In the situation of severe energy and ecological problems, waste heat recovery is essential to achieve the current carbon neutrality. This paper proposes a solar-assisted combined cooling and power system that integrates energy storage and desulfurization for recovering exhaust waste heat and solar energy. Firstly, the combined cooling and power system model is built in the MATLAB environment, and its reliability is verified with the help of previous references. Subsequently, the high-temperature cycle types and low-temperature cycle zeotropes are discussed. Then, the equivalent coefficient is introduced, and the relationship between the performance and operating parameters of the subsystem and combined system is analyzed. Based on a three-objective optimization strategy, the performance of the combined cooling and power system is optimized. After determining the optimization parameters, the benefits of installing the solar-assisted as well as the combined cooling and power system for coal-fired power plants are evaluated. Finally, the transient response and peak shaving characteristics of the energy storage device are studied. The numerical results exhibit that the power and energy-efficiency are increased by 138,976 kW and 5.8%, with additional refrigerating output and desulfurization capacity of 91,698 kW and 10,550 kg/h, while the recovery-time is only 5.7 years. This paper provides a feasible idea for scientists to solve the problems of low energy utilization and high sulfide emissions in coal-fired power plants.