Prophetic Tradition Research Articles

Exploring the Analytical Approach in Analyzing Prophetic Hadith: Methodologies and Insights from Hadith Critics

This study aims to analyze and explain prophetic traditions using an analytical approach. It addresses the problem encountered in the study, and this approach belongs to the methodologies associated with the humanities and social sciences. The researcher followed a descriptive and analytical methodology in conducting this research, utilizing library resources, relying on primary books and relevant scientific articles to crystallize the concept of the analytical approach. This research is one of the few fundamental studies in terms of purpose and methodology. Its data analysis method is qualitative, based on logic and content analysis to observe and analyze the phenomenon by presenting its elements and concepts.
 This study revealed that the analytical approach is one of the most important methodologies in Islamic sciences, especially among scholars of prophetic traditions. Therefore, their critical and explanatory work is clearly based on a systematic methodology, particularly the analytical approach they heavily rely on. The methodology of scholars in analyzing narrations includes examining both the chain of narrators and the text. Through an examination of the analysis methodologies of hadith critics, it was found that analysis focuses on two significant aspects: studying the circumstances, behaviors, and beliefs of narrators, and analyzing the content of the narrations to determine the reliability of the narrator.
 The analytical approach is one of the methodologies associated with the humanities and social sciences. By this, we mean sciences that rely on rules or frameworks to analyze phenomena, such as religious sciences, linguistic sciences, political sciences, legal sciences, economic sciences, and others. Through an examination of the analysis methodologies of hadith critics, it was found that analysis focuses on two significant aspects: studying the circumstances, behaviors, and beliefs of narrators, as well as examining the methods of reception and performance, where they utilize the experimental analytical approach. Additionally, they consider the uniqueness of a narrator in narrating a specific narration and the deviation of trustworthiness from other trustworthy narrators. Moreover, analyzing the content of the narrations to determine the reliability of the narrator is also undertaken.

FROM HISTORICAL TO NORMATIVE-THEOLOGICAL APPROACHES: Hadith Studies and Prophetic Tradition According to Ruggero Vimercati Sanseverino

<p>The present article is a descriptive-analytical examination of the hadith studies trend in Germany. Represented by Ruggero Vimercati Sanseverino, Professor of Hadith Studies and Prophetic Tradition at Zentrum für Islamische Theologie at the University of Tübingen Germany, it explores his methodological and didactical contribution to the hadith studies traced through his publications. This study shows that Ruggero focuses on the theological dimension of hadith, as opposed to the historical study of hadith. Ruggero investigates one of the pioneers of referential text on the science of hadith, <em>al-Ilma’</em> by The Moroccan Maliki scholar al-Qadi ‘Iyad. Besides studying <em>‘Ulum al-Hadits</em> literature, he also expands his research on a reference text of Sunni prophetology, <em>al-Shifaʾbi-taʿrif Huquq al-Muṣṭafa</em> by the same author. In line with the previous topic, he tries to answer the question of how the Prophet Muhammad should be perceived by doing a critical study of prophetology according to ʿAbd al-Ḥalim Maḥmud. Ruggero also offers a comprehensive thematic approach concerning prophetological themes to counter fundamentalism and solve the conflict in some Muslim communities. The theological approach to hadith offered by Ruggero defines hadith as transmitted testimony. While classical hadith studies which places hadith as a source for prophetic tradition focusing on transmission and Orientalism/Islamic Studies put hadith as history and document which portrayed social and culture of past Muslim societies, Ruggero wants to integrate both approaches and brings them into dialogue.</p><p>[Artikel ini adalah analisis deskriptif-analitik dari tren studi hadits di Jerman. Diwakili oleh Ruggero Vimercati Sanseverino, Profesor Studi Hadits dan Tradisi Nabi di Zentrum für Islamische Theologie di Universitas Tübingen Jerman, tulisan ini mengeksplorasi kontribusi metodologis dan didaktis pada studi hadis yang ditelusuri melalui publikasinya. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa Ruggero berfokus pada dimensi teologis hadis, berlawanan dengan kajian sejarah hadis. Ruggero menyelidiki salah satu perintis kitab referensi pada ilmu hadits, al-Ilma 'oleh ulama Maliki Maroko al-Qadi 'Iyad. Selain mempelajari literatur Ulum al-Hadits, ia juga memperluas penelitiannya pada teks referensi kenabian Sunni, al-Shifaʾbi-taʿrif Huquq al-Muṣṭafa oleh penulis yang sama. Sejalan dengan topik sebelumnya, ia mencoba menjawab pertanyaan bagaimana seharusnya Nabi Muhammad dipandang dengan melakukan kajian kritis terhadap profetologi menurut ʿAbd al-Ḥalim Maḥmud. Ruggero juga menawarkan pendekatan tematik yang komprehensif tentang tema-tema kenabian untuk melawan fundamentalisme dan menyelesaikan konflik di beberapa komunitas Muslim. Pendekatan teologis dalam hadis yang ditawarkan oleh Ruggero mendefinisikan hadis sebagai <em>transmitted testimony</em>. Sementara kajian hadits klasik yang menempatkan hadits sebagai sumber hadis kenabian yang berfokus pada transmisi dan Orientalisme/Studi Islam menempatkan hadits sebagai sejarah dan dokumen yang menggambarkan sosial dan budaya masyarakat Muslim masa lalu, Ruggero ingin mengintegrasikan kedua pendekatan tersebut dan membawanya ke dalam dialog.]</p>

Guiding Muslim Women in the University: The Muslim Students’ Society of Nigeria Women’s Programmes in Northern Nigeria

ABSTRACT This article discusses how the Muslim Students’ Society of Nigeria (MSSN) shapes the way of life of Muslim women in northern Nigeria’s higher educational institutions. The MSSN expects Muslim women to be symbols of piety, home builders and career professionals, and, in line with these objectives, it promotes an Islamic reform that emphasises Western education and the embodiment of prophetic traditions. Many platforms, such as the Sisters’ Circle and Marriage Guidance and Counselling (MAGACO), are used by the MSSN to guide the women on how to achieve this tradition of reform. Through these platforms, the women are engaged on a variety of subjects, such as giving support to acquire Western education, learning the prophetic traditions, and dealing with marital concerns and societal problems that affect their gender. I argue that these platforms enable Muslim women to actively participate in public life and deal with the problems they face in education, religion and marriage. This is demonstrated in their employment in many professional careers, and their ability to stimulate changes, including contesting the notion of women’s education, the women-centred reform orientation of the MSSN, and the government policy on veiling in public schools.

منهج التفريق اللغوي بين المصطلحات القرآنية: دراسة تحليلية

Abstract:Employing the linguistic method of differentiation is one of the most important tafsir approaches to tafsir used by early scholars. This method was evidently present in the early attempts at tafsir by the companions and their followers. However, the existence of this method in early exegesis remains rather obscure among researchers. This warrants more research to unveil the scope and further extent of its application. The obscurity of this methodology has led some to question the importance of its application or even consider it foreign to the art of tafsir altogether. This paper tackles this issue by fundamentally establishing the proofs of the importance of the linguistic method of differentiation through the Quranic verses, prophetic traditions, and traditions of the companions and their followers. Considering the nature of the topic at hand, this paper uses the inductive analytical method of research in an attempt to establish the fact that linguistic differentiation was one of the most crucial tools employed by early exegetes. It concludes with various results, among which is the fact that linguistic differentiation is, above all, a Quranic methodology as the Quran guides people to differentiate between similar words. It also concludes that linguistic differentiation is a prophetic methodology in both tafsir and language, just as it is one of the most important methods of tafsir within the athar-based approach to tafsir, and it is evidently present in the exegetical reports of early exegetes.

کتاب المغازی للواقدی کے خصائص و امتیازات(ایک تنقیدی مطالعہ)

After The Quran and the books on Prophetic traditions, the Maghazi books are the source on Prophetic Sirah. Chronologically the maghazi written in the first two centuries carry the most valuable material of Prophetic Sirah. Some books are based on the principles of Hadith collection, while others are in historic perspective. Among these, Maghazi of al-Waqidi has unique properties. Though Waqidi and his book carry some controversies but it also bears some unique charactertistics. These characteristics have merits as well as demerits. It was deemed appropriate to bring forth the attributes of this book. The following article highlights these characteristics of the book with pertinent examples.

A Critical Approach to Prophetic Traditions: Contextual Criticism in Understanding Hadith

Hadith scholars have developed a rigorous discipline for studying and examining the validity of writings attributed to the Prophet Muhammad. Significant research has been published on hadith with respect to its narration (sanad) and text or content (matn). What remains underdeveloped is the role of substantive criticism of the validity of hadith. This article examines the discourse of hadith criticism and provide analytical description and a critical approach for how the validity of a hadith can be determined. It argues that substantive criticism is necessary for proper and acceptable understanding of hadith and in turn for determining the validity of hadith. In addition to a methodology for hadith criticism, the article examines how the meaning of hadith is important in the hadith studies. The article’s main argument concerns the significance of contextual understanding of hadith in any critical study of hadith.[Sarjana hadis telah mengembangkan disiplin yang ketat untuk mempelajari dan memeriksa keabsahan tulisan-tulisan yang dikaitkan dengan Nabi Muhammad. Banyak tulisan yang membahas narasi (sanad) dan teks serta konten (matn) telah dupublikasi. Dari banyaknya karya tersebut pembahasan yang lebih lanjut untuk dituliskan adalah peran kritik substantif terhadap validitas hadits. Artikel ini mengkaji wacana kritik hadis dan memberikan gambaran analitis dan pendekatan kritis tentang keabsahan sebuah hadis. Paper ini berpendapat tentang kritik substantif diperlukan untuk pemahaman hadits yang tepat dan dapat diterima untuk menentukan validitas hadits. Selain metodologi kritik hadis, artikel ini mengkaji makna hadis dalam kajian hadis. Argumen artikel ini menyangkut pemahaman kontekstual hadits dalam setiap studi kritis pada hadits]

Role of Intellectuals in Preaching Islam during the Era of the Prophet Muhammadﷺ

This research paper investigates the pivotal role played by intellectuals in the spread and preaching of Islam during the era of the Prophet Muhammadﷺ. The study explores the multifaceted contributions, including interpretation of the Qur'an, providing education, preserving Prophetic traditions, advocating, and defending Islam, and documenting important records, as well as offering advice and counseling. By examining historical sources, primary texts, and scholarly works, this research highlights the indispensable role intellectuals played in disseminating, understanding, and safeguarding the message of Islam. The findings underscore the significance of their knowledge, wisdom, and dedication in shaping the development and dissemination of Islamic teachings to subsequent generations. This research sheds light on a crucial aspect of early Islamic history and offers valuable insights into the role of intellectuals in societal and religious transformations.

TINJAUAN HUKUM EKONOMI SYARIAH TERHADAP PRAKTIK PERJANJIAN TRANSAKSI UPAH “PACAK HEWAN” (Studi Atas Pacak Kucing di Comba Cattery Cinde Kota Palembang)

This research is field research that aim to review of Sharia Economic Law on the agreement of Wage transaction “Pacak Hewan”. The existence of cattery and petshop that provide the services of competent cat breeding. However, the practices were contrary to the prophetic tradition of Rasulullah SAW that forbade lending male cats to breed the female cats and get the wage from the breeding result, Wage transaction of cat breeding can be categorized as a transaction that contain elements of gharar because the amount of the object is not known with certainty. Therefore, additional research into this transaction is required. The research method used is the qualitative method and the type of research is the field research. The technique of data collection is by means of the method of interview, observation, and documentation, while the technique of data analysis used the qualitative analysis; data presentation and conclusion taking. The result of this research is that the Practice of Catering Transaction Agreement that occurred in Comba Cattery Cinde Palembang has not fulfilled the pillars and conditions if using a rental contract based on the hadits narrated by Abu Daud, Imam Tirmidzi and opinions from the Hanafiyah and Syafi'iah Madzhabs because what is desired from the lease it is an animal sperm. However, the solution given by Imam Syafi'i can also be used as a consideration for cattery managers to continue to carry out breeding by hiring bulls if it becomes tradition but the payment of wages by tenants is based on an expression of gratitude, not in return for rent.Keywords: Wage Transaction, Agreement, Sharia Economic Law.

Islamic Pacifism: An Ethico-Theological Examination of Peace and Nonviolence in Islam

Islam calls for the avoidance of violence, if possible, or at least its minimization and use only as the last resort. The purpose of this study is to highlight the roots of pacifism in Islam; the primary sources studied are the main Muslim theological texts—the Qur’an and Sunnah (the Prophetic tradition). After analyzing these two sources, I claim that Islam and ‘devout pacifism’ are compatible. Islam calls Muslims to be faithful, decent, and good human beings, who respect the life and property of others, Muslim and non-Muslim. A model of the devout Muslim pacifist is not different from the universal model, but similar to that found in other civilizations and cultures. According to both sources, Islamic pacifism derives from human obedience to Allah, just as in other monotheistic religions that promote peaceful solutions to internal and external crises, domestic and foreign. This paper offers a new perspective on nonviolence in Islam, ethico-theological justification of war, and applications of jihad and violence as factors in managing political relations among Muslims and between Muslims and non-Muslims.

‘A Precious Treatise’: How Modern Arab Editors Helped Create Ibn Taymiyya’s Muqaddima fī uṣūl al-tafsīr

Ibn Taymiyya’s Muqaddima fī uṣūl al-tafsīr (‘Introduction to the Principles of Qur’anic Hermeneutics’) is frequently used as a guide to the classical tafsīr tradition, and its hermeneutic is viewed as the normative way to understand the Qur’an. It is even presented as one of the ‘classics’ of the medieval Islamic tradition and one of Islam’s ‘great books’. This small treatise has inspired other works on the Qur’an, especially those which are more tradition based, such as those that seek to interpret the Qur’an through the Qur’an and the Prophetic tradition. However, this article demonstrates that the treatise was not historically one of Ibn Taymiyya’s major works, did not have a stable name, and was not copied or disseminated profusely. The various parts of the treatise operated independently of one another, with medieval scholars referencing different parts of it. It was only in the modern period when Arab editors ‘rediscovered’ the work and went through the process of editing, naming, commenting on, and publishing the treatise that it became such an essential factor in our contemporary understanding of the Qur’an. By tracing the endeavours of these editors, we better appreciate the nature of the treatise and how it has influenced modern Qur’anic interpretation.

Sosialisasi Tata Cara Penyembelihan Dan Penyaluran Hewan Qurban Sesuai Syariat Islam

Slaughtering sacrificial animals is a great and special act of worship performed by Muslims on Eid al-Adha. The procedure and process of this slaughter must be based on the provisions of Islamic law. So that the main reference in the implementation of this service is the Al-Quran and saheeh prophetic traditions. The purpose of this community service event is to socialize the procedures for slaughtering qurban animals according to the Al-Quran and hadith to Muslims who live in the STIQ ZAD Campus area; so that their qurban worship is valid and accepted in the sight of Allah. The method of implementing this service is in two ways, namely the delivery of material (theory) and direct practice. The results of this community service are: First, the delivery of material on how to slaughter qurban animals runs smoothly. Second, the process of practicing slaughtering qurban animals is in accordance with Islamic law. Third, the distribution of qurban animals to the community runs without obstacles and gets a positive response from the Muslim community in the STIQ ZAD Campus area, Cianjur.

Exploring The Relationship Between Sufism and Hadith: A Qualitative Analysis of Key Narrations and Interpretations

This study examines how Sufi scholars have utilized Hadith to develop a framework for their spiritual practices, including pursuing inner knowledge and cultivating spiritual states. Additionally, it aims to analyze key Hadith narrations central to the development of Sufi thought, such as those concerning the nature of God, the role of Prophet Muhammad, and the path to spiritual enlightenment. This study utilizes a qualitative research approach to comprehensively analyze key Hadith narrations in Sufi literature and explore the relationship between Sufism and Hadith. The methodology involves a thorough literature review of primary and secondary sources, including Hadith collections and commentaries, works of Sufi scholars, and relevant academic studies. Qualitative data analysis techniques, such as content analysis and thematic coding, are employed to identify key themes and patterns in the Hadith narrations and Sufi interpretations. The study demonstrates that the teachings of Sufism are rooted in the prophetic tradition and can be referenced in various Hadiths of the Prophet that discuss the practice of Sufism. The Hadiths emphasize the importance of worshipping God to the best of one’s ability (ihsan), purifying oneself from things that can defile the heart and hinder the light of God (tazkiyat al-nafs), and practicing zuhud or detachment from excessive love for the material world. Sufis strive to find the basis of these Sufi teachings through esoteric interpretation of these Hadiths. This effort is not only essential for integrating Hadiths and Sufi teachings but also for seeking the Prophet’s most profound insights and teachings

Promoting Gender Equality and Empowerment: A Quranic and Hadith Perspective on Women's Roles in Islam

The Quran and the Hadith or prophetic traditions have defined the goal of Syariah as the manifestation of fairness and goodness. The Quran is a legal resource containing universal values guiding human life. Both women and men are essential beings. However, cultural, political, and interpretive power often make Islam seem unfriendly and discriminatory towards women. This study examines and analyses women's existence from an Islamic perspective. Specifically, this study will discuss women's existence in the discourse of gender equality, women's role in the domestic sphere, women's role in the public sphere, and the discourse on the future of women involving Islamic perspectives. The research method used is a literature review, specifically a study of Quranic and Hadith perspectives on gender roles and equality in Islam. The author systematically reviewed relevant literature, including Quranic verses, Hadith texts, and scholarly interpretations of these sources. The study's findings show that numerous verses in the Qur'an and Hadiths emphasize the equal status of men and women in the eyes of God and the need for justice and fairness in all aspects of life, including gender relations, women's role in the domestic sphere, and women's role in the public sphere. Women's participation in domestic and public life is essential for the country's development and progress towards a better future, particularly in Indonesia. Therefore, it is crucial to continue exploring and analyzing the different perspectives on women's roles in Islam, including in the domestic and public spheres, to promote gender equality and empowerment. This can be achieved through the development of more progressive fiqh that considers the evolving needs and roles of women in society.

AL HAJAWI HADITH'S LOCAL WISDOM THOUGHTS

One form of the local wisdom of the archipelago's ulamas in grounding the noble values of Islamic religious teachings, is the dissemination of the concepts and content of the hadiths of One form of local wisdom of the archipelago's scholars in grounding the noble values of Islamic teachings is the dissemination of the concepts and content of the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in Javanese language, modified with Arabic style and written in beautiful poetic strokes. The combination of these concepts is considered cooler, more interesting, and more familiar to the ears and souls of those who receive it from the Javanese community. This study aims to explore the concept of hadith thought of Abu Muhammad Al Hajawi and to determine the quality of the hadiths that are expressed in the form of Sekar Cempoko poems. The data analysis technique in this research is content analysis, in which researchers study and analyze the concept of Al Hajawi's hadith thinking. The results of this study show that Al Hajawi conveys the noble values of the prophet's traditions not with the original text but by translating them into the language of the local community and then making them more attractive by decorating them with literary art in the form of poems. As for the typology of the quality of the traditions that are highlighted in his verses in this manuscript, not all of them are categorized as sahih and hasan, there are some weak and even false hadith that he implies in some of his verses.

The firmness N and its declension effect in the Holy Quran

The aim of this research is to highlight the role of the Holy Quran throughout the five forms of the verbs (yafa'loon, tafa'loon, yafa'lan, tafa'lan, and tafa'leen) as they will be discussed later, these forms are clearly obvious in the firmness of N because they have the same declension ending of the verbs. Also, its the most apparent in the Holy Quran.
 The noticeable difference between the five forms of the verbs is that (yafa'loon and tafa’loon) are linked to the vowel that pronounced /u:/, both are a plural form which are used for more than two people and have the same meaning (they do). Then comes the dual forms which are (yafa’lan and tafa’lan) with an /a/, the meaning of the first one is (they do) and the second is (you do). The last form is (Tafa’leen) which is slightly different, its singular, only for feminine use, and means (you do). This form uses E pronounced as /’i:/ to highlight the uses of the feminization. Each one of these five forms have a different use. In addition to that, the first two forms that were mentioned above are the most commonly used because they indicate the importance of the discourses in every place and time.
 Some of the Arabic accents were contributed the importance of the discourses, also due to its mention in some of the variant readings of the Holy Quran, the hadiths (prophetic traditions), and the poem of the Arabs.
 Additionally, and beyond all what were mentioned, discourses were shown in the Holy Quran to denote the perfectionist of the divine message that was sent to all mankind.

Rejecting Domestic Violence in Malaysia Based on The Qur’an and Prophetic Traditions

Rejecting Domestic Violence in Malaysia Based on The Qur’an and Prophetic Traditions

THE LEGAL STATUS OF RELIGIOUS MINORITIES IN ISLAM: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

This paper deals with the concept of Dhimmi (non-Muslims living in an Islamic state) and the laws formulated for them in Islam, which lie at the centre of the intellectual discourses on the Islamic legal and political system vis-à-vis the issues of tolerance, democracy, and human rights. The teachings of Islam, as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (×aÌrat Muhammad RasËlullah KhÉtam un NabiyyÊn Øallallahu ‘alaihi wa ‘alÉ Ólihi wa AÎÍÉbihi wa Øallam) provide complete guidance for attaining success and glory in this world and the hereafter. As a comprehensive way of life, Islam encompasses a unique socio-economic and political system. It deals with all private and public life aspects and local and international affairs. However, the status and treatment of minorities in Muslim societies (especially in the context of Islamic law) have been of special concern to Muslim and non-Muslim scholars alike. It has also been a much-debated subject among Orientalists, who have created many misinterpretations regarding it. In light of these problems, this paper has attempted to establish a discourse on a three-fold level: it has argued that laws about minorities in Islam are based on the concept of justice, how these laws are significant in the emancipation of humanity in general, and the minorities (non-Muslims living in an Islamic state) in particular has been highlighted; and the relevant Quranic verses, Prophetic traditions, and, the Muslim statesmen’s practices and juristic views regulating the principles of how Muslims are supposed to interact with non-Muslims have been examined as well. To achieve these objectives, descriptive, analytical, and exploratory methods have been followed throughout the paper.

Al-Muqallal from the Narrators their Impact and the Degree of their Speech


 
 
 
 Al-Muqallal " Persons to whom few prophetic traditions are ascribed" among the narrators of the Prophet's hadith are those who narrated very few hadiths to the point where the narrations of some of them included only a single hadith called the singulars and the individuals, and some of them are called strange because there is no other suitable way for them. Some scholars have included in the name Al-Muqaloon those who only one of the narrators narrated about them.
 special topic was devoted to them, however they were treated like the treatment of other narrators except in terms of tabulating the Musnad (which are books that arrange hadiths on the names of the narrators of the Companions), for the purpose of collecting their hadiths in one place, and this is in all classes of Companions, Taabi'een and followers .
 
 
 
 
 In this research, we will learn about the mechanism of dealing with them and their narrations by the scholars of the Prophet’s hadith, and the impact they left on the narration and the degree of their hadith in terms of health, improvement, weakness and status.

The Differentiation Among the Narrators for Abi Zarʾaa by Uusing the Term “more Lovely for me” in Abi Hatemʾs Book Invalidation and Ratification “Critical study”

The science of Invalidation and Ratification is one of the important sciences of prophetic tradition through which the situation of Hadith narrators and their ranks though the science of Invalidation and Ratification is known and then the decision about the accepting or rejecting their narration. For this science many imams who memorizing the Holy Qura‘n and checking critics who inspected about the narrators and narrations and selected terms and expressions for the science of invalidation and ratification getting creative in its context. They made great efforts in the service of the prophet patrimony (peace be upon him). One of these imams is Al-Ḥafḍ Abu Zarʾaa Al-Razi God's mercy on him who denominate the narrator with terms of the science of Invalidation and Ratification, Among these terms that we selected for our investigation is the using of the term “more lovely for mi” for the preference among the narrators in the Abi Hatemʾs book “Invalidation and Ratification”. In our investigation we gathered the narrators who was compared by Al-Ḥᾱfḍ Abū Zarʾaa with this phrase. We compared his opinion with opinions of the other Invalidation and Ratification experts so as to see the accordance between them. Also we reached to a conclusion which indicates the situation of every narrator in this summarized investigation after studying the interpretation of each narrator interpretation

Black Abdiel and the Higher Law: James Monroe Whitfield vs. the Fillmore Faction

As English Romanticism rejects Neoclassicism, so Antebellum Black Romanticism rejects the slavery-friendly White Unionism embodied in the Compromise of 1850. In Millard Fillmore's Buffalo, the Black Romantic barber-poet James Monroe Whitfield damned Daniel Webster as a traitor to Abolition ("The Arch-Apostate") and Buffalo's Reverend John C. Lord as a hireling Unionist priest ("How Long"). For White Unionists, Scripture blesses the slaveholding Davidic kingdom of the present, founded in compromise and positive law. For Black Romantics like Whitfield, Scripture blesses the liberated republic of the future, founded in Milton's prophetic tradition and in an Abolitonist higher law.