Translation Rules Research Articles

ТВОРЧА СКЛАДОВА КОНЦЕПТУ ПЕРЕКЛАД У ФРАНЦУЗЬКОМУ ПЕРЕКЛАДОЗНАВСТВІ XVII СТ.

The present article highlights the problem of translation as creativity in the writings of French translators of the 17th century. The analysis of the traductologic texts of the classicism era allowed to establish two directions in conceptualization of the creative aspect of the translator’s work. Translators who grouped around the newly formed French Academy, in particular Perrot d’Ablancourt and supporters of translations of the genre les belles infidèles, equate the work of the translator with the work of the author and see his task in giving a new real creation of the receiving literature. However, due to the uncertainty of the limits of creative freedom of the translator, their translation practice rather compromised the very idea of creativity in translation. The second and more moderate direction, represented by translators from Port-Royal, is also oriented to the receiving language and culture. The translator is also considered a full-fledged author and must create a real work, but his freedom is limited by the text of the original, differences in language and culture, the rules of translation. The problems of translation creativity, which was discussed in the traduсtological texts of classicism, includes: role of translator and author, their rivalry, choice between literal and free translation, restriction of translator’s freedom, etc.

La subtitulación amateur de series: el caso de Friends

Thanks to the Internet we can access the so-called amateur subtitling. The main advantage of this phenomenon is, without a doubt, the free access to audiovisual content in our mother tongue, while one of its disadvantages is not knowing the source's origin. Most of these translations are anonymous, and therefore, the quality of the translation is questionable. This paper aims to investigate the quality of amateur translation online, as well as to research whether it respects the rules of audiovisual translation. To reach a conclusion in this regard, the work analyzes the quality of two such translations of the episode “The One with All Thanksgivings” of the American series Friends, found on the podnapisi.com website. Through a comparative analysis between the two translations and applying the theories of audiovisual translation, both the veracity and the formal aspects are studied. As a final objective of this study we want to show that the opposite cases can be found on the Internet, that is, both translations that do respect the translation rules as well as those that do not, and that there is no adequate or predefined strategy on how to find a reliable amateur audiovisual translation and of good quality.Keywords: translation, amateur subtitling, online, Internet, Friends.

Penggunaan Leksikon Allāh Sebagai Ekspresi Tuhan

Artikel ini membahas tentang sejarah penerjemahan Bibel dari bahasa Yunani ke dalam bahasa Arab. Penerjemahan sendiri merupakan usaha dalam menyebarkan Firman Tuhan kepada seluruh dunia dan memudahkan penerjemahan teks-teks suci tersebut. Salah satu hal menonjol dalam penerjemahan ini adalah bentuk ekspresi Tuhan. Ekspresi Tuhan menggunakan leksikon ‘Allãh’ yang mana leksikon tersebut sering dipahami sebagai leksikon terbatas untuk penyebutan Tuhan dalam agama Islam. Pembahasan ini akan menggunakan teori penerjemahan dari Eugene Nida terkait kaidah penerjemahan secara umum. Adapun teori penerjemahan Bibel menggunakan teori yang digagas oleh Glen G Scorgie, Mark L Strauss, dan Steven M Voth terkait tantangan dalam mengkomunikasikan bahasa Tuhan ke dalam bahasa manusia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gerakan penerjemahan ini sudah dilakukan sejak zaman Umayyah dan diperbaharui kembali di zaman modern oleh para Misionaris. Adapun penggunaan leksikon Allãh merupakan usaha mendekatkan istilah dalam Bibel dengan budaya Arab

Taming two interacting particles with disorder

We compute the scaling properties of the localization length $\xi_2$ of two interacting particles in a one-dimensional chain with diagonal disorder, and the connectivity properties of the Fock states. We analyze record large system sizes (up to $N=20000$) and disorder strengths (down to $W=0.5$). We vary the energy $E$ and the on-site interaction strength $u$. At a given disorder strength the largest enhancement of $\xi_2$ occurs for $u$ of the order of the single particle band width, and for two-particle states with energies at the center of the spectrum, $E=0$. We observe a crossover in the scaling of $\xi_2$ with the single particle localization length $\xi_1$ into the asymptotic regime for $\xi_1 > 100$ ($W < 1.0$). This happens due to the recovery of translational invariance and momentum conservation rules in the matrix elements of interconnected Fock eigenstates for $u=0$. The entrance into the asymptotic scaling is manifested through a nonlinear scaling function $\xi_2/\xi_1=F(u\xi_1)$.

Is attention really biased toward the last target location in visual search? The role of focal attention and stimulus-response translation rules.

There is considerable confusion in the visual attention literature as to whether shifts of attention are biased against or in favor of previously attended regions. Studies requiring target localization have shown a performance cost when the target location randomly repeats instead of changes, whereas studies requiring arbitrary keypress responses to target identities have shown a benefit. These studies differ in the amount of attention required to the target and in the stimulus-response translation rules. To evaluate the contribution of each of these factors in accounting for the mixed results, we had participants indicate whether color singletons appeared in the left versus right visual field, or in the upper versus lower visual field, by making spatially compatible keypress responses (a between-experiment manipulation of the stimulus-response translation rules). Within each experiment, we manipulated whether a subtle discrimination of shape was necessary before localizing the target (a manipulation of focal attention). The findings revealed that the costs and benefits for repeating the target location are determined by stimulus-response translation rules, with no effect of or on attention independent of these rules. The results are accounted for by the theory of event coding, and further challenge the notion that location repetition effects reliably reflect attentional bias. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Verifying Data Integration Configurations for Semantical Correctness and Completeness.

Data integration is the problem of combining data residing at different sources and providing the user with a unified view of these data. In medical informatics, such a unified view enables retrospective analyses based on more facts and prospective recruitment of more patients than any single data collection by itself. The technical part of data integration is based on rules interpreted by software. These rules define how to perform the translation of source database schemata into the target database schema. Translation rules are formulated by data managers who usually do not have the knowledge about meaning and acquisition methods of the data they handle. The professionals (data providers) collecting the source data who have the respective knowledge again usually have no sufficient technical background. Since data providers are neither able to formulate the transformation rules themselves nor able to validate them, the whole process is fault-prone. Additionally, in continuous development and maintenance of (meta-) data repositories, data structures underlie changes, which may lead to outdated transformation rules. We did not find any technical solution, which enables data providers to formulate transformation rules themselves or which provides an understandable reflection of given rules. Our approach is to enable data providers understand the rules regarding their own data by presenting rules and available context visually. Context information is fetched from a metadata repository. In this paper, we propose a software tool that builds on existing data integration infrastructures. The tool provides a visually supported validation routine for data integration rules. In a first step towards its evaluation, we implement the tool into the DZL data integration process and verify the correct presentation of transformation rules.

Tractarian S\xe4tze: Instructions for Use

The main question addressed by this article is this: How should one understand the role of the sentences of the Tractatus, given Wittgenstein’s statement that they are nonsensical? I begin with a presentation of three general principles of interpretation in order to avoid answering the question in an inappropriate way. I then move on to a short presentation and commentary on a selection of readings – namely, the ineffabilist, resolute and elucidatory ones – and elaborate the answers given by advocates of these to the question explored here. I agree on many points with resolute and elucidatory readings: the Tractatus presents an austere conception of nonsense, and is not a book that seeks to present ontological or semantic theories. I point out, however, that these readings cannot fully explain the nature of Tractarian elucidations. Then I discuss those parts of the Tractatus which refer to the sentences of the book itself. The main proposal of my own approach is this: Tractarian elucidations should be construed as rules of translation (definitions), in that they show how to substitute certain expressions for others. They enable us to construct a notation in which everything that is expressible in ordinary language can be said perspicuously.

Multilingualization Experiment of Geographical Name Information Using Vector Title Format

Abstract. Multilingualization of geographical name information has been required to support foreign visitors to the Olympic Games and the Paralympic Games to be held in Tokyo in 2020 and to correspond to the rapid increase of foreign visitors in recent years. GSI has prepared geographical name information in English and it has been already released. To expand this effort, we have conducted the experiment to translate geographical name information in Japanese and English into French, Korean, Simplified Chinese, and Traditional Chinese automatically and to prepare a multilingual map using vector tile format. To be specific, we prepared transformation rules for translation of geographical name information, and implemented the Javascript codes of transformation rules to deploy in combination with the existing Javascript library group which controls display on the web map. Thus, we developed a web map system which automatically generates geographical name information in these targeted languages on web browsers.

Rule based intelligent system verbalizing mathematical notation

An adaptive and adaptable multi-purpose math-to-speech translation system is proposed in the paper. Along with the detailed presentation and design approach for the core math-to-speech translation system, exemplary output and tests are discussed. A scripting extension, providing flexibility of the system and enabling the user to adjust the output translations to his/hers preferences is incorporated into the presented solution. Some unit-tests and adaptable versions of translation rule sets are elaborated and evaluated by means of standard measures of machine translation quality. Designed as a flexible self contained solution, the presented system may be applied for various purposes such as e-learning audio presentation systems, educational tools for non-native speakers or visually impaired people, and may be easily adjusted to different national languages.

Syntax-Based Chinese-Vietnamese Tree-to-Tree Statistical Machine Translation with Bilingual Features

Because of the scarcity of bilingual corpora, current Chinese--Vietnamese machine translation is far from satisfactory. Considering the differences between Chinese and Vietnamese, we investigate whether linguistic differences can be used to supervise machine translation and propose a method of syntax-based Chinese--Vietnamese tree-to-tree statistical machine translation with bilingual features. Analyzing the syntax differences between Chinese and Vietnamese, we define some linguistic difference-based rules, such as attributive position, time adverbial position, and locative adverbial position, and create rewards for similar rules. These rewards are integrated into the extraction of tree-to-tree translation rules, and we optimize the pruning of the search space during the decoding phase. The experiments on Chinese--Vietnamese bilingual sentence translation show that the proposed method performs better than several compared methods. Further, the results show that syntactic difference features, with search pruning, can improve the accuracy of machine translation without degrading the efficiency.

Extraction of reordering rules for statistical machine translation

Extraction of reordering rules for statistical machine translation

Is attention really biased toward the last target location in visual search? Attention, response rules, distractors, and eye movements.

The visual search and target-target cueing literatures have reached opposite conclusions about whether a shift of attention is biased toward or away from, respectively, previously attended target locations. In this article, we aimed to figure out why. The main differences between the two experimental approaches concern (1) the stimulus-response translation rules ("what" identification keypresses vs. "where" localization responses), (2) the amount of attention required in order to identify the target, and (3) distractor presence or absence. Experiment 1 tested the role of stimulus-response translation rules by requiring both an eye movement "where" response and a keypress "what" response to each target, in a typical search paradigm. Eye movements showed a bias away from the vicinity of the previous target, whereas keypresses showed a bias toward the previous target location, but only when the keypress response repeated. Experiment 2 removed the keypress identification requirement, to test whether reducing the amount of attention to the target would alter the eye movement bias; it did not. Experiment 3 removed the distractors, to test whether eliminating the potential for distractor location effects would alter the eye movement bias; it did, by accentuating the eye movement bias against the last target location. Collectively, the findings revealed that different stimulus-response translation rules and distractor-processing requirements are the main reasons for the discrepancy, while demonstrating that shifts of attention intrinsically tend away from prior target locations. The findings are generally consistent with episodic-retrieval and inhibited spatial-reorienting theories.

Teaching and Translation Problems For Students in The Fourth Semester of Islamic Boarding School Darussalam For Girls Campus 1

Tarjamah is one of the subject taught in Islamic Training Teacher College Modern Islamic Boarding School Gontor One For Girls. According to the purpose of it learning, this subject enters into Diraasaah Islamiyyah field. But since the holding of the revision, Tarjamah especially as the subject of class four with special book and Nahwu Al-Wadih book systematics complete with the rule of translation with examples and exercises can be entered into Dirasah Lughowiyyah field. Therefore curriculum staff Islamic Training Teacher College Modern Islamic Boarding School hopes to the teacher of Tarjamah is the teacher with an accomplished expert in the field of Arabic language such as Nahwu, Shorf and Balaghah not the contrary nor just teachers where possible to teach. In the process of teaching and learning which has lasted for tarjamah around four years with her new material found numerous problems, especially problems in his teaching.

Formulation for Evolution Rule of Elastic-core in Subloading Surface Model

The extended subloading surface model with the translation of the elastic-core is capable of describing rigorously the monotonic and the cyclic loading behaviors. The translation rule of the elastic-core is considered in this article. Here, the dissipative parts in the plastic strain rate for the internal variables are formulated, which is required in the multiplicative hyperelatic-based plastic constitutive equation.

ATLASLang MTS 1: Arabic Text Language into Arabic Sign Language Machine Translation System

Arabic Sign Language (ArSL) is a visual language used by deaf Arabs and some hard of hearing to translate their thinking. It is a language in its own right as well as spoken languages such as Arabic or English. It is produced by body, face, and gestures of the hands. Hundreds of thousands of deaf people around the world currently practice it. Each country has its own sign language that deaf people use so it is not universal, but deaf people from different countries communicate easily with each other after a short period of adaptation. This communication becomes difficult when a deaf want to communicate with a normal person with no interpreter available. In this way, building a translation system that can generate real-time statements via a signing avatar is helpful. The system to be developed is a machine translation system from Arabic text to the Arabic sign language, it will allow hearing persons to communicate more easily, using a text written in Arabic by normal person, with people suffering from hard hearing and knowing only sign language. The system must perform a morpho-syntactic analysis of the text in the input and convert it to video sequences phrases playing by a 3D human avatar who expresses the usual signs used by deaf people. In this paper, we present a first version of our machine translation system ATLASLang MTS 1 based on rule-based Interlingua and example-based approaches. It uses SAFAR Platform [11] and ALKHALIL morpho system [1] to extract the morphological properties of each word of the input sentence. Then it generates a video sequence representing the sentence in Arabic sign language based on well-established translation rules and the database of signs. During the translation, if a word of sentence is a proper noun or does not have a correspondence in the database, it will be finger spelled. The main constraint imposed by our machine translation system is the assumption that the sentence given in the input must be completely vowelized.

El doblaje de Profilage: un estudio de caso

El presente estudio se centra en el análisis de la gestión del proyecto de traducción para el doblaje de la serie de ficción de producción francesa Profilage (Robert y Lebarbier, 2009-2015) y persigue una doble finalidad. Por una parte, describir el proceso de la traducción audiovisual (tav), tomando en consideración la interacción de los diferentes agentes del proceso con las fases del proyecto (Ferrer, 2011). Por otra parte, analizar las particularidades que presenta este proyecto de tav en la combinación francés-español, mediante el análisis de 5 temporadas que revelará normas de traducción presentes en el género crime procedural.

PERGESERAN MAKNA DALAM CERPEN HACHI NO JI YAMA

(Title: Meaning Shift in Japanese Short Story “Hachi No Ji Yama”) A literary work will be translated properly according to the original text if an interpreter does the translation procedure appropriately. The translation procedure itself is divided into 14 types, but in the translation process from Japanese into Indonesian, there are three types which commonly used in procedures of the translation process. It is Transposition, Modulation, and Adaptation. This paper tried to explain the use of that three types of translation procedures in a Japanese short story. The short story used as the object of this paper was a children's short story entitled Hachi no Ji Yama by Tsuchida Kohei. Referring to the translation rules, the results are that the Hachi no Ji Yama short story uses 2 translation procedures, which is transposition and modulation. With the differences in the rules of language and grammatical structure between Indonesian and Japanese, the most widely used of transposition procedures are the first and second types, while the modulation used is free modulation.

Input Method for Human Translators

Computer-aided translation (CAT) systems are the most popular tool for helping human translators efficiently perform language translation. To further improve the translation efficiency, there is an increasing interest in applying machine translation (MT) technology to upgrade CAT. To thoroughly integrate MT into CAT systems, in this article, we propose a novel approach: a new input method that makes full use of the knowledge adopted by MT systems, such as translation rules, decoding hypotheses, and n-best translation lists. The proposed input method contains two parts: a phrase generation model, allowing human translators to type target sentences quickly, and an n-gram prediction model, helping users choose perfect MT fragments smoothly. In addition, to tune the underlying MT system to generate the input method preferable results, we design a new evaluation metric for the MT system. The proposed input method integrates MT effectively and imperceptibly, and it is particularly suitable for many target languages with complex characters, such as Chinese and Japanese. The extensive experiments demonstrate that our method saves more than 23% in time and over 42% in keystrokes, and it also improves the translation quality by more than 5 absolute BLEU scores compared with the strong baseline, i.e., post-editing using Google Pinyin.

ФІЛОСОФІЯ ІСТОРІЇ В КОНТЕКСТІ ЛІНГВІСТИЧНОЇ (НАРАТИВНОЇ) ФІЛОСОФСЬКОЇ ТРАДИЦІЇ

The authors consider the problem of the disciplinary status of linguistic (narrative) philosophy of history. The problem is examined in the context of analysis of its basic assumptions, which have been described in the works of A. Danto and F. R. Ankersmit. This philosophical tradition mainly developed in the first half of the twentieth century as a reaction to the impossibility of empirical verification of the scientific adequacy of the theoretical concepts of the regularities of historical development, which were established within the classic philosophy of history. Rejection of the gnosiological problematics lies on the basis of linguistic (narrative) philosophy of history. Also the notion of a fact is replaced by the notion of interpretation of a fact on the basis of narrative. The study of meanings and values of these narratives is based on language as the ontological Foundation of consciousness.According to A. Danto the scientific failure of the theory (concept) of the historical process lies in the impossibility of assessment by the researcher of the entire length of the process, especially of the stage of completion (the «end of history»). The observer does not know the final result of the whole process. Therefore, the observer can not estimate the value and meaning both of a process as a whole and its individual stages. Thus, the conclusion is that the history as a series of past events cannot be the subject of the philosophy of history. Only the interpretation of history in the philosophical studies and narrative representations can be the subject of the philosophy of history.According to F. G. Ankersmit «past» and «history» by themselves do not have narrative structure. The researcher also doesn’t have a set of rules of language translation of the past into the language of modernity. These rules would allow to compare the historical narrative with the «past».Thus, in the context of linguistic tradition the «philosophy of history» transforms into the «theory of historical narrative». This theory only logically analyzes the existing historiographical narrative. In fact, this position does not replace the basic methodological approach of classical philosophy of history to the study of reality (a theory based on the uncertainty of the outcome of the process). Only the subject of study is changed: the historical process is replaced by a historical narrative (not the source of the study of history but its interpretation).This approach can be used for the formation of historical consciousness, but it is unsuitable for real historical research. At the same time in the frames of classical philosophy of history a series of methodologies have been recently created. These methodologies allow to use empirical research methods and build it on the basis of concepts. These concepts find a complete confirmation with the help of an independent group of historical sources. So, today, as a result of repeated empirical evidence the concepts of cliometrics, revolutionary crises, and historical development as a result of adaptation of society to changing conditions of existence are finally created. These concepts were developed on the basis of the methodology of historical materialism. At the same time a linguistic (narrative) philosophical tradition only explains the basic foundation of own methodology and criticizes the methods of the opponents. Predictive capability of the methodology of narrative philosophy of history doesn’t enable to adequately use it in a real historical research, although this methodology has been successfully used for the formation of a historical consciousness, including professional surrounding. Therefore, at the present stage of development of the philosophy of history, linguistic tradition as the methodology of the research is much less promising than the methods developed on the basis of classical historical materialism.

Translation in the “contact zone” between accounting and human resource management

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop an understanding of the process through which ideas are translated across disciplines. It does this by focussing on how the idea that people are corporate assets was translated between the accounting and human resource management (HRM) disciplines.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is based on the interpretation of a historical case study of the travel of ideas between the accounting and HRM disciplines. Translation is used as an analytical lens as opposed to being the object of the study and is theorised drawing on insights from the Scandinavian Institutionalist School, Skopos theory and linguistic translation techniques.FindingsTranslation by individual translators involved the translator stepping across disciplinary boundaries. However, translation performed by interdisciplinary teams occurs in the “contact zone” between disciplines. In this zone, both disciplines are, at once, source and target. Ideas are translated by editing and fusing them. In both cases, translation is value laden as the motives of the translators determine the translation techniques used. Legitimacy and gravitas of the translator, as well as contextual opportunities, influence the spread of the idea while disciplinary norms limit its ability to become institutionalised. Also, differential application of the same translation rule leads to heterogeneous outcomes.Originality/valueThis is the first accounting translation study to use the theories of the Scandinavian Institutionalist School or indeed combine these with linguistic translation techniques. It is also the first study in accounting which explores the translation of ideas across disciplines.