Translation Exercises Research Articles

Обучение студентов нефилологических специальностей письменному переводу научно-технических текстов

Various definitions of the notion of translation are given. Special attention is paid to components of the procedural aspect in teaching translation of scientific texts that enable molding theoretical and applied knowledge, abilities and skills by means of special exercises. The article provides examples of pre-translation and translation exercises aimed at developing skills of translation of professionqlly-oriented texts.

1.H. Workshop: Health, risk factors and inequalities in the EU: insights from the Global Burden of Disease study

Abstract Since the 1990s, the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is providing a wealth of information on the health status of the world's population, at an increasing level of detail. The key metric of the GBD study is the Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY), which allows integrating the impact of morbidity and mortality into a single indicator, thereby providing a more comprehensive basis for evaluating, comparing and ranking the health impact of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. The GBD 2019 study, conducted by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, generated burden estimates for 369 diseases and injuries, and 87 risk factors, in 204 countries and territories, for the period 1990-2019. Leveraging the GBD 2019 study results, this workshop will paint a picture of the state of health in the European Union, focusing on the main causes of ill health, the main contributing risk factors, and the prevailing health inequalities. The workshop is organized by the European Burden of Disease Network (COST Action CA18218), which actively works to integrate and strengthen the capacity and knowledge in burden of disease assessment assessment across Europe and beyond. As a practical exercise in knowledge translation, the workshop will be an opportunity for participants to get familiar with the concept and importance of burden of disease, the GBD study, and the use of DALYs for population health monitoring and reporting. Key messages The Global Burden of Disease study provides comprehensive and comparable worldwide estimates of the population health impact of diseases, injuries, risk factors, and inequalities. Participants will receive a picture of the state of health in the European Union, including the main causes of ill health, the main contributing risk factors, and the prevailing health inequalities.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DIRECT METHOD OF TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN FRENCH TEXTBOOKS USED IN GALICIA (THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY)

Abstract. The article under discussion deals with the analysis of French textbooks used at the lessons ofthe French language in Galicia in the first half of the twentieth century. The authors carry out an overview ofthe sources relevant to the issue under study and prove that the topic has never been an object of any scientificresearch before. In the article, we have reviewed five French textbooks and identified the main method of Frenchlanguage teaching implemented in them. The books, which were used, can be divided into three groups – textbooks,readers, and grammar reference books. All the textbooks under analysis were recommended by the educationauthority of Galicia. The textbooks are analyzed according to the criteria proposed by N. Borysko. Thus, the Frenchtextbooks used in Galicia are found to be compiled by means of the direct method of teaching foreign languagesthat is marked with a wide range of phonetic material, the absence of translation exercises, the emphasis ona practical approach to improving foreign language competencies.

Traduzir o canto de Christine de Pizan no confinamento

Christine de Pizan left a very varied work regarding literary themes and genres, her first poems being written in verses, ballads, virelais, rondeaux, jeux a vendre and some songs. In this study, we will present two of her lyric compositions in translation into Portuguese, Ballade XI and Virelai I, in which Christine de Pizan regrets her new reality: the loneliness of widowhood and the contradiction of poetic activity in disguising and revealing her feelings. The aim of this work is to show that the translation of these medieval poems can illustrate principles of the translation of poetry that go beyond the meaning and form of the text. For that, we resort to some considerations by authors such as Antoine Berman and Mario Laranjeira, for whom the translation can shelter the other, can reveal the identity of a text and say something about its history. We also emphasize the distance in the timeline that separates the composition of the source texts and the translation exercise proposing our work as a witness to the other, aiming to offer the original a continuity in this century, giving it the shelter that the stranger can receive in distant lands.

Translation Quality Analysis of Japanese Oral Translation (Tsuyaku)

The oral translation course at the Japanese Language Education Study Program, Universitas Brawijaya does not impose special requirements for students who want to take it. For this reason, this study aims to analyse the quality of student’s oral translations and to determine the competencies that affect the results of student’s Japanese-Indonesian oral translations. In the translation quality, special parameters are used as measurement tools, which are: accuracy, fluency, and clarity. Meanwhile, the parameters to determine the competence that affects the translation results using the bilingual sub-competence, extralinguistic sub-competence, nation translation sub-competence, instrumental sub-competence, strategic sub-competence, psychological sub-competence. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. The data used in this study were the transcripts of the results of the oral translation exercises from the audio “Nihongo Soumatome Mondai” that was played. The data collection technique uses primary and secondary sources. The analysis in this study used Miles and Huberman theory (reduction, data display, and verification). The result of accuracy parameter is inaccurate and the fluency parameter of the most translated result is fluent. In the clarity parameter, the highest number of translated results is non-acceptable. This shows that although students are fluent, their translation result are not acceptable. Meanwhile, the translation competence that affects the translation results of students who take the tsuuyaku course is the lack of a bilingual sub-competency factor or mastery of the source language of a translator. Although they already had the basics of translation before, however, due to the low bilingual sub-competence, no matter how well the translation theory has been mastered, it is still difficult to produce an accurate and clear translation.

A Critical Study of Abba Ho Patēr in Romans 8:15 in the New Revised Asante Twi Version (2018)

Bible translation is among the difficult exercises in scholarship because it demands a careful analysis of the biblical text from the source language into the target language. The religio-cultural settings and worldview of the indigenous people are also considered so that they are able to access the word of God as written and meant by the author(s). An example of Bible translation exercise is the New Revised Asante Twi Version (NRATV) 2018, which contains some translation problems. Some texts are not translated but “carried wholly” into the new or target language to make them look as if they form part of the native language. One of such is “Abba,” which is a HebraicAramaic word found in Romans 8:15. Since Abba is not an Asante (and Akan) language, it becomes difficult for the Asante reading community (and by extension all Akan languages) and users of the Asante-Twi Bible to understand and express the concept within their religio-cultural worldview because they do not understand the thought of the author in their language. Using exegetical, mother-tongue hermeneutics and the communicative method of translation as approaches, the study has found out that the translation of …Αββα ὁ πατήρ (…Abba ho Patēr) as …Abba, Agya (…Abba, Father) in the Asante-Twi Bible (2018) should be rendered as “…Agya, M’agya” (Father, My Father). The study has thus added to the interpretations of Romans 8:15 in Asante-Twi. It is being recommended that in the future revision of the Asante-Twi Bible, the Bible Society of Ghana should consider using “…Agya, M’agya” (Father, My Father) in the translation of … Αββα ὁ πατήρ (…Abba ho Patēr).

Translator Education with University Extra Mural Projects: Literary Translation Practice

The extramural project “Translator education: literary translation practice” (FORTRALIT) started in 2017 at the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). It aims at promoting the practice of literary translation through two main actions: the translation of reports written by professional (literary) translators whose subject matter should be their own professional practice, and the (re)translation of literary texts. The article intends to describe the FORTRALIT Project and to briefly expose some of the activities developed in the scope of the Project. In addition, it intends to detail a task carried out in the scope of the Portuguese/English language pair by students of the Language/Literature course, and to report the views of one of the trainees. The pedagogical basis of the FORTRALIT project encompasses discussions about the training of translators as well as researchers’ views on retranslation and its use for teaching literary translation. FORTRALIT favours the teaching of translation as advocated by Hurtado Albir (2005, 2020), in other words, based on the development of (sub)translation skills and on the focus on tasks. In the context of FORTRALIT, the task of (re)translation (a “reading exercise”, “stealth retranslation” or “retranslation proper”) was chosen in these first years of activity. The task seems useful as one offering both a reflection on the “incompleteness” inherent in the translation process - by comparing various translations, for example - and a practical translation exercise followed by reflection and discussion based on a comparison with models that would be “canonical”.

Kääntäjäksi idänkauppaan

The present study examines training of Russian language translators in the 1980s. The main focus is on the social and ideological context of the lively bilateral trade with the Soviet Union due to which demand for translators with a command of Russian was high in Finland. The material consists of exercises used by the author of this article in teaching Russian–Finnish translation at Savonlinna School of Translation Studies. The analysis concentrates on describing what kind of source texts and commissions were typical in translation exercises. The results of the analysis suggest that the most common type of text used in translation assignments was a media text published in a newspaper or a periodical. Media texts were perhaps not ideal from the point of view of authentic translation tasks, but teachers compensated for this by imitating real-life commissions that were linked to bilateral trade or friendship activities between Finland and the Soviet Union.

Awareness about translation errors

The lack of knowledge of the mother tongue and the foreign language as well as the lack of mastery on the subject to be treated can generate a disorder in the exercise of translation, producing an unsatisfactory result. It is necessary, therefore, that the translator is familiar with the lexicon and all the properties of the respective languages in order to satisfactorily develop the translation work. In view of this, this article aims to make translation professionals aware of the need for knowledge of both the mother tongue and the foreign language with regard to the lexicon, sociocultural aspect, grammar, spelling, semantics, as linguistic aspects that correctly interconnected contribute to cohesion and textual coherence as a final product for a perfect result of the work so that all its content is intelligible. The lack of this commitment to the correction of the languages in question implies negligence that does not correspond to the seriousness with which the translation work should be developed. If, perhaps, there is a lack of sufficient training or information, the awareness of professional responsibility must be manifested in order to provide all the necessary knowledge that is in line with the translation practice. In order to achieve this awareness objective, a qualitative bibliographic research will be carried out based on the questions related to the errors of the translation about “how” they occur and “where” they come from, as to topics of great relevance that will be focused through examples of linguistic rules, illustrations of common errors and appropriate corrections for better understanding of what is intended to be emphasized. As a result, it will be possible to recognize the measures necessary to achieve a reliable translation under the topics of relevance in the translation process as a relevant vocabulary, adaptation between languages, textual revision, which at the end produce a good quality text that presents a syntactic and semantic relational balance capable of clearly communicating its message.

What is a product anyway? Applying the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) to historical data

We study the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). Thousands of studies rely on disaggregated trade data, but the quality of these studies’ unit of analysis—bins of goods categories arranged in certain hierarchies—is rarely studied. It is often unclear what a product or a variety really is. Meanwhile, increasingly granular trade data from before the 1950s are lifted from the archives that require standardization. The SITC provides a framework for that. We make four contributions: First, we work out the specificities of each SITC revision, analyze how revisions are related, and provide improved correspondence tables between all revisions. We show that revision choice can affect the analysis of historical trade data. Second, we propose basic rules for translating historical, unstandardized trade statistics to the SITC. Third, we translate German product-level trade data from the first globalization to both SITC revisions 2 and 4 in order to find out which revision may be more applicable to historical data. Fourth, we then develop metrics to quantitatively assess our translation exercise. We argue that despite inevitable imperfections, applying the SITC yields useful results, even on a very disaggregated level.

TRANSLATING POETRY: CAN YOU LEARN IT?

This paper is an attempt to describe the process through which a translator needs to go when translating poetry. Poetry has been part of human civilization since the earliest times; it has derived from the oral tradition and has evolved through centuries into a distinct genre with particular characteristics in terms of structure, form, style, language and other specific features which differentiate it from prose. In the past, poetry has been translated mostly by poets; nevertheless, it seems possible that an individual who has been properly trained and with some practice and passion can produce good quality translation of poetic works. An exercise in translation of a seventeenth-century poem by Andrew Marvell in this paper is based on theory of equivalence to show several aspects of translating, namely the visual, semantic and aesthetic ones, which could pose challenges for translators but which could be addressed and overcome with adequate training. The translator needs to approach a poem and use equivalent means as much as possible to re-create the work by bridging the gaps pertaining to cultural, historical and linguistic codes. The purpose of this exercise is to draw attention to the need of incorporating translating of poetry into the formal translation studies at universities or other institutions dealing with training translators. It also strives to encourage other translators, as well as students and translating instructors to find more poetic works which have been overlooked in the past and which should be translated so that not only the English speakers can revel in their beauty and enchantment.

Система вправ у процесі навчання української мови іноземних студентів у закладах вищої освіти

The exercises offered in manuals and textbooks for teaching Ukrainian for foreign students in the process of propaedeutic education are analyzed in the article. Also the study of scientific and didactic literature on the use of the outlined exercises was carried out; each of their types is characterized. Among them: language exercises (grammatical, lexical and phonetic); translation exercises, transformation exercises, substitution exercises; question-answer exercises, conditional speech and speech exercises. It has been determined that language exercises are aimed at training and automating the use of language material, at understanding and memorizing the structural components of language present in oral or written communication. It was found that quality of such exercises are not enough, because their purpose is the isolated formation of language skills, they are devoid of situationality, and therefore do not contain a communicative task, but instead provide for the achievement of a formal language task. It is determined that bilingual exercises are used as a means of comparing the facts of two languages, which allows students to consciously master the language material. It is established that under the condition of the presence of a speech situation and a communicative goal, transformational exercises are able to solve educational problems. It is outlined that substitution exercises are necessary for implementation in training under the condition of the correct organization of work, in particular existence of the thought-over functional instruction and creation of a speech situation during performance of such exercises. It was found that transformational and basic exercises under certain conditions of the organization acquire a communicative orientation and signs of conditioned speech exercises. The basis for building a system of exercises for teaching the Ukrainian language for foreign students are selected sets of conditional speech and speech exercises, which will ensure the development of students speech skills at the initial stage. It is determined that conditional speech exercises are used for the formation of speech skills, speech - for the formation of students' speech skills, in particular, for students to acquire the ability to express their own and understand other people's opinions in accordance with the functions of communication. The requirements that will ensure the formation of students' speech skills and within the established system of exercises - the transfer of these skills into speech skills are outlined.

Variations sur les expressions figées : quelle(s) traduction(s) chez les apprenants?

Abstract This paper analyses the translations that French undergraduate students come up with when they are to deal with fixed expressions (FEs) in English that have been modified morphologically, syntactically, lexically or semantically. FEs in English are not always used in their canonical form and are often modified in the media for contextualization purposes or stylistic reasons. They can be modified by lexical substitution, lexical insertion and by lexical and semantic inversion resulting in distinct expressions with a different sense. The paper reveals the sources of mistranslation and the pedagogic means to deal with them based upon this specific type of translation exercise. Two types of FEs are taken into account: FEs in the target language sharing all or parts of the lexical constituents with those in the source language and FEs with no direct equivalent in French. The study can also have a more general impact on translation methodology as a whole: mistranslation analysis of FEs demonstrates the difficulties students have in recognizing and/or in adapting the translation of FEs according to their modification and their context. Translating FEs could therefore be used as a first methodological step in initiating students to the specific problems of translation as a whole.

Was Rhoda Insulted? Re-Reading the Translation of Acts 12:15 in the Asante-Twi Bible

Bible translation is among the most difficult exercises in scholarship, for it needs careful analysis of the biblical texts in the light of the culture of the indigenous people to make the word of God acceptable in their culture, while not deviating from the original meaning. The Asante-Twi Bible (2012) is a product of Bible translation exercise in contemporary scholarship. However, there exist in it some translation problems; some texts which are said by Christians have been translated to carry verbal insults and derogatory remarks in the Asante-Twi language, which are not what the Greek texts intended. An example is Acts 12:15, which suggests that Rhoda was insulted by a group of Christians for saying the truth. Using Mother-tongue Biblical Hermeneutics and exegesis, the study has found out that the translation of οἱ δὲ πρὸς αὐτὴν εἶπαν· Μαίνῃ… (hoi de pros auten eipan…) (“And they said: You are mad!”…) as “Na wɔka kyerɛɛ no sɛ: Woabɔ dam!...” (And they said to her: You are mad!...) in the Asante-Twi Bible should rather be: “Nanso wɔka kyerɛɛ no sɛ: Biribi ha wo!...” (But they said to her: You are troubled!...). The study has added to the interpretations of Acts 12:15 in Asante-Twi. It is being recommended that in the future revision of the Asante-Twi Bible, the Bible Society of Ghana should consider using “Na wɔka kyerɛɛ no sɛ: Biribi ha wo!...” in the translation of οἱ δὲ πρὸς αὐτὴν εἶπαν· Μαίνῃ… (hoi de pros auten eipan…). Keywords: Insult, Bible translation, Mother-tongue, Asante-Twi and Woabɔ dam.

Relativistic mechanics and thermodynamics: part I. A linear-translation four-vector formalism

Einstein’s special theory of relativity is presented in a Minkowski four-vector formalism integrating mechanics and thermodynamics at a sophomore level, allowing the solution of undergraduate exercises in linear translation requiring both. This relativistic formalism directly incorporates the mechanics (Newton’s second law) and the thermodynamics (first law of thermodynamics) of a process in a four-vector fundamental matrix equation. This four-vector formalism is used to analyse two processes: a block descending an inclined plane with friction (a mechanical energy dissipation process increasing the entropy of the universe—if frictionless, a mechanical energy conservation process), and a cannonball ascending an incline, moved by a force exerted by a chemical reaction (a mechanical energy production process), with Gibbs’ free enthalpy function decreasing.

LE RÔLE DE L’INTERDISCIPLINARITÉ DES TRADUCTIONS PÉDAGOGIQUES DANS LA FORMATION LINGUISTIQUE DES ÉTUDIANTS EN PHILOLOGIE ROMANE

Despite the growing number of academic publications discussing the advantages of translation for language learning, school teachers of French rarely use such exercises in their work with students, complaining mainly about lack of time and suitable teaching materials. Academic centres which educate future linguists offer more opportunities to use translation in practical French language classes. This article presents the opinions of students of Romance studies on the subject of translation in language learning after a semester of work with Janina Radej’s publication entitled “Francuski w tłumaczeniach. Gramatyka 1-4” [French in translation. Grammar 1-4]. It was found that for students, translation is a new and attractive exercise that diversifies the language learning process. Despite the greater effort needed, students unanimously declared that they want to do this type of exercise. They recognised not only benefits in terms of linguistic improvement, but also the interdisciplinary value, since translation exercises in the language course also offer students preparation for classes in translation studies, and serve as a prelude for doing translations in the future.

Preclinical dosimetry models and the prediction of clinical doses of novel positron emission tomography radiotracers

Dosimetry models using preclinical positron emission tomography (PET) data are commonly employed to predict the clinical radiological safety of novel radiotracers. However, unbiased clinical safety profiling remains difficult during the translational exercise from preclinical research to first-in-human studies for novel PET radiotracers. In this study, we assessed PET dosimetry data of six 18F-labelled radiotracers using preclinical dosimetry models, different reconstruction methods and quantified the biases of these predictions relative to measured clinical doses to ease translation of new PET radiotracers to first-in-human studies. Whole-body PET images were taken from rats over 240 min after intravenous radiotracer bolus injection. Four existing and two novel PET radiotracers were investigated: [18F]FDG, [18F]AlF-NOTA-RGDfK, [18F]AlF-NOTA-octreotide ([18F]AlF-NOTA-OC), [18F]AlF-NOTA-NOC, [18F]ENC2015 and [18F]ENC2018. Filtered-back projection (FBP) and iterative methods were used for reconstruction of PET data. Predicted and true clinical absorbed doses for [18F]FDG and [18F]AlF-NOTA-OC were then used to quantify bias of preclinical model predictions versus clinical measurements. Our results show that most dosimetry models were biased in their predicted clinical dosimetry compared to empirical values. Therefore, normalization of rat:human organ sizes and correction for reconstruction method biases are required to achieve higher precision of dosimetry estimates.

An evaluation of a translation intervention to raise awareness of employability skills gained from higher education

The challenge of ensuring that graduates of higher education are employable has become a pedagogical issue for teaching colleagues at universities worldwide. Employability, as a theme, has changed the general environment of higher education (Frankham, 2017, p.632) and is strongly emphasised on degree programmes’ planning for desired outcomes (Moore and Morton, 2017, p.591). This paper reports on an evaluation of an intervention that was conducted with eight final year (Level 6) students from multiple disciplines to investigate to what extent a translation exercise can raise student awareness of employability skills gained through their higher education experience. This study shows that through a skills translation exercise, students’ ability to highlight their graduate skills, which align to personal specification skills such as communication, organisation, and business acumen, increased. This paper reports on an intervention that was valued by the participants as having a positive impact on their understanding of their own employability and explores how translating discipline specific skills through short conversations can have relevance in the pressurised world of higher education.

Exercise and immunometabolic regulation in cancer.

Unhealthful lifestyle factors, such as obesity, disrupt organismal homeostasis and accelerate cancer pathogenesis, partly through metabolic and immunological dysregulation. Exercise is a prototypical strategy that maintains and restores homeostasis at the organismal, tissue, cellular and molecular levels and can prevent or inhibit numerous disease conditions, including cancer. Here, we review unhealthful lifestyle factors that contribute to metabolic and immunological dysregulation and drive tumourigenesis, focusing on patient physiology (host)-tissue-tumour microenvironment interactions. We also discuss how exercise may influence distant tissue microenvironments, thereby improving tissue function through both metabolic and immunospecific pathways. Finally, we consider future directions that merit consideration in basic and clinical translational exercise studies.

The Ability to Translate Arabic Vocabulary among STAM Student/ Kebolehan Menterjemah Kosa Kata Bahasa Arab dalam Kalangan Pelajar STAM

Religious school students have been learning Arabic from standard one until standard six at the level of STAM examination. During these six years of learning, apperently, they can master Arabic well. However, some studies have discussed on their weaknesses. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the students’ ability to translate in using the Arabic vocabulary that consists of nouns, verbs and cohetions among form sixth students at a religious school in Selangor. The researchers used descriptive analysis to obtain the mean. A total of 80 respondents were randomly selected to answer a set of test by translating 66 Arabic vocabularies which were selected from STAM textbook. The results of the analysis indicated that the respondents’ translation ability for nouns, verbs and cohetions is considered as weak. This study suggested that translation exercises should be conducted periodically for students in the classroom or in the co-curricular activities.