Toxin Binder Research Articles

Control of Aflatoxins in Poultry Feed by Using Yeast

The present study aimed to determine the detoxification potential of the food industry by-products such as yeast sludge against the harmful effects of aflatoxins on broilers. The objective of this study was to compare the binding capacity of yeast sludge fractions i.e. yeast sludge cell wall (YSCW) and yeast sludge cell solubles (YSCS) against different levels of AFB1 and AFG1. Yeast sludge was sonicated into yeast sludge cell walls and yeast sludge cell soluble. A total of 300 one-day-old chicks were randomly divided into 10 treatments with three replicates per treatment and ten chicks per replicate. The 10 treatments included negative control, three positive control with different levels of AFB1 and AFG1, and three different adsorbents with different levels of combinations of AFB1 and AFG1. AFB1 and AFG1 treatments were offered with different levels of AFs (50, 100, and 150 µg/kg) without toxin binder in the feed while the remaining treatments included 0.5% YSCW and 0.5% YSCS as toxin binders at different levels of AFB1 and AFG1 in a factorial arrangement. Feed and water were provided timely with great accuracy. The Aflatoxins showed a significant effect on production, slaughtering, and serum chemistry parameters. The yeast sludge cell wall exhibited significant effects on the production and slaughtering parameters of chicks. Yeast sludge cell wall also showed a significant effect on the biochemical and mineral profile of chicks. The results confirmed that natural binders are economically effective in commercial poultry production.

Remediation of zearalenone mycotoxin contamination in rumen fluid by phytochemical compounds of Zataria multiflora.

Zearalenone (ZEA), which is one of the most prevalent wheat and corn seeds mycotoxins causes acute and chronic toxicities in ruminants, poultry, and aquatic animals. Among commercial toxin binders, only a few active charcoals have the significant ability to adsorb ZEA contamination; nevertheless, active charcoal is not considered a sound additive by the feed industry. This study aimed to screen and identify the ZEA-degradation compounds of the Zataria multiflora (Shirazi thyme) in the cattle rumen fluid. In this investigation, essential oil and different extracts (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) of the aerial part of Shirazi thyme (at three concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/ml) were screened to reduce ZEA contamination conditions (2 µg/ml) in rumen fluid. ZEA-content was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector. In addition, Shirazi thyme phytochemical compounds responsible for eliminating ZEA were localized by HPLC-based activity profiling and then identified by mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Both n-hexane and methanol extracts of Z. multiflora, considerably remediated ZEA (63-78%) from rumen fluid. According to HPLC-based activity profiling of Z. multiflora extract and LC-MS analysis, two triterpene compounds, including ursolic and oleanolic acids were introduced as ZEA degradation agents. Z. multiflora could be recommended as a new botanical source, and ursolic and oleanolic acids could be introduced as new phytochemical compounds that degrade ZEA.

Baseline Assessment of Poultry Production, Pharmaceutical Product Use, and Related Challenges on Commercial Poultry Flocks in Kano and Oyo States of Nigeria.

Poultry production is a major component of the livestock sector in Nigeria and continues to expand rapidly; however, it is still constrained by low productivity. A farm survey was conducted to provide a baseline assessment of poultry production (products generated, farm costs, and revenue), pharmaceutical use, and related challenges faced by farmers on 44 commercial poultry farms in Oyo and Kano states of Nigeria. Live spent layers, eggs, and used beddings were the most frequently sold products for revenue. Antibiotic products were widely used, the most reported were Doxygen, Tylosin, and Conflox. Overall, 40% of farms used feed additives (including toxin binders, minerals, and vitamins) and 12% used coccidiostats. Access to pharmaceutical products was a key challenge and appeared to disproportionally affect farmers in the northern part (Kano) of Nigeria. Other challenges included perceived antibiotic ineffectiveness, high cost of drugs, and long distances to pharmaceutical suppliers. Challenges related to vaccine use were unavailability, distance to the supplier, and health issues interfering with the vaccination schedule. Study findings highlight the need for improved access to veterinary pharmaceuticals, particularly in the northern states. Further investigations into the causes of antibiotic ineffectiveness and strategies for distribution of high-quality, effective pharmaceuticals are also necessary.

Influence on Mycotox® NG effects on relative weights of some internal organs in Pekin ducks with experimentally reproduced aflatoxicosis В1

Abstract. Contamination of poultry feeds with mycotoxins is a global problem faced by poultry industry due to increased demands and availability of poor-quality cereals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the beneficial effects of a mycotoxin binder (Mycotox NG) on relative weights of internal organs in Pekin ducks with experimental aflatoxicosis. The birds were divided into one control and six experimental groups (n=10) as follows: group І (0 mg/kg AFB1 without Mycotox NG); group ІI (0.5 g/kg Mycotox NG); group ІІI (1.0 g/kg Mycotox NG); group IV (0.2 mg/kg AFB1); group V (0.4 mg/kg AFB1); group VI (0.2 mg/kg AFB1 + 0.5 g/kg Mycotox NG) and group VII (0.4 mg/kg AFB1 + 1.0 g/kg Mycotox NG). Trial duration was 42 days. It was established that ducks fed AFB1-contaminated feed had increased relative weights of liver, kidneys, pancreas, heart, gizzard and proventriculus compared to the control group. At the same time, the relative weights of immunocompetent organs (thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius) were reduced. The addition of Mycotox NG to the feed contaminated with AFB1 compensated partly the changes in relative weights of visceral organs. The results from the present study demonstrated that the tested toxin binder could be effective for reduction of toxic effects of aflatoxins in domestic ducks.

Efficacy of phytobiotic and toxin binder feed additives individually or in combination on the growth performance, blood biochemical parameters, intestinal morphology, and microbial population in broiler chickens exposed to aflatoxin B1.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of phytobiotic and antifungal feed additives on the growth performance, blood parameters, intestinal morphology, and cecal microbiota activity of broiler chickens under aflatoxicosis challenge. A total of 250 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks (mixed sex) were reared on the littered floor with a completely randomized design by five treatments and five replicates for 35 days. Treatments included positive control (without AFB1), negative control-AFB1 (1 ppm), negative control-phytobiotic (Entex, 0.5 kg/t), negative control-Mycofix Plus (0.5 kg/t), and negative control-phytobiotic + Mycofix Plus. Dietary phytogenic and toxin binder improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens (p<0.05). Serum concentration of AST increased in broilers which received AFB1 without additives, while the blood concentration of total protein decreased (p<0.05). In jejuna morphometric indices, it was observed that the broiler chickens fed phytobiotic additive in combination with toxin binder had a greater villus length and crypt depth (p<0.05). Dietary treatments had no significant effect on the cecal microbial population in broiler chickens. In conclusion, the present results indicated that phytobiotic and toxin binder supplement improved growth performance and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens exposed to AFB1 challenge.

A Review on Mycotoxin in Dried Herbs

Herbs can be used in different forms such as fresh and dried. A mycotoxin is the greatest concern in the case of dried herbs, due to their low water activity, microbial contamination may persist in these products, and thus, herbs can be sources of outbreaks of foodborne diseases. The toxigenic fungal compounds called mycotoxin are poisonous substances produced by different species of fungus. Three major genera of fungus are identified to produce mycotoxins: they include Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Although other genera also produce these toxigenic compounds. The presence of mycotoxins in dried herbs poses health risks ranging from mild to severe damage to the liver and kidney. Fungal toxicity could be prevented by controlling the environmental condition that influences fungal growth, which is by controlling the physical conditions of the dried herbs and by the use of mold inhibitors and anti-cracking additives. The control of the toxigenic compounds could also be by removing the suspected dried herbs with a fungal toxin or by the addition of the toxin binder to the ratio of the dried herbs.

Combination of Lactobacillus species and yeast ameliorates adverse effect of deoxynivalenol contaminated diet on immune system, gut morphology and jejunal gene expression in broiler chickens

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of different levels of Lactobacillus species and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a toxin binder in deoxynivalenol (DON) diet on immune parameters, gut morphology and jejunal gene expression in broiler chickens. Three hundred sixty-one-day-old female broilers were assigned into nine treatments with four replicates each in a completely randomised design (3 × 3 factorial arrangement) including three levels of Lactobacillus (0, 0.20 and 0.40 g/kg) and yeast (0, 0.75 and 1.50 g/kg) in DON contaminated diets. The results showed that DON challenged birds showed suppressed spleen relative weight and reduced white blood cell and lymphocyte percentage, while inclusion the highest level of Lactobacillus sp. and yeast to DON diet improved these parameters (p < .05). Newcastle antibody titre was increased (p < .05) by increasing the level of Lactobacillus sp. and yeast in DON included diet. Increasing the level of Lactobacillus sp. and yeast in DON diet was linearly enhanced (p < .05) the villus height, muscular layer and absorptive surface area in ileum. Combination of 0.40 g/kg Lactobacillus sp. and 1.50 g/kg yeast caused an enhancement (p < .05) in mucosa and muscular layer thicknesses of jejunum and ileum, respectively. The expressions of toll like receptor-4 and claudin-5 were down-regulated and up-regulated respectively by administration of the highest level of Lactobacillus sp. and yeast. In conclusion, the results indicated that dietary inclusion of the highest level of Lactobacillus sp. and yeast improved the spleen weight, some immunological parameters, villus height, muscular layer thickness and gene expressions in DON- challenged broilers. HIGHLIGHTS Deoxynivalenol (DON) consumption (10 mg/kg) induce intestinal and immunological changes in broilers. Combination of Lactobacillus sp. and yeast reduce DON toxicity. Inclusion 0.4 g/kg lactobacillus and 1.5 g/kg yeast improve villus height and humoral immunity.

A Review on Mycotoxin in Dried Herbs

Herbs can be used in different forms such as fresh and dried. A mycotoxin is the greatest concern in the case of dried herbs, due to their low water activity, microbial contamination may persist in these products, and thus, herbs can be sources of outbreaks of foodborne diseases. The toxigenic fungal compounds called mycotoxin are poisonous substances produced by different species of fungus. Three major genera of fungus are identified to produce mycotoxins: they include Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Although other genera also produce these toxigenic compounds. The presence of mycotoxins in dried herbs poses health risks ranging from mild to severe damage to the liver and kidney. Fungal toxicity could be prevented by controlling the environmental condition that influences fungal growth, which is by controlling the physical conditions of the dried herbs and by the use of mold inhibitors and anti-cracking additives. The control of the toxigenic compounds could also be by removing the suspected dried herbs with a fungal toxin or by the addition of the toxin binder to the ratio of the dried herbs.

Evaluation of two toxin binders effectivness in reducing zearalenona toxic effects on gilts

Evaluation of two toxin binders effectivness in reducing zearalenona toxic effects on gilts

Prevalence of aflatoxin b1 in some common poultry feed ingredients and optimum inclusion levels of mycofix binder as feed additive on performance of broiler chickens chickens

A preliminary study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) contamination and common moulds growing in some selected poultry feed raw materials in Zaria. Five different feed raw materials:Maize (MZ), soybean cake (SBC), groundnut cake (GNC), brewers dried grain (BDG) and maize offal (M/O), were collected from four feed mills and the open market. The common moulds isolated from the samples were Mucor spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillum spp., Curvularia spp. and Rhizopus spp. AfB1 contamination showed that maize and soya bean cake were less than the 20 parts per billion (ppb) permissible limits for AfB1 in poultry feed ingredients, while BDG, M/O and GNC were 40, 60 and 80 % respectively above 20 ppb permissible limits. A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the response of broiler chickens to Mycofix a toxin binder. Three hundred and thirty Ross, 1-day old broiler chicks were assigned to five dietary treatments, each with three replicates of 22 chicks per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). Treatment 1 was the control diet without Mycofix while treatments 2, 3, 4 and 5 had Mycofix included at 100, 200, 300 and 400 g /100kg diet, respectively at both starter and finisher phases. Experimental diets and water were given to the birds ad libitum during eight weeks of the feeding trial. Data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using General Linear Model procedure of SAS and significant differences among treatment means were compared using Dunnette test of significance. Results of the starter phase showed that birds fed 400 g/100kg Mycofix diet had the best final body weight (902.67g), weight gain (839.67g) and average daily weight gain (29.98g). Birds fed 200 g /100 kg Mycofix had the lowest feed conversion ratio of 1.6 and the least cost per kilogram gain(₦138.52).At the finisher phase birds on 400 g/100kg Mycofix diet had the best final weight (2345.3g), weight gain (1403.3g), average daily gain (50.1g), feed conversion ratio (2.1) and least feed cost per kilogram gain (₦167.20). It may be concluded that addition of Mycofix to diets of broiler chickens at 400g/ 100kg at both starter and finisher phases of the study improved performance significantly and gave the least cost of production.

Effect of Toxin Binder Supplemented to Friesian Cows Rations on Stress States and Their Reproductive Performance Under Summer Climatic Conditions in Delta Region تأثیر مضادات السموم الفطریة المضافة لعلائق الأبقار الفریزیان على حالة الاجهاد الحرارى و الأداء التناسلى لها تحت الظروف المناخیة الصیفیة لأقلیم الدلتا

Twenty Holstein cows with an average of 540±17.59 kg LBW and 2-5 parities were used from beginning dry period to 120-days postpartum to study the effect of dietary bentonite and/or zeolite supplementation on reproductive performance under heat stress of Delta region. The experimental cows were distributed into four homogenous groups (5 cows each). All cows were fed a basal ration (BR) according to their production stage and body weight. The first group (G1) was fed (BR) only without any supplementation (control), otherwise groups G2, G3 and G4 were fed control diet plus 2 % bentonite, 1% bentonite and 1% zeolite or 2% zeolite of DM intake, respectively. The obtained results showed that dry matter intake, total proteins, albumin, Albumin/Globulin ratio, progesterone and birth weight of newborns were higher in treatment than in control groups. Rectal temperature, respiratory rate, the interval to 1st ovulation, oestrus and service, days open, and the number of services per conception were lower (P<0.05), while conception rate was higher (P<0.05) in treatment than un-supplemented groups. In conclusion, bentonite supplementation as an antitoxin to ration of lactating Holstein cows at a level of 2% of DM intake under summer months in Delta region had a positive impact on feed intake, health status, and reproductive parameters.

Anti-mycotoxigenic properties of probiotic Bacillus spp. in Japanese quails.

The current study was conducted to evaluate the anti-mycotoxigenic effects of previously isolated Bacillus spp. in Japanese quails. A total of 240-day-old Japanese quails were assigned in to six treatments and four replicates. Dietary treatments included the following: negative control (basal diet), positive control (basal diet + 2.5ppm afltatoxin B1), probiotic treatments (basal diet + 2.5ppm afltatoxin B1), and 108cfu/ml of different Bacillus spp. (B. megaterium, B. subtilis, or B. laterosporus) in drinking water and treatment P (basal diet + 2.5ppm afltatoxin B1 and 2.5ppm Polysorb®). Body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were not affected by dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Carcass yield significantly increased in B. megaterium and B. subtilis treatments compared with positive control. Supplementation of B. megaterium significantly increased testes, uterus and oviduct weights, skin response to 2,4-dinitro 1-chlorobenzene and phytohemagglutinin, and antibody production against sheep red blood cells (P < 0.05). B. megaterium could significantly increase bursa weight and decrease liver weight compared with positive control (P < 0.05). B. megaterium, B. laterosporus, and Polysorb treatments significantly decreased H:L and aspartate aminotransferase activity in aflatoxin B1 fed control (P < 0.05). B. megaterium and B. laterosporus significantly increased tibia weight, length, radius, index, and ash content compared with positive control (P < 0.05). All dietary additives significantly reduced meat oxidation, total aerobic bacteria, and spore forming bacteria of ileal content compared with positive control (P < 0.05). Ileal lactic acid bacteria significantly increased in B. megaterium treatment (P < 0.05). Totally, B. megaterium might be a promising probiotic with a comparable afltatoxin B1 removal potential to commercial toxin binder (Polysorb).

The efficiency of synthetic polymers to ameliorate the adverse effects of Aflatoxin on plasma biochemistry, immune responses, and hepatic genes expression in ducklings

To evaluate the effect of molecularly imprinted polymers as a synthetic polymer (TMU95) and commercial toxin binder (CTB) on aflatoxins (AFs) toxic effects on hepatic gene expression, and the biochemical and immunological parameters in ducklings, 240 four-day-old ducklings were randomly allocated into six groups with four replicates of 10 ducklings per each. The experimental groups were as follows: Negative control (basal diet without any additive or AFs), Negative control + TMU95 (5 g/kg feed), Negative control + CTB (Zarinbinder, Vivan Group, Mashhad, Iran. 5 g/kg feed), Positive control (0.2 mg AFs/kg feed), Positive control + TMU95 (5 g/kg feed), and Positive control + CTB (5 g/kg feed). On day 14, livers were collected (8 per treatment) to evaluate change in the expression of genes involved in AFs biotransformation (cytochrome P450 1A1 and 2H1) and antioxidant function (glutathione S-transferase). Several biochemical biomarkers and immune responses were also recorded. Compared with the negative control group AFs treatment significantly decreased plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride and increased the aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), alanine-aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (P ≤ 0.01). Cellular immune responses to the phytohemagglutinin-and 2, 4-dinitro 1-chlorobenzene skin test were significantly influenced by dietary aflatoxins (P ≤ 0.01) but a humoral immune response to Newcastle disease virus/vaccine was not affected (P ≥ 0.01). Compared with negative control group, the genes associated with AFs biotransformation were downregulated, whereas the gene associated with the antioxidant function was upregulated in birds fed AFs. The CTB supplement in contaminated feed could alleviate AFs adverse effects on cellular immunity, ALT concentration, and cytochrome P450 2H1 gene expression partially, whereas TMU95 could not ameliorate the adverse effects of AFs on the traits studied, except for ALP. The data suggest that TMU95 may alleviate some of the toxic effects of aflatoxins in duckling and it might prove to be beneficial in the reduction of aflatoxicosis adverse effect in poultry when used in combination with other aflatoxin management practices.

Complex toxin binder mycotox® ng influence on the hepatotoxic effect of aflatoxin B1 in experimental treated goslings

Abstarct. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effects of aflatoxin B1 and Mycotox NG applied either independently or together, on blood total protein, albumin, blood glucose, total bilirubin, triglycerides, cholesterol, enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ GT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and changes in liver morphology. At the same time, the potential of supplementation of feed with a mycosorbent (Mycotox NG) was evaluated. Experiments were carried out with 40 1-day-old Toulouse geese from mixed sexes divided into one control and three treatment groups (n=10). Groups were as followed: Group I – control (0 mg/kg AFB1 not supplemented with Mycotox NG); Group II (0.5 g/kg Mycotox NG), Group III (0.5 mg/kg AFB1) and Group IV (0.5 mg/kg AFB1 and 0.5 g/kg Mycotox NG). In this study, commercially available geese of Toulouse strain were reared from day one to forty two days in the deep litter system of management and the birds were divided into four groups. Normal feed tested free of aflatoxin (AFB1), was given to the control (Group – 1). 0.5 g/kg Mycotox was supplemented with the feed to Group 2, Aflatoxin (0.5 mg/kg feed) was supplemented with the feed to Group 3 and Mycotox Ng (0.5 g/kg feed) + 0.5 mg/kg feed AFB1 was supplemented with the feed to Group 4. The duration of the experiments was 42 days. The monitored blood chemical parameters were analysed on post treatment days 21 and 42. In birds treated only with AFB1, (group III) increased blood activities of studied enzymes. At the same time, blood total protein, albumin, cholesterol, glucose and triglycerides were reduced as compared to controls. The observed histopathological changes in the liver consisted in various extent of dystrophy (congestion, vacuolar and granular dystrophy, round cell proliferation, necrobiotic changes, hyperplasia of gallbladder epithelium). The addition of mycosorbent (Mycotox NG) to the feed of Groups IV reduced substantially the changes in blood chemistry and the severity and frequency of liver histological lesions. The addition of mycosorbent (Mycotox NG) to the feed of Groups IV reduced substantially the changes in blood chemistry and the severity and frequency of liver histological lesions.

Effects of licorice extract, probiotic, toxin binder and poultry litter biochar on performance, immune function, blood indices and liver histopathology of broilers exposed to aflatoxin-B1

Probiotics, toxin binders, and plant extracts improve health and immunity of broiler chickens exposed to aflatoxin. The effects of licorice extract (LE), Protexin probiotic, toxin binder (Agrabound), and poultry litter biochar (PLB) in experimental aflatoxicosis were evaluated. In a completely randomized design, 504 broiler chickens were allotted to 7 treatments and 6 replicates with 12 broiler chickens in each. The experimental groups were as follows: T1) basal diet (B) without any feed additive or aflatoxin B1 (AFB1); T2) B + 0.5 mg AFB1/kg; T3) T2 + 3 g LE/kg; T4) T2 + 6 g LE/kg; T5) T2 + 0.5 g Protexin/kg; T6) T2 + 1 g toxin binder/kg, and T7) T2 + 5 g/kg PLB. Broiler chickens fed AFB diet (T2) had lower body weight gain at the end of grower period and higher feed conversion ratio at the end of the finisher period, whereas inclusion of LE, probiotic, toxin binder, or PLB restores body weight of broiler chickens to that of the control group. Aflatoxicosis decreased total protein, TG, albumin, Ca, and P concentrations and greater uric acid concentration in broiler chickens as compared with the control group (P < 0.05). As compared with the T2 group, inclusion of 3 mg LE/kg increased serum total protein; inclusion of 3 mg LE/kg, probiotic, and toxin binder increased TG; inclusion of 3 and 6 mg LE/kg, probiotic, and PLB increased serum albumin; and the whole additive decreased serum uric acid of broiler chickens comparing with the control group. Lymphocyte percentage, avian influenza antibody titer, thymus relative weight, and immune response to phytohemagglutinin were decreased in the T2 group, whereas heterophil percentage and heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were increased (P < 0.05). Aflatoxicosis increased breast meat malondialdehyde concentration, liver enzymes activities, and number of fat vacuoles (P < 0.05). As compared with the T2 group, all of the additives lowered alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine transaminase activities, breast meat malondialdehyde concentration, and liver pathological damages (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that all of the additives are capable to decrease the negative impact of AFB1 on broiler chickens' performance, blood indices, and immunity.

Mycotoxin Binding Potential of Yeast Species

ABSTRACT:Fungal species are capable of producing toxic secondary metabolites commonly known as mycotoxins. One of the important group of mycotoxins are aflatoxins. There are mainly four kinds of aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2. Other important mycotoxins are ochratoxin, trichothescens, fumonisins and ergot alkaloids. These aflatoxins are produced by the Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and various other fungal species. These mycotoxins can infect our feed items before or after harvesting the crops. These can contaminate all kinds of food such as grains, spices, nuts and dry fruits. These toxins are also present in milk and milk products. They can be a potential source for major health problems in humans and livestock which results in greater economic loss. To overcome the problems related to mycotoxins we should need to have proper knowledge about sources, types and mechanism action of mycotoxins. Now a day's many kinds of toxin binders are available in markets. These toxin binders bind the fungal toxins and remove them from the product. Yeast and its cell wall components mostly contains glucan and mannan which have toxin binding ability. In this review we will analyze mycotoxins, with reference to mycotoxins outbreaks, characterization of bindins, and toxin binding potential of yeast

Crude Fucoidan Activity Extracted from Sargassum &lt;i&gt;sp&lt;/i&gt;. as Mycotoxin (T-2) Binder

Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide which is mainly found in brown seaweed like Sargassum sp. In this study, fucoidan was extracted with two distinct methods, one was using 0.1 N HCl (Fucoidan A) and the other 0.1 N H3PO4 (Fucoidan B). The yield of HCl extraction was respectively 7.50% and H3PO4 extraction 7.02%. Characterization of crude fucoidan was carried out through fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), followed by total carbohydrate and total sulfate level measurement. Crude fucoidan was then used to determine its binding activity against Trichothecenes T-2 toxin. Quantitative analysis of 50 ug/ml T-2 toxin binding capacity shows an efficiency of 59.52% at pH 3.0 and 58.37% at pH 6.8 for crude fucoidan A. As for crude fucoidan B, efficiency of T-2 toxin binding capacity has value of 58.12% at pH 3.0 and 57.33% at pH 6.8. Meanwhile, Commercial crude fucoidan extract from Fucus vesiculosus sp. was used as control for T-2 toxin binding capacity analysis with efficiency of 57.31% at pH 3.0 and 56.64% at pH 6.8. Therefore, fucoidan from Sargassum sp. can be utilized better as mycotoxin especially T-2 toxin binder than from Fucus vesiculosus sp. through efficiency result of fucoidan binding capacity.

Biological Control of Aflatoxin on Egg Production Performance of Laying Hens

The deleterious effects of aflatoxin have been well documented in the literature on livestock and animal products. Although toxin binders and some methods of mitigating aflatoxin has been proven to illicit a positive response, but the effectiveness of biocontrol method of mitigation on the laying performance, egg production and characteristics have not been fully documented. Therefore, effect of aflatoxin bio-control method (Aflasafe) on growth indices, egg production and characteristics of laying chicken (LC) were investigated in this study. 700 point-of-lay Bovan Nera (LC) were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments: Aflasafe maize-based diet (AMBD), Farm Feed with toxin binder (FF+toxin binder), aflatoxin-contaminated diet with toxin binder (ACDTB) and aflatoxin-contaminated diet without toxin binder (ACDWTB). The contaminated diets contained 306.3ppb aflatoxin and the experimental design was completely randomised with 4 treatments (n=175) and 5 replicates (n=35) per treatment for 14 weeks. Daily feed intake (DFI), Average egg weight (AEW), Average egg width (AEWd), Albumen length (AL) were determined using standard procedures. The DFI (g) of LC on ACDTB (113.54) and ACDWTB (115.13) was significantly lower than AMBD (124.66) and FF+toxin binder (129.06). The AMBD (1.45 g) significantly enhanced the AYD than other treatments. Aflasafe maize-based diet enhanced, egg characteristics in laying chicken. It also improved egg quality in laying chickens without adverse effect on the production. The use of aflasafe maize grain in poultry diet is recommended.

Cloacal bursa morphology in turkey broilers challenged with aflatoxin B1 alone or co-administered with Mycotox NG

Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites of moulds from the genus Aspergillus (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus being the main producers). The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on bursa of Fabricius morphology. Also, the possibility for prevention of toxic effects of AFB1 by feed supplementation of a mycosorbent (Mycotox NB) was studied. Experiments were carried out with sixty 7-day-old female turkey broilers (meat TM strain) divided into one control and five treatment groups (n=10). Groups were as followed: Group I – control (fed standard feed according to the species and age of birds); Group II – experimental, whose feed was supplemented with 0.5 g/kg Mycotox NG, Group III– experimental, whose feed contained 0.2 mg/kg aflatoxin B1, Group IV – experimental, whose feed contained 0.4 mg/kg aflatoxin B1, Group V – experimental, supplemented with 0.2 mg/kg aflatoxin B1 and 0.5 g/kg Mycotox NG and Group VI – experimental, supplemented with 0.4 mg/kg aflatoxin B1 and 0.5 g/kg Mycotox NG. The duration of the experiments was 42 days. The changes in bursal morphology in control and treated groups were followed out after the end of the study. In birds from experimental groups ІІI and IV, atrophy and degenerative changes have occurred in the bursa of Fabricius: reduction of lymphoid cell - populations in lymphoid follicles along with dystrophy. Feed supplementation with the tested toxin binder (Groups V and VI) resulted in partial neutralisation of deleterious effects of AFB1 on severity of histological lesions: interfollicular oedema, considerably lower lymphoid follicle rarefaction.

Assessment of H-β zeolite as an ochratoxin binder for poultry

Most of the cereal-based ingredients used in poultry feed are contaminated with ochratoxin-A (OTA). We have investigated H-β zeolite (HBZ) as a new OTA binder for poultry, along with widely used clay mineral-based product (CM), using in vitro and in vivo methods. In vitro binding experiment was carried out using a biphasic assay, consisting of adsorption at pH 3.2 and desorption at pH 6.8. High adsorption (>98%) with less desorption (<5%) was observed for HBZ, whereas CM showed high binding (>98%) and moderate desorption (48%). In the in vitro experiments with the different simulated gastro-intestinal pH buffers, HBZ did not desorb OTA at any of the pH. Desorption of OTA was observed with CM, as the pH increases. From the in vitro kinetic and chemisorption studies, faster, stronger, and higher adsorption was observed for HBZ. Thermodynamic studies showed positive entropy (22.76 KJ/mol K) for HBZ, signifying predominant hydrophobic interactions towards OTA, whereas CM exhibited negative entropy (–3.67 KJ/mol K). The in vivo binding efficacy of HBZ and CM was tested in 5-wk-old broiler chickens. The study consisted of 4 experimental groups, each with 6 replicates having 2 birds per replicate. The groups were control, negative control (no toxin binder), T1 (HBZ at 1 kg/ton of feed), and T2(CM at 1 kg/ton of feed). Except control, all the replicates received 20 µg of OTA in the feed. Excreta samples of T1, T2, and NC contained 11.57, 7.16, and 2.78 µg of OTA respectively, which was significantly different from each other (P < 0.05). A growth performance trial was conducted in broiler chickens for 35 D. A total of 288 one-day-old birds were randomly segregated to 3 treatment groups, each with 8 replicates of 12 birds each. Treatment groups consisted of control, T1, and T2, treated with no toxin binder, HBZ, and CM at 1 kg/ton of feed, respectively. None of the treatment groups including control, affected BW gain, and feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05).