Translation Rules Research Articles

UNIFICATION OF TRANSLATION OF CHINESE TOPONYMS INTO RUSSIAN IN VIEW OF THEIR STRUCTURAL PECULIARITIES

Translation of toponyms from Chinese into Russian is to be standardized and unifi ed. Scientific methods of description, comparison, and generalization identified the structural and semantic peculiarities of Chinese toponyms. These characteristics have become the basis for an inductively developed method of unifi cation of the translation of Chinese toponyms into Russian. Th is method eliminates existing communicative errors, standardizes the translation of Chinese toponyms, creates a unifi ed structured system of the translation of Chinese toponyms into Russian, distinguishes interdependent toponyms, emphasizes the features of the internal structure of Chinese toponyms, and unifi es the rules of toponyms translation with the rules of other types of proper names in the Russian — Chinese language pair.

Psychometric Properties of the Self-Compassion Scale in the Polish Population

The purpose of the present study was to adapt the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS; Neff, 2003) into Polish, to examine its validity and reliability, and to determine population norms for this tool. The study involved 604 adults (aged 18–85 years, 278 women and 326 men), constituting a representative sample of the Polish population in terms of gender, age, and place of residence. The adaptation procedure was carried out according to the rules of translation, demonstrating the fidelity of the translation of the original version of the questionnaire. The reliability of the measurement was tested using Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency method and test–retest method. The validity was assessed by analyzing correlation coefficients between SCS scores and the intensity of mindfulness (understood as a trait), resilience, empathic sensitivity with its subscales of perspective taking, personal distress and emphatic concern, and the level of depression and anxiety. Measurement stability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients applied to two consecutive measurements. The factor structure was verified using confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that the SCS in the Polish version has good psychometric properties, and the emerged factor structure indicates that the best fit and specification had a model with two general factors of CS (compassionate self-responding) and RUS (reduced uncompassionate self-responding) and three specific factors: self-kindness, shared humanity, and mindfulness.

THE INTERNAL RULES OF THE EXAMPLE DATABASE DESIGN

One of the internal rules of the example-based translation is the dependence of the translation quality on the length and representation of translation examples. These are managed by an example database, for which the linguist should answer two questions when s/he intends to design it: (1) what is the representation chosen for the translation example? and (2) what are the possibilities to generalize the translation examples stored in the database? In this paper my intent is to propose two answers, in fact – a synergetical research direction for Romanian, English and French language. I will consider the representation of the translation examples as depedency trees and I will generalize them by means of the semantic information described by Levin’s verb classes.

User-Customizable Transpilation of Scripting Languages

A transpiler converts code from one programming language to another. Many practical uses of transpilers require the user to be able to guide or customize the program produced from a given input program. This customizability is important for satisfying many application-specific goals for the produced code such as ensuring performance, readability, ease of exposition or maintainability, compatibility with external environment or analysis tools, and so on. Conventional transpilers are deterministic rule-driven systems often written without offering customizability per user and per program. Recent advances in transpilers based on neural networks offer some customizability to users, e.g. through interactive prompts, but they are still difficult to precisely control the production of a desired output. Both conventional and neural transpilation also suffer from the "last mile" problem: they produce correct code on average, i.e., on most parts of a given program, but not necessarily for all parts of it. We propose a new transpilation approach that offers fine-grained customizability and reusability of transpilation rules created by others, without burdening the user to understand the global semantics of the given source program. Our approach is mostly automatic and incremental, i.e., constructs translation rules needed to transpile the given program as per the user's guidance piece-by-piece. Users can rely on existing transpilation rules to translate most of the program correctly while focusing their effort locally, only on parts that are incorrect or need customization. This improves the correctness of the end result. We implement the transpiler as a tool called DuoGlot, which translates Python to Javascript programs, and evaluate it on the popular GeeksForGeeks benchmarks. DuoGlot achieves 90% translation accuracy and so it outperforms all existing translators (both handcrafted and neural-based), while it produces readable code. We evaluate DuoGlot on two additional benchmarks, containing more challenging and longer programs, and similarly observe improved accuracy compared to the other transpilers.

Contemporary Pedagogical Practices of Translation Skills in ESL Classrooms

The present study explores the contemporary pedagogical practices of translation skills in undergraduate classrooms in Pakistan. Translation skills are essential components of the prescribed syllabuses and examinations. Classroom observations reveal that the students face problems in translation skills. Consequently, teaching and learning of translation skills need redesigning. The study aims to enhance awareness among students about the real implication of translation skills and suggest changes. The paradigm selected is the pragmatic analysis of contemporary unsuccessful pedagogical practices of translation skills. The data was collected from 321 undergraduate students of public and private institutions through a questionnaire. The data was analyzed descriptively. The findings reveal that the contemporary pedagogical practices of translation skills are less effective in enhancing translation skills as current translation practices focus on cramming translation rules and passages instead of developing students' autonomy. The research contributes to teaching and learning translation skills, especially for ESL teachers and learners. The outcomes of this research will lead future researchers to suggest further improvements in pedagogical practices of translation skills.

English-Chinese Corpus Collection and Artificial Intelligence Translation Based on Dynamic Clustering Model

This paper studies the English-Chinese corpus collection system and artificial intelligence translation function based on the dynamic clustering model. This paper attempts to introduce the semantic analysis of English-Chinese parallel corpora into the semantic recognition system. By labeling different levels of the corpus, including grammatical labeling, shallow semantic labeling and deep semantic labeling, the corresponding English-Chinese translation teaching system is designed, and the teaching system is improved by using the comparatively systematic teaching effects in actual teaching. On the basis of self-built Chinese-English parallel corpus, this paper extracts the Chinese high-frequency verb "to improve" to discover and summarize its English translation rules in different texts.

Translation of transfer pricing adjustments in South Africa: A seemingly insignificant detail

The South African rand is one of the most volatile currencies in the world — at times the most volatile. To this is added a further area of uncertainty, namely the tax implications relating to transfer pricing. Section 31 of the South African Income Tax Act does not have any specific foreign currency translation rules. The general rule in s 25D of the Income Tax Act is therefore applicable, which provides for the translation of foreign currency to rand using the spot rate. However, given the nature of transfer pricing transactions, it raises the question whether the spot rate is indeed appropriate. The purpose of the study was to investigate South Africa’s translation rules and to seek guidance from an international perspective. The research design was non-empirical, adopting an interpretative paradigm, together with a doctrinal research methodology. The conclusion of this study is that the translation rules concerning transfer pricing adjustments have seemingly been overlooked. The study recommends a legislative amendment of s 31 and proposes that transfer pricing adjustments are converted using the average rate of exchange for the year of assessment to which the adjustments relate, as such an amendment will lead to certainty, equity and convenience.

The Relationship Between Language and Speech: Formal Understanding of Natural Symbology

This paper aims to realize the natural language formal understanding through the mathematical logic principle of indirect formalization for Chinese and its characters, and its essence is to understand the relationship between language and speech. The method is: First, it is clear that monosyllabic Chinese characters have two basic attributes of language and text, English letters and morphemes, words, phrases and sentences, which belong to another type of text and language; It is found that in the past Chinese was regarded as a monosyllabic language and English was regarded as a polysyllabic language which is a complete misjudgment; Finally, it is further clarified that monosyllabic and mixed syllables not only have unique interpersonal communication in Chinese, but also have human-computer interaction and even automated batch processing with uniqueness, its fundamental feature is that the monosyllabic Chinese characters meet a certain arithmetic base that is indirectly formalized, that is, the typical P base. Its result is that, it was unexpectedly discovered that arithmetic and language have rigid constraints on the underlying sequence-position logic and surface linkage functions, but there are flexible rules for broad interpretation or translation for the symbolic objects of their division and combination. Its significance lies in: sequence-position logic, linkage function, generalized bilingual or translation or language, in essence, from the macroscopic global to the microscopic local, to systematically and formally understand natural language, especially to thoroughly understand the relationship between language and speech, namely: Global Chinese Sequencing and Positioning System.

On the translation from quantified modal logic to Counterpart Theory

Lewis (1968) claims that his language of Counterpart Theory (CT) interprets modal discourse and he adverts to a translation scheme from the language of Quantified Modal Logic (QML) to CT. However, everybody now agrees that his original translation scheme does not always work, since it does not always preserve the ‘intuitive’ meaning of the translated QML-formulas. Lewis discusses this problem with regard to the Necessitist Thesis, and I will extend his discourse to the analysis of the Converse Barcan Formula.Everyone also agrees that there are CT-formulas that can express the QML-content that gets lost through the translation. The problem is how we arrive to them. In this paper, I propose new translation rules from QML to CT, based on a suggestion by Kaplan. However, I will claim that we cannot have ‘the’ translation scheme from QML to CT. The reason being that de re modal language is ambiguous. Accordingly, there are different sorts of QML, depending on how we resolve such ambiguity. Therefore, depending on what sort of QML we intend to translate into CT, we need to use the corresponding translation scheme. This suggests that all the translation problems might just disappear if we do what Lewis did not: begin with a fully worked out QML that tells us how to understand de re modal discourse.

Teaching and Learning Scientific Translation: Problems, Challenges, and Solutions

Scientific translation is not a kind of knowledge that could be gained by practice, or byimplementation of certain techniques. Therefore, teaching scientific translation does notinvolve the demonstration of its techniques and strategies only. However, it also involvesthe awareness of the requirements for this type of translation such as the expertise neededin this area, the consequences of neglecting linguistic and grammatical rules whentranslating scientific prose, the different barriers encountered, and the preliminary stepstaken before engaging in the translation. Similarly, learners of scientific translation shouldnot only learn the rules of scientific translation, but also be aware of the scientifictranslator’s job which is not the mere replacement of the source lexical terms with targetones. They should be learned that the translation of scientific prose, though non-literal,should render as directly as possible the exact meaning of the original. Accordingly, thispaper highlights the problems encountered when teaching and learning English-Arabicscientific translation. One of them is the students’ neglecting of the grammatical rules inscientific translation, which affects their translation of other text-types and influences andother modes of translation such as subtitling. The paper also attempts to offer solutionsand establish possible factors that may lead to a methodology of teaching and learning thistype of translation.

‘do’ unchained: embracing local imperativity in a purely functional language (functional pearl)

Purely functional programming languages pride themselves with reifying effects that are implicit in imperative languages into reusable and composable abstractions such as monads. This reification allows for more exact control over effects as well as the introduction of new or derived effects. However, despite libraries of more and more powerful abstractions over effectful operations being developed, syntactically the common 'do' notation still lags behind equivalent imperative code it is supposed to mimic regarding verbosity and code duplication. In this paper, we explore extending 'do' notation with other imperative language features that can be added to simplify monadic code: local mutation, early return, and iteration. We present formal translation rules that compile these features back down to purely functional code, show that the generated code can still be reasoned over using an implementation of the translation in the Lean 4 theorem prover, and formally prove the correctness of the translation rules relative to a simple static and dynamic semantics in Lean.

Machine Intelligence for Language Translation from Kashmiri to English

Machine translation (MT) is an emerging research as well as application area in the contemporary world. It is receiving significant attention from academia, industry and corporate houses. A wide range of translation techniques are being applied either individually or in combination for machine translation of different languages across the globe. However, there are still many languages that are either completely missing or poorly visible on the machine translation map. The Kashmiri language is one such language where very little or negligible work has been done related to its machine translation. This paper aims to present a Kashmiri-to-English Machine Translation System and highlight various features of the Kashmiri language. The system is based on machine intelligence having the ability to learn various translation rules from the translated set of input sentences, using Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) architecture for deep sequence learning. The paper also discusses various challenges related to machine translation from Kashmiri to English or other languages. The work presented in this paper is the first of its nature and can serve as a bedrock for research community interested to work on machine translation of Kashmiri language.

FEATURES OF THE HIGH SCHOOL MUSICAL SONG TEXTS TRANSLATION INTO RUSSIAN

The article is aimed at the analysis of the requirements for song translation. We have considered the studies of foreign and Russian linguists on song translation, identified the difficulties that a translator may face, translation solutions, and criteria for song translation. We analyzed the lyrics of the song What I’ve been looking for and its official translation performed by Mikhail Cherepnin and then we discovered whether the translator complied with the requirements or not.
 Background. There is a number of translation solutions and rules that allow achieving adequacy in the translation of musical texts and libretto of musicals. The analysis of M. Cherepnin’s translation is made on the material of the text of the High School Musical musical film.
 Purpose. The article considered the features of the translation of a musical text on the example of the translation of the song What I’ve been looking for performed by M. Cherepnin.
 Materials and methods. The material of the study was the High School Musical film and its official literary translation into Russian. We used the method of selection and analysis of theoretical material, the method of pre-translation, translation, post-translation analysis and comparative method when analyzing the text.
 Results. The results of our study showed that M. Cherepnin faced a lot of obstacles when translating the text of this musical film. His main goal was to preserve the singing component of the text, and not its figurative system, which affected the aesthetic and emotional impact.
 Practical implications. The results of our research can find a wide range of applications: they will be useful both for amateur translators involved in the interpretation of musical works, and for professional translators and linguists actively working in the field of song translation and studying it as a phenomenon.

Design of English Translation Model of Intelligent Recognition Based on Deep Learning

In the context of globalization, the international common language is English and it is more and more widely used. However, there is a shortage of talents with high English proficiency in all industries. According to the demand of the Chinese market, we should pay attention to students’ English language ability. Deep learning is a machine learning method based on feature learning and feature hierarchical structure, which simulates the analysis and learning of the human brain, carries out feature transformation layer by layer, trains a single-layer network each time, and transforms the features of samples in the original space to a new feature space, thus making classification or prediction easier. There are still some defects in the current machine translation (MT) results of online MT, especially the disadvantages of low efficiency and low accuracy of MT when the full-text range uses the server to compare the data of different languages to obtain the grammar and text-related rules among different languages. Therefore, other modern intelligent recognition technologies should be adopted to achieve accurate English MT. Generally speaking, the closer the training data is to the domain of the target text, the higher the quality of sentence alignment and the more sentence pairs, the more helpful it is to learn more accurate translation rules, so as to obtain a more robust translation.

Validation of the Penn Acoustic Neuroma Quality of Life (PANQOL) Scale for Hindi-Speaking Patients Recently Diagnosed with Vestibular Schwannoma.

The Penn Acoustic Neuroma Quality-of-Life (PANQOL) scale is a disease specific quality-of-life instrument for vestibular schwannoma, developed in English and subsequently validated in four major languages of the world. No such validated version of PANQOL exists for Hindi-speaking population. To translate and examine the validity of the PANQOL scale in a sample of Hindi-speaking patients recently diagnosed with vestibular schwannoma. A cross-sectional study was done at a corporate tertiary care hospital. The PANQOL questionnaire was translated into Hindi by a language expert according to the accepted rules of forward-backward translation. In total, 30 consecutive patients (n = 30) diagnosed with vestibular schwannoma between September 2017 and March 2018 were included in the study. Quality-of-life at the time of diagnosis was measured with the generic Short Form -36 (SF-36) and the disease-specific PANQOL questionnaires. The internal consistency and reliability of the PANQOL domains, as well as the relationship with SF-36 dimensions, were statistically analyzed.The PANQOL scores of the patients in the current study were compared with those of similar such published studies worldwide. Mean age of the patients was 46.3 ΁ 13.25 years. The sex ratio of male to female patients was 19:11. The mean PANQOL total score was 71.6. All its domains had good internal consistency except pain. Most PANQOL domains were correlated with those of the SF-36 dimensions, with the exception of facial dysfunction domain. Good internal consistencies and strong correlations between PANQOL domains and SF-36 dimensions in the current study support the validity of the PANQOL Hindi version.

플랫폼상에서 이루어지는 웹툰 팬 번역의 특징과 가능성 — 네이버 웹툰(WEBTOON)과 토리코믹스(Torycomics) —

With the Korean webtoon gaining popularity around the world, the webtoon ecosystem for more convenient producing, exposing, and distributing of contents is created by platform companies. This study investigates the nature and implications of fan translation carried out on WEBTOON and Torycomics, online webtoon platforms, focusing on technical assistance provided by platform companies, rewards for fan translators, evaluation of fan translation, and utilization of language data. Literary review and an interview with Bae Soo Ho, CEO of Torycomics, revealed that platform companies create a transnational stage for fans by setting translation guidelines and rules, monitoring fan activities and providing technical assistance so that fans can easily complete translation and share their favorite cultural contents. The translation process is user-friendly with nothing needs to be installed: fans get access to original contents on companies’ websites or mobile apps, use upgraded tools provided online to translate and upload their translation, which will instantly shared with webtoon fans around the world. The webtoon-specific language data is built up with categories for onomatopoeia, culture-specific words, and slang. The database creates revenues for companies by being channeled into online dictionaries and machine translators or sold to other companies.

Graph data temporal evolutions: From conceptual modelling to implementation

Graph data management systems are designed for managing highly interconnected data. However, most of the existing work on the topic does not take into account the temporal dimension of such data, even though they may change over time: new interconnections, new internal characteristics of data (etc.). For decision makers, these data changes provide additional insights to explain the underlying behaviour of a business domain. The objective of this paper is to propose a complete solution to manage temporal interconnected data. To do so, we propose a new conceptual model of temporal graphs. It has the advantage of being generic as it captures the different kinds of changes that may occur in interconnected data. We define a set of translation rules to convert our conceptual model into the logical property graph. Based on the translation rules, we implement several temporal graphs according to benchmark and real-world datasets in the Neo4j data store. These implementations allow us to carry out a comprehensive study of the feasibility and usability (through business analyses), the efficiency (saving up to 99% query execution times comparing to classic approaches) and the scalability of our solution.

A Corpus-Based Sentence Classifier for Entity–Relationship Modelling

Automated creation of a conceptual data model based on user requirements expressed in the textual form of a natural language is a challenging research area. The complexity of natural language requires deep insight into the semantics buried in words, expressions, and string patterns. For the purpose of natural language processing, we created a corpus of business descriptions and an adherent lexicon containing all the words in the corpus. Thus, it was possible to define rules for the automatic translation of business descriptions into the entity–relationship (ER) data model. However, since the translation rules could not always lead to accurate translations, we created an additional classification process layer—a classifier which assigns to each input sentence some of the defined ER method classes. The classifier represents a formalized knowledge of the four data modelling experts. This rule-based classification process is based on the extraction of ER information from a given sentence. After the detailed description, the classification process itself was evaluated and tested using the standard multiclass performance measures: recall, precision and accuracy. The accuracy in the learning phase was 96.77% and in the testing phase 95.79%.

Modeling and Verification of Asynchronous Systems Using Timed Integrated Model of Distributed Systems.

In modern computer systems, distributed systems play an increasingly important role, and modeling and verification are crucial in their development. The specificity of many systems requires taking this into account in real time, as time dependencies significantly affect the system’s behavior, when achieving the goals of its processes or with adverse phenomena such as deadlocks. The natural features of distributed systems include the asynchrony of actions and communication, the autonomy of nodes, and the locality of behavior, i.e., independence from any global or non-local features. Most modeling formalisms are derived from parallel centralized systems, in which the behavior of components depends on the global state or the simultaneous achievement of certain states by components. This approach is unrealistic for distributed systems. This article presents the formalism of a timed integrated model of distributed systems that supports all of the mentioned features. The formalism is based on the relation between the states of the distributed nodes and the messages of distributed computations, called agents. This relation creates system actions. A specification in this formalism can be translated into timed automata, the most popular formalism for specifying and verifying timed parallel systems. The translation rules ensure that the semantics of T-IMDS and timed automata are consistent, allowing use of the Uppaal validator for system verification. The development of general formulas for checking the deadlock freedom and termination efficiency allows for automated verification, without learning temporal logics and time-dependent formulas. An important and rare feature is the finding of partial deadlocks, because in a distributed system a common situation occurs in which some nodes/processes are deadlocked, while others work. Examples of checking timed distributed systems are included.

A Progressive Real-time Visualization Method for Earthquake Big Data

<p>As the volume of seismic observation time-series data grows larger, web-based visualization schemes suffer from longer system response times. Although big data visualization schemes based on sampling and filtering can greatly reduce the data scale and shorten transmission time, what it gains in speed it loses in information. Progressive visualization has become an increasingly popular scheme because it can quickly “see” some results without having to wait for all the data, thus enabling users to grasp a data-change trend quickly and perceive the rules behind it. In this paper, a Cloudberry-based progressive real-time visualization schema for earthquake big data (PVSEBD) is proposed for the first time. It greatly shortens the transmission time of each data slice, improves the user interaction experience, and meets the long-term, large-scale visualization needs of earthquake consultation business. Because the correctness of average aggregation function (AVG) in progressive visualization is often not guaranteed, this paper proposes an innovative AVG translation rule solution based on the accumulability of the COUNT and SUM aggregation functions. The experimental results showed that PVSEBD automatically adjusts the amount of data returned each time according to size and has a shorter response time for each interaction compared with the solution based on the web-based visualization toolkit Portable Progressive Parallel Processing Pipeline (P5).</p> <p> </p>