Toxin Binder Research Articles

Beneficial effects of advanced chelate technology-based 7-minerals in aflatoxin-B1 challenged broilers: toxin residue reduction, serum biochemical improvement and modulation of the mRNA expression of NF-kB and Nrf2, and genes within their pathways.

Organic trace minerals (TM) offer superior nutritional benefits because of their stable structure, making their addition to broiler diets potentially beneficial during challenging periods such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination. The present study evaluated the impacts of different replacement levels of inorganic TM (ITM) with advanced chelate technology-based TM (ACTM) on the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant indicators, and some inflammatory and immune parameters of broilers fed diets contaminated with AFB1. A 42-day experiment involved randomly assigning 1-day-old broiler chickens (n = 480) to one of five dietary treatments, each with six replicates. The treatments were as follows: (1) NC: basal diet without AFB1 and recommended ITM levels; (2) PC: basal diet with 0.5 mg kg-1 AFB1 and recommended ITM levels; (3) TB: PC diet +1 g kg-1 toxin binder; (4) ACTM50: replacement of ITM with 50% ACTM in the PC diet; and (5) ACTM100: replacement of ITM with 100% ACTM in the PC diet. Compared with PC treatment, ACTM100 treatment resulted in increased (P < 0.05) body weight gain, serum zinc and glutathione concentrations, immunoglobulin Y level, antioxidant enzyme activities, and hepatic gene expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, glutathione peroxidase-1, superoxide dismutase-1 and transforming growth factor beta 1. The ACTM100 group also exhibited decreased AFB1 residue in the liver and kidney, serum alanine transaminase activity and malondialdehyde concentration, and hepatic gene expression levels of nuclear factor-kappa B and interferon-gamma (P < 0.05). These values were comparable to those recorded in the TB and NC treatments. In conclusion, completely replacing ITM with ACTM can benefit the metabolism and mitigate AFB1-induced immunotoxicity and oxidative damage in chickens by altering the mRNA expression of nuclear factor-kappa B and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and some genes downstream their signaling pathways. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Efficacy of herbomineral toxin binders in amelioration of mixed mycotoxicosis in piglets

Efficacy of herbomineral toxin binders in amelioration of mixed mycotoxicosis in piglets

Evaluation of Aflatoxin B1 Binding Capacity with Mix Toxin Binder using Central Composite Design

Aflatoxin B1 (afl B1) binding capacity of a mixed toxin binder used in poultry nutrition were determined using the central composite design technique. Experimental conditions such as pH, temperature and incubation time for the determination of the binding capacity of a mix binder were optimized for Central Composite Design. The impact of these three independent variables on the % binding of aflatoxin B1 was evaluated at different five levels (-1.68, -1, 0, 1, 1.68). The optimum experimental conditions were 5.8, 42°C, 94.11 min for pH, temperature and incubation time, respectively using quadratic model and desirability function. A significant effect of each independent variable was observed on the % binding efficiency of aflatoxin B1. In optimum experimental conditions, aflatoxin B1 binding capacity with mix toxin binder was found 97%. The results of the present study indicated that the mix binder is very suitable for binding of aflatoxin B1 and the central composite design can be used effectively in determining the optimized parameters for improving toxin binding capacity of aflatoxin B1.

The content of aflatoxin M1 in the milk of cows from Turkish farms: the effect on milk quality and the effectiveness of mycotoxin binding by a claybased adsorbent

The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk from Holstein-Friesian cows on local farms located in two different cities in Turkey, to investigate the effect of this mycotoxin on milk quality and seasonal variation, and to investigate the efficacy of a commercial clay-based binder. As part of the study, milk samples from 144 dairy cows were analyzed for the presence of AFM1 prior to the use of a clay-based toxin binder. As a result of this analysis, 26.9% of milk samples from individual animals had AFM1 levels exceeding the U.S. permissible limit of 0.5 µg/kg. In addition, AFM1 was detected in 36.5% of winter and 18.6% of summer milk samples. The presence of AFM1 caused a decrease in milk fat, dry matter, and protein levels. The affected animals were further divided into two groups: control group (n = 14) and experimental group (n = 26). The animals of the experimental group were fed 25 g/animal of clay-based binder toxin daily. The treatment group showed a gradual decrease in AFM1 levels by 24.4% on day 4 and 48.9% on day 7. In addition, the fat, non-fat solids, and protein content of milk increased significantly. As a result, a high level of AFM1 contamination in milk was detected, which can be assumed to negatively affect the quality of milk production. The use of clay-based toxin binders may be an effective method to improve milk quality and protect animal and consumer health.

In Vitro Evaluation of Toxin Binder's Binding Capacity in Commercial Broiler Feed

In Vitro Evaluation of Toxin Binder's Binding Capacity in Commercial Broiler Feed

Pharmacokinetics, dynamics, toxicology and molecular docking of bioactive alkaloid vasicine from Adhatoda vasica: a promising toxin binder against aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A

Vasicine form Adhatoda vasica was investigated in the management of aflatoxicosis and ochratoxicosis by in silico molecular docking approach. The computational analysis was carried out using Discovery Studio Autodock 4.0 tool. ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion), pharmacodynamic and toxicity studies were also carried out using Swiss ADME and PASS online server respectively. The standard drug compound used was silymarin and the structure were retrieved from the protein data bank for both the test compound vasicine and the standard drug. Vasicine interacted with Aflatoxin B1 at 10 different poses and the maximum dock score was found to be 83.04 and the binding energy was -37.54kcal/mol. Silymarin interacted with Aflatoxin B1 at 10 different poses and the maximum dock score was found to be 143.578 binding energy was -67.32 kcal/mol. Vasicine interacted with Ochratoxin A at 10 different poses and the maximum dock score was found to be 73.75 and the binding energy was -56.20 kcal/mol. Silymarin interacted with Ochratoxin A at 10 different poses and the maximum dock score was found to be 89.23 binding energy was -98.86kcal/mol. The compounds possess good gastro intestinal absorption with antioxidant property and exhibits minimum adverse effects. The obtained results support the toxin mitigating potential of the test compound with minimum adverse effects and hence vasicine can be regarded as a potential toxin binder of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A wherein it can be implemented for alleviating aflatoxicosis and ochratoxicosis.

Effects of Combinations of Toxin Binders with or without Natural Components on Broiler Breeders Exposed to Ochratoxin A.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of toxin binders on broiler breeders fed an ochratoxin A (OTA)-contaminated diet. A total of 60 45-week-old female Arbor Acres broiler breeder birds with an initial body weight of 3.65 ± 0.35 kg were randomly divided into 6 treatment groups, with 10 replicates per group and 1 bird per replicate. The trial was conducted for 9 weeks (including 1 week of adaptation). Feed additive 1 (FA1) was composed of clay minerals (85% bentonite and 12% clinoptilolite) with 3% charcoal. FA2 was composed of clay minerals (66.1% aluminosilicates) with natural components (0.8% artichoke and rosemary plant extracts), 7% yeast extract, 0.5% beta-glucans, and 25.6% carriers. The dietary treatment groups were as follows: (1) birds fed an OTA-free basal diet (Negative Control; NC); (2) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged birds fed a diet including OTA (4 mg/kg) (Positive Control, PC); (3) the PC with 0.05% FA1 (Treatment 1, T1); (4) the PC with 0.10% FA1 (Treatment 2, T2); (5) the PC with 0.10% FA2 (Treatment 3, T3); and (6) the PC with 0.20% FA2 (Treatment 4, T4). The LPS challenge (an intramuscular injection of 1 mg E. coli O55:B5 LPS per kg of body weight) was performed on the first day of the experiment. The results of this experiment show that the PC treatment negatively affected (p < 0.05) egg production, hatchability, Haugh unit, bone mineralization, relative organ weight (abdominal fat, liver), the levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and total cholesterol in the blood, and OTA accumulation in the liver compared with the NC. However, supplementation with toxin binders mitigated (p < 0.05) the negative effects of the OTA. Specifically, supplementation with 0.10% FA1 and 0.10% FA2 increased (p < 0.05) eggshell strength by week 4, and the Haugh unit and bone mineralization (phosphorous) by week 8, while decreasing (p < 0.05) the relative weight of the liver and the levels of GOT and HDL in the blood. Supplementation with 0.10% FA2 led to greater improvements in various parameters, including laying performance and bone mineralization, than the other treatments. In conclusion, toxin binders with or without natural components can be effective tools in the mitigation of OTA-induced problems due to their synergistic effects.

Effect of phage therapy on survival, histopathology, and water microbiota of Penaeus vannamei challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)

Shrimp farming production is affected severely by the presence of toxigenic strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the leading etiological agent of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease that causes as much as 100% mortality. To date, conventional methods have not effectively controlled AHPND, and only a few studies have reported bioassays testing phage therapy against this shrimp disease, none with a metagenomic approach. Here, Penaeus vannamei juveniles infected with AHPND-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus were treated with phage to assess shrimp survival, tissue damage, as well as water microbiota dynamics. Phage therapy reduced by 4% shrimp mortality compared to the positive control. Histopathological analysis showed a 3 h delay in mortality of shrimp in the acute stage treated with phage therapy concerning the positive control, as well as a shortening of the terminal phase. Further, surviving shrimp in the terminal stage were only found in the positive control treatment. No significant differences were observed in the diversity of water microbiota between these treatments. Interestingly, V. parahaemolyticus caused up to 65% mortality, although its density decreased rapidly, and its relative abundance in the water microbiota ranged from 0.1% to 0.4%, while the marine bacteria that predominated in the microbiota was Donghicola eburneus (25.2%–54.6%). In addition, two copies of the pVA1 plasmid per V. parahaemolyticus genome were detected during the first 12 hpi in the positive control and phage therapy treatments. Phage therapy using a single phage could not effectively control AHPND in this investigation. Therefore, methods combining different approaches to prevent or treat the AHPND, such as a phage cocktail and a toxin binder, should be considered to increase the success rate in mitigating the disease.

Effect of Phyllosilicates As Toxin Binder On Productivity, Intestinal Morphology, and Liver Toxicity in Broiler Fed Afb1 Contaminated Feed

Aflatoxin B1 is a toxin produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus which reduces the development and function of organs in broilers. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adding binder toxin from different bentonite to feed contaminated with AFB1 on productivity, intestinal morphology, and liver toxicity in broilers. A total of 60-day old chick male broilers were placed in 12 pens. Each treatment consisted of three replicates, each replicate containing five broilers. Treatment in the study consisted of P0 (control, basal diet, without the addition of AFB1), P1 (P0 + 100 µg/kg AFB1 + 4 g/kg calcium bentonite Type A), P2 (P0 + 100 µg/kg AFB1 + 4 g/kg calcium bentonite Type B), and P3 (P0 + 100 µg/kg AFB1 + 4 g/kg calcium bentonite Type B + kerolite + saponite). Treatment diets were given to broilers from day 22 to 35 (finisher phase). The results showed that the toxin binder on AFB1 contaminated feed had no effect on feed consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion (p&gt;0.05). Addition of toxin binder on AFB1 contaminated feed increased the relative weight of the duodenum (p=0.024), although P3 was not significantly different. Treatments had no effect on villus length, crypt depth, and ratio of villus length to crypt depth (p&gt;0.05), but decreased villus width (p=0.013). The addition of toxin binder tended to decrease the villus area (p=0.055). SGOT and SGPT did not show differences between treatments. AFB1 contamination with the addition of toxin binder showed signs of toxicity on liver histopathological observations. Based on the research, it can be concluded that the addition of binder toxin in feed contaminated with AFB1 can reduce the negative effect on the development of intestinal villus and chemical effect to the liver. Toxin binder Type B has the best efficacy for reduce the negative effect

RESPONSE OF BROILER CHICKENS FED AFLATOXIN MAIZE-BASED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF MYCOTOXIN BINDER

The efficacy of varying levels of mycotoxin binder supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics and serum metabolites of broiler chickens fed aflatoxin maize-based diets was assessed. A total of four hundred and thirty-two (432), one-day-old Hubbard Cobb hybrid broilers were used for the experiment. The chicks were equally weighed and allotted to 12 dietary treatments in a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement of an activated clay toxin binder at three different inclusion levels (0 g/kg, 0.1 g/kg and 0.2 g/kg) of feed challenged with 4 levels of aflatoxin B, (0, 40, 60 and 80 ppb). Thirty-six chicks were allocated to each treatment group and replicated three times with 12 chicks per replicate in deep litter for eight weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, the birds were starved overnight prior to blood collection, three birds per treatment were selected on the basis of average pen weight. Blood samples were collected for serum and haematological analysis. Data collected were subjected to One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS software. Results revealed significant (p &lt; 0.05) differences in the total protein (TP) content across the dietary treatments. Interaction between aflatoxin and binder levels showed a significant (p &lt; 0.05) effect only on the Alanine amino transferase (ALT) of the birds. Addition of mycotoxin binder (clay type) to aflatoxin contaminated diets was able to ameliorate the effect of aflatoxin on birds regardless of the level at which it was supplemented. Inclusion of 1 % binder in the diets is therefore recommended and feed ingredients for feed formulations be always subjected to test for aflatoxins.

A consortium of detoxifying bacteria mitigates the aflatoxin B1 toxicosis on performance, health, and blood constituents of laying hens

Detoxification approaches are evolving from physical to biological to eliminate the toxins altogether. The current study was conducted to compare the impact of 2 newly developed toxin deactivators, Magnotox-alphaA (MTA) and Magnotox-alphaB (MTB) with a commercially available toxin binder, Mycofix PlusMTV INSIDE (MF) in alleviating the pernicious effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in laying hens. The treatments were: 1) negative control (NC; without AFB1), 2) positive control (PC; contaminated with 500 ppb AFB1), 3) MF (PC+2 kg MF/ton feed), 4) MTA (PC+2 kg MTA/ton feed), and 5) MTB (PC+2 kg MTB/ton feed). Detoxifying bacteria revealed a substantial reduction of different toxins in vitro, in which 98.8, 94.5, and 73.3% degradation rates were achieved, respectively, for zearalenone (ZEN), patulin, and AFB1 in the first 1 h of exposure. The PC group had a sharp decline in egg production (EP; 68.83%) while MTB showed the superior EP (95.74%) followed by NC (90.66%), MF (86.57%), and MTA (82.08%; P ≤ 0.05). Egg weight (EW) was also observed to be inferior in PC group (53.80 g; P ≤ 0.05). Egg mass (EM) was higher in MTB (57.55 g) and NC (54.33 g) groups while PC produced the lowest (39.64 g; P ≤ 0.05). MTB and NC groups also demonstrated the best FCR, 1.62 and 1.68, respectively, and PC manifested the poorest FCR (1.98) with higher ADFI (P ≤ 0.05). MTB also produced a superior moisture content (MC; 82.11%) with inferior DM (17.89%) in ileum content (P ≤ 0.05). The greatest liver fat content was found in MF group (48.19%) and MTA yielded the superior serum β-carotene and Vit A. MDA level in yolk samples was influenced by treatments, rendering the highest level in PC group (P ≤ 0.05). Ileum microbiota and blood characteristics were also affected by treatments. In general, MTB proves to be a toxin-deactivator candidate with comparable results to that of commercially available toxin-binders.

Developing a new biologic toxin binder for reducing AFB1 toxicity in laying hens.

Aflatoxin (AFs)-contaminated diet in feeding domestic animals is one of the biggest health concerns for humans. Therefore, various methods have been developed to detoxify AFs. In the present study, adding Saccharomyces cerevisiae probiotic yeast and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) reduces the toxicity of AF B1 (AFB1) in laying hens was studied. After preparing the laying hens, they were fed with a diet containing AFB1 for 14 days and supplemented with S. cerevisiae and TiO2-NPs. Weight changes, serum levels of albumin, globulin, total protein, aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) were measured over 14 days. Also, on day 14, after killing the animals, their liver tissue was extracted, and the AFB1 content was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and studied histopathologically using hematoxylin-eosin staining. The results showed that adding S. cerevisiae strain and TiO2-NPs to the diet of chicks with aflatoxicosis prevented weight loss, detoxified the liver, increased total protein, decreased albumin, and globulin content. Histopathological images showed damage to the liver tissue of laying hens fed diets containing AFB1. However, S. cerevisiae and TiO2-NPs were able to prevent liver damage. In general, it was concluded that adding S. cerevisiae along with TiO2-NPs could be a good optiofor reducing AFB1 toxicity in laying hens.

Brief Overview On Role of Feed Formulation Software In Management of Feed Prices

Feeding chickens is currently less expensive than feeding other livestock. It was discovered that the price of chicken feeds might be decreased by using unusual (cheap) local ingredients to create the least expensive feed composition with the use of computer software. When using these feed materials in the composition of feed, extra nutrients must be included, like, toxin binders, amino acids, micronutrients and some others. The majority of broiler and layer enterprises were found to be using amino acids over the levels recommended, with minimal influence on output and detrimental consequences on profitability. Although there are anti-nutritional elements and a reduced level of digestibility in typical feed components, there is little utilization of unconventional feed ingredients. This study looks at the use of low-cost feed ingredients to reduce feed costs while raising feed quality and output, and it also highlights the function of computer software in feed formulation

TRENDS OF AFLATOXIN IN LIVESTOCK FEED AND VARIOUS FEED INGREDIENTS IN PAKISTAN

Objective of current study was to determine aflatoxin B1 level in cotton see cake (CSL) rape seed cake (RSC), wheat bran (WB) and compound feed (CF) in 10 districts of Punjab, Pakistan namely Bahawalnagar, Bhakkar, Jhang, Kasur, Khanewal, Layyah, Multan, Muzaffargarh, Rahim Yar Khan and Rajanpur. For this purpose samples of CSC (n=375), RSC (n=100), WB (n=75), CF (n=100) were analyzed at Nutrition Division of Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki District Kasur. Different samples were extracted, filtered and further screened by using commercially available ELISA Romer kit. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance technique using SPSS software. Highest value of aflatoxin in CSC, RSC, WB and CF was found in districts; Bahawalnagar, Sialkot,Muzaffargarh and Bahawalnagar respectively, while its lowest value in CSC, RSC, WB and CF was found in Muzaffargarh, Multan, Bahawalnagar and Rahim Yar Khan, respectively. Highest infected samples were found in compound feed (21%) followed by cotton seed cake (11.93%), wheat bran (11.71%) and rape seed cake (11.11%) by percentage formula. Based upon the result of recent study toxin binders should be added in processed feed and storage condition of feed ingredients must be improved to minimize the risk of aflatoxicosis.

Effects of Toxin Binder Supplementation via Drinking Water on The Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens

A four-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of liquid toxin binder supplementation on the production performance of broiler chickens. A total of 400 seven-day-old Cobb broiler chicks were randomly distributed to four treatments following a Complete Randomized Design (CRD). The treatment groups consisted of the control group, continuous liquid toxin binder supplementation, reduced feed toxin binder inclusion, continuous liquid toxin binder supplementation, and intermittent liquid toxin binder supplementation. Each treatment was replicated four times with 25 chicks per replicate. The feeding trial was conducted from the age of 8th to 35th days of age. The acidifier used was a blend of activated charcoal, selenium, vitamin E, probiotics, prebiotics, mannan oligosaccharides, and bacterial cell wall components. The results showed significant effects (P&lt;0.05) on the broilers' body weight gain, average daily gain, and feed efficiency from 8 to 14 days of age. Income over feed, chick, and medication cost of broilers was increased with continuous supplementation of liquid toxin binder and reduced feed toxin binder. This study indicates that continuous supplementation of liquid toxin binder and reducing the feed toxin binder is economically more advantageous to use in broiler production.

DIET SUPPLEMENTATION WITH YEAST BETA-GLUCANS, DIETARY ANTIOXIDANTS AND VITAMIN K IN BROILER CHICKENS MITIGATED AFLATOXIN-INDUCED GROWTH RETARDATION

Mitigation of inevitably absorbed aflatoxins following the addition of toxin binders are insufficiently reported. Therefore, effect of yeast beta-glucans, antioxidants such as vitamins C (VC) and E (VE), selenium (Se) and anti-haemorrhagic agent (vitamin K- VK) in the diet on changes in biochemical processes that characterised aflatoxins poisoning in broiler chickens was investigated. Aspergillus flavus 3228 inoculated maize was used to formulate a basal diet (BD) containing 270 ± 16µg.kg-1 total aflatoxins (AFB1 and AFB2). Unsexed one-day-old Arbor-Acres broiler chicks (n = 180) were randomly assigned into six dietary treatments, comprising Negative Control (NC- aflatoxin-free diet), BD and BD containing beta-glucans, VC, VE, VK and selenium. Two levels of beta-glucans: 250 and 375 mg.kg-1 (BD250 and BD375) and two combinations of vitamins with or without selenium: [(VE + VC) +VK] = ECK and [(VE + VC) + VK + Se] = ECKSe were combined to give BD250 + ECK; BD250 + ECKSe; BD375 + ECK and BD375 + ECKSe. Selenium, VC, VE and VK, were included in the diets at 0.3, 250, 200 and 3.0 mg.kg-1 of feed, respectively in augmented (2 x 2) +2 factorial arrangement in completely randomised design. The diets were fed to the chicken ad libitum for seven weeks. Serum malondialdehyde, reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) glutathione levels and ratio, body weight gain (BWG) were measured and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and percentage mortality were determined. Data were analysed using ANOVA at α0.05. Serum malondialdehyde and GSSG levels were significantly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) from 159.41 ± 23.68 nM.mL-1 and 5.96 ± 5.20 µM.mL-1 in BD, to 69.68 ± 26.97 nM.mL-1 and 2.21 ± 0.88 µM.mL-1 in birds on BD375 + ECKSe. Birds fed BD375 + ECKSe had GSH:GSSG (3.58 ± 1.71), BWG (1,903.98 ± 32.56 g.bird-1) significantly higher and FCR (1.88 ± 0.04) was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) compared to 1.06 ± 0.81; 956.27 ± 19.34 g.bird-1 and 2.38 ± 0.04, respectively, in birds on BD. Birds fed BD375 + ECKSe had no variation (P &gt; 0.05) in performance when compared to NC. Mortality decreased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) from 39.39 ± 5.25 % in BD to 9.09 ± 5.25 % in BD375 + ECK. Combinations of 375 mg.kg-1 beta-glucans, vitamins E, C, K and selenium reduced lipid peroxidation activity, feed conversion ratio and oxidative stress, with increased bodyweight gain. Finally, combinations of beta-glucans, antioxidants and vitamin K demonstrated effectiveness in preventing changes in biochemical processes leading to aflatoxins deleterious effects in broiler chickens.

Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum), Marine Algae (Spirulina platensis) and Toxin Binder Powders in the Diets of Broiler Chickens Exposed to Aflatoxin-B1: Growth Performance, Humoral Immune Response and Cecal Microbiota

This research was performed to investigate the effects of milk thistle (MT), toxin binder (TB) and marine algae (Spirulina platensis; SP) on the performance, blood indices, humoral immunity and cecal microbiota of broiler chickens exposed to aflatoxin-B1 (AFB1). A total of 300 one-day-old male chicks were equally divided into five treatments, with six replicates with 10 birds per treatment. Dietary treatments included: (T1) a control diet (without any feed additive or AFB1); (T2) control diet + 0.6 mg AFB1/kg; (T3) T2 + 10 g/kg MT; (T4) T2 + 1 g/kg TB; and (T5) T2 + 10 g/kg SP. BWG and FI were found to be considerably reduced in broilers given AFB1-contaminated diets (p &lt; 0.05). The FCR was negatively influenced in birds fed AFB1-contaminated diets (p &lt; 0.05). MT, TB, and SP powders also reduced the deleterious effects of AFB1 on the growth of chickens (p &lt; 0.05). In comparison with the control birds and the other treatments, broilers given AFB1-contaminated diets had a higher relative weight of abdominal fat (p &lt; 0.05). The feeding of AFB1 resulted in a substantial rise in AST and ALT activity (p &lt; 0.05). MT, TB, and SP powders significantly decreased blood AST and ALT activity in broilers (p &lt; 0.05). The AFB1 and MT groups had the lowest skin thickness (p &lt; 0.05) twenty-four hours after injection. The phytohemagglutinin injection results showed that the TB and SP were more efficient than the other additives in removing toxins from the feed sources (p &lt; 0.05). The antibody titer against sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) was lower in the AFB1 group compared to the control group at 28 days of age (p &lt; 0.05). When comparing AFB1-fed chicks to the control treatment, there was a significant (p &lt; 0.05) concentration of cecal Coliform bacteria. When MT, TB, and SP powders were added to AFB1-contaminated diet, cecal Coliforms were decreased (p &lt; 0.05). When fed AFB1-contaminated diets, it can be concluded that MT, TB, and SP are suitable for supporting growth performance, immunological function, and the serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens.

Evaluation of two toxin binders effectivness in reducing zearalenone toxic effects on gilts

Zearalenone (ZEA), a mycotoxin recognized with estrogenic effects, has a contaminant prevalence in corn, sorghum and wheat, mainly being produced by fungi: Fusarium graminearum, and other species such as culmorum and tricintum. Zearalenone effects are estrogenic. Being swine one of the most sensitive animals. Gilts often present hyperestrogenism and manifest as vulvovaginitis and mammary glands enlargement. The objective of this study was to assess ZEA toxic effects in gilts, during 52 days period, consuming naturally contaminated feed, using 1200 ppb levels (ZEA) and verify two commercial toxin binders efficiency to reduce their potential detrimental effects. 24 recently weaned gilts were selected; first seven days were for adaptation, then each gilt was assigned within one of the four experimental groups identified as: 1) control diet without ZEA, 2) positive control diet with 1,200 ppb of ZEA, 3) challenge diet with 1,200 ppb of ZEA and 1.5 kg / t of organoaluminosilicate, 4) challenge diet with 1,200 ppb of ZEA and 1.5 kg / t of Aluminosilicate + yeast cell walls. The obtained information was analyzed through the statistical software SYSTAT, by the Tukey test where the difference of means was defined. The significance value was based on a p &lt; 0.05. There were statistically significant differences in reproductive tract weight and length, vulva volume and cervix width between treatments.

Effect of Dietary L-Threonine and Toxin Binder on Performance, Blood Parameters, and Immune Response of Broilers Exposed to Aflatoxin B1.

To evaluate the effect of L-Threonine (L-Thr) and Mycofix® Plus (MP) on aflatoxicosis, an experiment with a 3-way ANOVA model was carried out with 8 replicates and 640 birds. Treatments included two levels of L-Thr (100% and 125% of the requirements, Cobb 500, Cobb-Vantress), Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) (0, 500 ppb), and MP (0, 1 g/kg). As the main effects showed, AFB1 decreased breast meat yield and carcass percentage (p < 0.001), serum urea, antibody titer against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and bone density (p < 0.05), while it increased the plasma concentrations of glucose and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p < 0.05). Mycofix Plus improved the grower feed intake (FI), tibia fresh weight, and body weight (BW) to bone weight (p < 0.05). L-Threonine increased the grower FI, breast meat yield, serum aspartate transaminase (AST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) (p < 0.05). There were positive interactions with breast meat yield, cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and IBV titer. Of the treatments used, the combination of L-Thr and MP without AFB1 improved breast meat and carcass percentage. L-Threonine and MP significantly improved IBV titer in birds challenged with AFB1 (p < 0.001). In conclusion, L-Thr and MP were beneficial to improve immunity.

English

Aflatoxin in poultry feed reduces production, and is a health hazard to the consumers. Its toxicity is reduced through addition of clays. Evaluation of the country’s bentonites may promote their use as toxin binder. After detailed mineralogical and aflatoxin adsorption characteristics of large number of indigenous quarries effectiveness of two bentonites was determined through feeding trial. Bentonites from Bhimber and Dina quarries were applied in three replications at 1 and 2% (w/w) with positive and negative controls to a feed containing 250 μg kg-1 aflatoxin B1. Ten birds initially fed on clean starter feed for two weeks, fed on the experimental feeds and slaughtered after recording live weight on day 35 and dress weight along with internal organs weight were recorded with any apparent disorders. While addition of the bentonites had no detrimental effect, aflatoxin contamination had the lowest body weight and weight gain rate, reduced feed intake and feed conversion ratio with apparent disordered liver. The live body weight and weight gain rate increased with 2% bentonite addition to the contaminated feed from both the sources and was statistically similar to the clean feed though the values for these parameters were highest when the addition was to the clean feed. A 42% reduction occurred in weight gain without smectite addition in the toxin feed. The toxin feed had the lowest absolute liver and heart weight with dark coloration. The bentonites use in feed industry may reduce aflatoxin incidences at the application rate of 2%. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers