Semantic Transformation Research Articles

S2Net: Shadow Mask-Based Semantic-Aware Network for Single-Image Shadow Removal

Existing shadow removal methods often struggle with two problems: color inconsistencies in shadow areas and artifacts along shadow boundaries. To address these two problems, we propose a novel shadow mask-based semantic-aware network (S <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> Net) that uses shadow masks as guidance for shadow removal. The color inconsistency problem is solved in two steps. First, we use a series of semantic-guided dilated residual (SDR) blocks to transfer statistical information from non-shadow areas to shadow areas. The shadow mask-based semantic transformation (SST) operation in SDR enables the network to remove shadows while keeping non-shadow areas intact. Then, we design a refinement block by incorporating semantic knowledge of shadow masks and applying the learned modulated convolution kernels to get traceless and consistent output. To remove artifacts along shadow boundaries, we propose a newly designed boundary loss. The boundary loss encourages spatial coherence around shadow boundaries. By including the boundary loss as part of the loss function, a significant portion of artifacts along shadow boundaries can be removed. Extensive experiments on the ISTD, ISTD+, SRD and SBU datasets show our S <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> Net outperforms existing shadow removal methods.

On Semantic and Functional Transformation of Chinese Word “si” (Death) from the Perspective of Prototype-Based Categorization Path

Semantic and functional transformation of words is a common feature of all languages and has been one of the hot topics in language research. Being a common word in modern Chinese, “si” (death) has gone through the process of semantic transformation many times and has had multiple meanings. Previous researches mainly focus on the classification of various meanings of “death”, the differences and characteristics of the meaning of “si” (death) in different syntactic positions, and the intuitive research on the causes and paths of semantic transformation, but the latter is not systematical. In order to solve the problem, cognitive linguistics has put forward prototype category theory to find out the general rules of semantic and functional transformation. Prototype category theory emphasizes the motivation of the semantic transformation of words when guiding us to study the semantic transformation of words. Our study finds that the relationship between the new meanings derived from semantic transformation and the original meaning of “si” (death) can be reasonably explained by the prototype category theory in cognitive linguistics. This discovery proves from the reverse side that the prototype category is the main way of semantic and functional transformation of Chinese words, which fully demonstrates that the semantic and functional transformation of Chinese words conforms to the cognitive law of human beings, having strong motivation.

Terminologization of Coloronyms of Metal and Mineral Etymological Origin: Evolutionary Aspect

This paper is devoted to the study of French coloronyms and their terminologization in different subtypes of scientific discourse. The research is based on coloronyms of mineral origin “(jaune / vert / brun / rouge d’)andalousite” and “quartz (blanc / rose)”, as well as those of metallic origin – “jaune d’or’ and ‘jaune / vert de chrome”. The authors carry out an etymological analysis of all the above-mentioned lexical units and consider the main tendencies of the terminologization of words with the semantics of colour in French scientific discourse. Peculiarities of terminologization of coloronyms of mineral origin are analyzed in scientific chemical and scientific geological types of discourse, whereas trends in the use of coloronyms of mineral origin are presented in scientific chemical and scientific physical types of discourse. The aim of the paper is to analyze the evolutionary tendencies of terminologization of French coloronyms in the subtypes of scientific discourse to describe their common and diverging properties at different levels, i.e. structural-semantic, morphological, and syntactic. The empirical material for the research comprises written scientific texts on chemistry (the electronic archive of scientific journals “Annales de chimie et de physique”), geology (the electronic archive of scientific publications “Planet-Terre”), physics (the electronic archive of scientific journals “Futura Sciences”). Methods of the research include etymological, component, structural-semantic, morphological, and syntactic analyses. Terminologization of coloronyms is a long-term continuous evolutionary discursive process that can be observed in French scientific discourse from the XIXth century till the present day. The authors investigate such evolutionary tendencies of coloronyms as emerging semantics of colour in lexemes that have not had it before, development of new structural-semantic models, rising numbers of morphological categories of colour terms, and acquisition of new syntactic roles, gradual process of semantic transformation of coloronyms. The transition of coloronyms from one subtype of scientific discourse into another with structural-syntactic forms, morphological and semantic categories preserved indicates the correlation between the discursive subtypes and the convergence of their functional properties at different levels of the language system. Despite this interdiscursive connectedness, each of the subtypes manifests distinct boundaries, which can be revealed through the study of the semantic specificity of coloronyms and their terminologization in scientific discourse.

How to Undo (and Redo) Words with Facts: A Semio-enactivist Approach to Law, Space and Experience

In this essay both the facts/values and facticity/normativity divides are considered from the perspective of global semiotics and with specific regard to the relationships between legal meaning and spatial scope of law’s experience. Through an examination of the inner and genetic projective significance of categorization, I will analyze the semantic dynamics of the descriptive parts comprising legal sentences in order to show the intermingling of factual and axiological/teleological categorizations in the unfolding of legal experience. Subsequently, I will emphasize the translational and enactive cognitive disposition underlying the construction of the second premise of the so-called judiciary syllogism and thereby the untenability of the idea that ‘law makes its facts.’ Hence, I will try to bring to the fore the cultural pre-assumptions encapsulated in the positivistic and therefore also formalistic or analytical approaches to legal experience and the loss of their inner consistency when legal experience confronts the phases and major changes of global semiotics. Finally, I will strive to relativize the opposition between the positivist and non-positivistic theories of law in view of an understanding of legal experience focused not only, or at least not primarily, on what ‘law is’ but also on ‘how’ it unwinds through, and in spite of, environmental and semantic transformations.

Semantic Numeration Systems as Information Tools for Fuzzy Data Processing

We describe the concept of semantic numeration systems (SNS) as a certain class of context-based numeration methods. The main attention is paid to the key elements of semantic numeration systems - cardinal semantic operators. A classification of semantic numeration systems is given. The concept of fuzzy cardinal semantic transformation as a basis for creating fuzzy semantic numeration systems is advanced. Both fuzziness of the initial data - cardinals of abstract entities - and fuzziness of the parameters of the cardinal semantic operators are considered. The principle of formation of the fuzzy common carry in the cardinal semantic operators with multiple inputs is formulated.

The Semantic Transformation of the Cultural Significance of the Cowry in the Cameroon Grassfields

The cowries have a very long history in the Grassfields of Cameroon. This emblematic object that was once used as legal tender in this area is a very invaluable element of cultural identity and social stratification. When this object ceased to be used as money, it was and is reserved for the royalty where it was and is being used to demonstrate their authority. It was also used in ritual and divination. The cultural meaning of this object continuous to change, thereby making it to lose its original functions. Today, it is used to play more social functions and by just anyone who can have money to purchase. As the days go by, original cowries are fast disappearing, giving way to artificial ones. This change noticed in cowries is an indicator of socio-cultural changes currently on going with many cultural elements in the Grassfields and in Africa in general. The more time passes, the more their functions change. The question which arises therefore is ‘what are the changes that have taken place in the significance and use of cowries in the Grassfields’? This paper explores how the Grassfields people perceive cowries, their functions and change in their use. Both the qualitative and quantitative methods of data collections were used to gather information for the paper. The data collected was analysed and interpreted using the theories of cultural evolution and functionalism.

METAPHORICAL ALLUSION IN MILITARY POLITICAL DISCOURSE

The research paper is devoted to the diachronic analysis of political metaphoric allusions based on military terms in the English language. The study determines the ways of political military discourse allusions development in the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st century. The main objective of this work is to afford deeper insights into the genuine nature of metaphoric allusions, defining their forms, types and functions. The semantic and functional issues related to metaphoric allusions in the sphere of politics are the subject of the article, which has the aim of providing their interpretations, investigating their sources and use. The methods of research: empiric research, monitoring of mass media and multimedia content, classification, content analysis, semantic analysis. War words and phrases used by politicians in public addresses prone to generate new shades of meanings through military intertextual patterns and enrich the work by association thus giving it depth by revealing an implicit nature in political discourse through allusion. Its universal character has become common knowledge and ubiquitous in all walks of life. Being a figure of speech through which some counterparts are compared on the basis of their aspects to history, culture, mythology, literature, war and religion. Metaphoric allusions fill lexical gaps, characterize and deepen the understanding of the essence of existing objects.” Using war metaphoric allusions shuffles categorization in insidious ways. As such, politicians call for obedience rather than awareness and appeal to our patriotism, not to our solidarity”. (Costanza Musu , 2020: April 8). The core ideas are often taken from common sources, like war, battle, conflict which usually refer to some sort of competition, fight, or struggle and serve as a means of intertexuality in further semantic transformation in political domain acquiring a novice emotional charge.

Gaussian similarity preserving for cross-modal hashing

Cross-modal hashing (CMH) has gained considerable attention due to its low storage and fast query speed. Most existing CMH research pursues the binary codes of each modality by preserving a similarity matrix which is computationally expensive. In this paper, we propose a Gaussian similarity preserving method for cross-modal hashing. By using the semantic transformation, our model can avoid computing the similarity matrix explicitly. We further employ the sequential learning approach to reduce the quantization error. Experimental results on three benchmark datasets clearly show that our proposed method can outperform the state-of-the-art methods.

Metamorphosis as an Object of Linguistic Research

Current scientific work is devoted to the comparative analysis of how the term "metamorphosis" is given in linguistic dictionaries. The use of the term metamorphosis in various fields of science is based on the analysis of the phenomenon of metamorphosis in their lexical meaning and application, in particular when translating works of art. In this study, we tried to cover the problems and issues related to the subject of metamorphosis in the field of translation. One of the oldest and most difficult problems of translation is the translation of cultural units in modern linguistics, the adequate transfer of the content of texts from one language to another in the process of translation. There are some clear terms and expressions in world languages that cannot be translated into other languages of the world. Those words or phrases are usually closely connected with culture, history and literature of a nation. In linguistics, the phenomenon of metamorphosis is characterized by a semantic transformation or transformation of the image of a concept, event, and an animate or inanimate object. Metamorphosis interprets translation change. Metamorphosis is the leading fantasy motif of evolution in fantasy fairy tales in literature. In this article, we have tried to analyze the lexical meaning, interpretation and scientific definitions of the phenomenon of metamorphosis.

The Arabic lexical units in dictionary by Teimuraz Bagrationi

"Books of Dictionaries" by Teimuraz Bagrationi&nbsp; is a lexicographical work dating to the first half of the 19th century. The dictionary is mainly explanatory, in addition it is of translational, field-terminological, etymological and encyclopedic nature. The author often finds out about the origin of this or that word whether the word is root Georgian or of foreign origin. In parallel by side the explanatory words is written in the Georgian and also non-Georgian letters&nbsp; their Persian and Arabic, Tatar (Turkish), Armenian, Assyrian, Greek…. definition.The aim of the work is to reveal and collect the lexis in "Books of Dictionaries" by Teimuraz Bagrationi considered Arabic by the author to study and analyze their phonetic and semantic transformation, to identify entry means of the borrowings and establish their chronology.&nbsp; In the article we present the lexical units of the first letter of the Georgian alphabet, beginning with the sound A, which the author indicates are of Arabic origin. These are: Ama÷i, Amilbar, Amir, Aram, Arajib, Arif, Akhi / Ah÷i, Aja. Based on the etymological-semantic analysis, their Arabic origin is determined.

Pædagogik og/eller uddannelsesforskning og uddannelsesvidenskab? Danske konstellationer og spændinger

The first part and main part of this article describes the conflictual entry of two different interdisciplinary concepts of ‘educational research’ in Denmark during two periods including the specific tensions between these two concepts and the local established forms of pedagogical reserach: the entry during the 1970s of a new critical and sociological concept of educational research inspired by German neomarxism and ‘kritische Erziehungswissenschaft’, and the entry of the Anglo-American concept of ‘educational research’ around 2000 in the wake of the OECD’s National Review on Educational R &amp; D in Denmark 2004. Unlike traditional pedagogical thinking and research these concepts are primarily geared towards a social scientific (sociological, economic, and political) understanding of education. The second part of the article is focused on the local reorganization of the field of educational research that occurred with the opening of the new Danish University of Education (Danmarks Pædagogiske Universitet) in 2000. It shows how and why the concept of educational sciences unlike Norway and Sweden did not occur in Denmark until 2010 and with a very limited diffusion in comparison to the concept of educational research. In the third and final part, the article discusses the problems in translating ‘education’ with ‘uddannelse’ in the Nordic languages and follows the semantic transformations of the Danish concept of ‘uddannelse’ during the last 50 years. It shows how it has become the cover term for all kinds of educational but also political, economic and managerial matters making it rather difficult to say what educational research and educational sciences are sciences of and all about.

Virtualization of the Socio-Cultural Frontier “Tertius Romae”

The relevance of the study is due to the need to clarify the semantic core of the sociocultural frontier Tertius Romae. The theoretical construct Tertius Romae by Mark Cicero has undergone semantic transformations throughout history. It acquires various meanings of political and geographical ambitions, including the ideas of "Moscow is the Third Rome" and "Third Reich", the connotations of Christian sacral and eschatological expectations, the form of the core of the idea of national sovereignty, world domination, the global economy and, finally, the global virtual world.&#x0D; The purpose of the study is to determine the historical stages of the evolution of the socio-cultural frontier Tertius Romae.&#x0D; Apart from the time time when the construct Tertius Romae appeared in the work of Cicero, we also distinguish three global stages of its evolution: sacred (5th – 16th centuries), secular (16th – 20th centuries) and virtual (starting from the 21st century).&#x0D; If during a long sacred stage, the control centers form the semantic core of the Tertius Romae frontier, then at the subsequent stages they actively exploit it. The concept of a socio-cultural frontier in the new digital reality acquires the meaning of the moving boundaries of a technologically backward periphery, dependent on a more developed metropolis, providing communication services, regulating information content and ensuring information security. The theoretical construct, once tied to a territory and a certain form of government, is now acquiring the meaning of virtual power, and socio-cultural frontier is more due to the quality of communication and the power of the final equipment.

A hidden plot in "Five choirs to the words of Russian poets" by G. Sviridov.

The article raises the question of identification of the "hidden plot" in the choral cycle "Five choirs to the words of Russian poets" by G. Sviridov. Author examines the question of how thematically, plotfully and ideologically all five parts of the choral cycle are interconnected, the connection between which at first glance seems random. When considering and analyzing in detail the texts (excerpt from the poem "Dead Souls" by N. Gogol, poems by S. Yesenin "In the evening blue ..." and "Herd", A. Prokofiev "Oh, there were shelves", S. Orlov "Song") the regularities of their semantic transformation, which was made by G. Sviridov in accordance with the plan to give a verbal and musical "portrait" of different historical stages in the life of Russia (pre-revolutionary, revolutionary, which led to the destruction of the value foundations of Russian civilization and the civil war, as well as the period that came after the Great Patriotic War), are revealed. It is shown that the "hidden" text of N. Gogol "Taras Bulba" acquires special significance in the verbal sphere of the cycle, namely, the scene of the murder of the son of Andriy by Taras, who betrayed the faith and Homeland; this episode is compared by the composer with the plot collision of the civil war reflected in the text of A. Prokofiev (that is why G. Sviridov gives his name to the poem "The son met the father"). But all the tragic events of Russian history are experienced and overcome by the song in which the Eternal Motherland lives. Thanks to the existence of the hidden plot of the cycle, a wide epic canvas unfolds before us, within which Sviridov's musical historiosophy finds its expression.

On the issue of socio-cultural specifics of the development of running practices in Russia

The importance of research on the national specifics of running practices is due to the fact that in a global context, they allow us to identify the most effective of the proven forms of using running to ensure human well–being, and in an ethnic perspective - to better understand the cultural characteristics of a particular society. The subject of this study is the socio-cultural conditionality of diverse running practices that existed earlier and are still inherent in the population of Russia. The author defines their determination by various ideological complexes, social processes and actors, and also analyzes the variations and semantic transformations inherent in running activities in the dynamic field of national culture. The main conclusions of the study are: 1. In the mytho-religious public consciousness of antiquity (pre-Petrine era), legs as part of the bodily bottom had a negative connotation, which caused mainly negative labeling of running as an attribute of evil spirits. Competitive and ritual running practices were condemned as a manifestation of pagan games and ways to "appease" evil spirits, in carnival folk culture running was associated with the lower levels of the social hierarchy: children and women. 2. The Westernization of Russian society (the period from the reforms of Peter I to 1917) led to the applied use of running practices in military affairs and pedagogy. At the end of the XIX century, running in Russia became a kind of amateur sport, used for health-saving mainly by women, and in a competitive form it exists mainly in the male environment of the Western-oriented intelligentsia of large cities. 3. During the formation and development of the USSR, sports and wellness running was used by the state as an element of eugenics, a way of developing productive forces, a means of cultural construction and agitation. In the post-Soviet period, there is a commercialization, massization and humanization of amateur running in Russia against the background of the crisis of high-performance sports running.

Linguistic Data Model for Natural Languages and Artificial Intelligence. Part 7. Internal Logic 1

Introduction. The article continues a series of publications on the linguistics of relations (hereinafter referred to as R-linguistics) and is devoted to the study of the functioning of logical connectives with verbs. The article is the first part of the discussion of internal logic, which examines the use of logical connectives within sentences. This research involves the formation of semantic logic, that is, logic that takes into account the semantics of sentences.Methodology and sources. The results obtained in the previous parts of the series are used as research tools. To develop the necessary mathematical representations in the field of internal logic, the previously formulated semantic concepts and operations are used.Results and discussion. The use of logical connectives with verbs is analyzed. It is shown that these connectives actually refer to external logic, although in some cases it is necessary to adjust part of sentence, taking into account the semantics of the linguistic model. The concept of semantic substitution is defined and the first rule of substitution for verbs is formulated and justified.Conclusion. Abandoning the traditional view of natural language logic means abandoning logical operations and logical inference. This forces us to consider logical operations that now take into account semantics, since they are related to the structure of the linguistic model. Analysis of the functioning of logical connectives with verbs shows that they are related to the linguistic model, which leads to the need for various semantic transformations of the text when such connectives are used. In particular, the use of logical connectives can lead to the loss of the meaning of the text. The rejection of logical inference is compensated by the appearance of semantic substitution rules, one of which is considered in this paper.

O idealismo da Constituição no Brasil entre os anos 1920/1930

Nas décadas de 1920 e 1930, houve a emergência de crises políticas e sociais dos modelos identificados com a democracia liberal em vários países das Américas e da Europa Ocidental. No caso brasileiro, muitos intelectuais produziram críticas ao liberalismo, tomando-o como responsável pelos problemas de ordem política, social e econômica daquele contexto, entre eles Francisco José de Oliveira Vianna, intelectual atuante nos debates políticos do período. Neste artigo, amparando-nos em perspectiva aportada pela história intelectual, propomos compreender seu texto O idealismo da Constituição (1927) considerando, de um lado, sua crítica ao liberalismo nacional e, de outro, a dimensão de transformação retórica e semântica operada pelo autor na segunda edição do livro (de 1939), à luz de uma nova interação com um contexto político diferente daquele dos anos 1920. Assim, defende-se que a compreensão deste texto requer acompanhar suas duas versões e, em particular, indagar a mobilização contextual de valências introduzidas ao conceito de democracia.

Using Knowledge Graph Structures for Semantic Interoperability in Electronic Health Records Data Exchanges

Information sharing across medical institutions is restricted to information exchange between specific partners. The lifelong electronic health records (EHR) structure and content require standardization efforts. The existing standards such as openEHR, HL7, and CEN TC251 EN 13606 (Technical committee on Health Informatics of the European Committee for Standardization) aim to achieve data independence along with semantic interoperability. This study aims to discover knowledge representation to achieve semantic health data exchange. OpenEHR and CEN TC251 EN 13606 use archetype-based technology for semantic interoperability. The HL7 Clinical Document Architecture is on its way to adopting this through HL7 templates. Archetypes are the basis for knowledge-based systems as these are means to define clinical knowledge. The paper examines a set of formalisms for the suitability of describing, representing, and reasoning about archetypes. Each of the information exchange technologies such as XML, Web Ontology Language, Object Constraint Language, and Knowledge Interchange Format is evaluated as a part of the knowledge representation experiment. These examine the representation of Archetypes as described by Archetype Definition Language. The evaluation maintains a clear focus on the syntactic and semantic transformations among different EHR standards.

"…and make a fresh start": a linguo-stylistic analysis of Yu. D. Levitansky’s poem "The winter was like asnowy pass…"

Yu. D. Levitansky’s creative work has repeatedly become the object of literary analysis. Nevertheless, the poet’s writing has not been subject to detailed linguo-stylistic research. The article aims to analyse the linguistic means expressing the author’s message in the poem "The winter was like a snowy pass" and on the basis of this characterisation to reveal the philosophical content of the lyrical poem. To achieve the stated aim, linguo-stylistic text analysis is employed. This approach permits the determination of the role and functions linguistic units perform in revealing the poet’s world view. Componential analysis is used to identify the means of semantic extension and transformations of primary and customary meanings of lexical items, which turns out to be important to form the philosophical basis of the poem. The paper concludes that Yu. Levitansky paints a picture of a man’s and poet’s life searches. Additionally, the modes of expressing the author’s message are identified. The reality and fiction are closely intertwined and complement each other. Thus, they help to reveal the view of life of an individual and the whole generation better. Using the monochrome palette of black-and-white films (the poem is part of the winter cycle of the "Cinematograph" collection), the author provides philosophical reflection on life, creativity, and his own place in the fate of the Sixtiers’ generation.

Semantic Sfumato: Transformation of an Ancient Source in “Julian the Apostateˮ by D. S. Merezhkovsky

In despite of the prevailing conclusions, Dmitry Merezhkovsky as a novelist works quite scrupulously with historical sources. However, he subjects them to a significant semantic transformation. In this sense, the case with the novel “The Death of the Gods. Julian the Apostate&amp;amp;8j1; (1895) is especially representative. Here the material of the main source, “Roman History&amp;amp;8j1; (Res gestae) by Ammianus Marcellinus, is systematically fictionalized according to the laws of Modernist mythopoetics. Merezhkovsky can reduce a hero of the Latin work to one symbolic peculiar feature, or, on the contrary, decompose a character’s trait sparingly indicated by Ammianus into a complex series of figurative-motif derivatives. The author, mastering the registers of Modernist writing, resorts to the semantic transformation of the ancient source according to the type of “sfumato” technique by Leonardo da Vinci. As a result of the narrative correction of the quotation layer, the protagonist of the Symbolist novel appears not as a Stoic hero, the bearer of the Roman ethos, but as a passively aesthetic “martyr of the new religious consciousness” à la fin de siècle.

Мобильность лексики русского языка в условиях пандемии COVID-19

Modern changes in the social sphere contribute to the active development of the Russian language, which expands its vocabulary due to borrowed words, semantic transformation, activation of linguistic units, phraseologization. The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the replenishment and expansion of the lexical system, reflecting the public reaction to the current problem. Thanks to the Internet media, new linguistic units are widely distributed among the population.