type has important influence. Increase in energy costs in the supply chain is undertaken by all stakeholders. In this study, we examine at which level road transportation costs, which is the most predominant type of transportation in Turkey is influenced by energy consumption with reference to the energy policies of Turkey and energy consumption of Turkish transportation sector. Thus certain suggestions reducing energy costs have been made to all parties in the supply chain by considering the distrubition between energy related costs and other costs.

An evaluation of railway passenger transport in Turkey using life cycle assessment and life cycle cost methods

In recent years, Turkey’s railway transport system has shown considerable improvement. Today, our country has 12,000km total rail network; the High Speed Railway (HSR) accounts for 888km, with the remainder being Conventional Railway (CR). This study aims to assess the railway passenger transportation system in Turkey, an integrated system of HSR/CR, from an environmental and economic point of view, via Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost (LCC) methodologies. The LCA analysis was realized using SimaPro 7.3.3 software and the CML2 baseline 2000 method for selected impact categories (abiotic depletion, acidification, eutrophication, global warming, human toxicity and fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity). The LCC analysis was performed by developing a cost model for internal (energy, materials, transport) and external (pollutant, accident, noise) cost categories with this software.Our results show that, the total environmental load of HSR is shared by infrastructure and operations, with percentages of 58% and 42%, respectively. On the other hand, for CR, infrastructure created 39% of the total environmental load, while operations had 61%. Regarding cost, the impact in HSR resulted from infrastructure and operations, with percentages of 69% and 31%, respectively. In the CR system, infrastructure caused 21% of the total cost impact while operations led to 69%. The results are interpreted in the light of a Monte Carlo simulation analysis, performed to gauge the effects of data variation on the results. By providing insight through this study, evaluation of all railway transportation systems should be possible using only LCA/LCC methodologies.

Urban rail operators in Turkey: Organisational reform in transit service provision and the impact on planning, operation and system performance

Many cities around the world have seen efforts to restructure the provision of public transport. While transit authorities as public agencies continue to deliver transit services in some cities, many others have privatised these services, have opened up the market to private operators or have outsourced them to newly founded subsidiaries. The situation is no different in Turkey, where new legislation was enacted in the 1980s enabling local authorities to establish corporate companies under their own agency, and to shift to them the entire responsibility for running certain public transport operations. The motivation is often to increase efficiency, productivity and profitability in these operations, although there is a risk that planning and operation may become fragmented under such organisational reforms, making it difficult to maintain coordination in planning and to ensure the provision of an integrated service. This paper analyses this organisational change in public transport in Turkey, focusing on the planning, operation and performance of urban rail systems in Ankara, Istanbul and Izmir.

TRANSPORTATION SECTOR IN TURKEY: FUTURE EXPECTATIONS ABOUT RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION OF TURKEY

would provide east-west and north-south connection were built. In recent years, Turkey has been experiencing important developments related with railway transportation. Due to playing great role of railway transportation in Turkey’s effectiveness in carrying international cargo, being on an important location in the international corridor, increasing the public investments and allowances for the railway transportation, works have been started especially in terms of international cargo transportation. In this study, by examining the overall structure of the transport sector in Turkey, foresight of railway transportation until 2025 has been aimed to be made