Total Unsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

The Effect of Cooking Method on the Nutritional Characteristics of “Dendeng Kariang” as a Traditional Minangkabau Food

This study aims to determine the effect of cooking methods on the nutritional characteristics of dendeng kariang. After preparations, dendeng kariang was fried in vegetable oil by using two methods of frying. The methods are the vacuum frying method (75oC) and the conventional frying method (175oC). Protein characteristics are evaluated by analyzing the total protein content, amino acid profiles (UPLC), protein profiles (SDS-PAGE), and fatty acid profiles (GC-MS). The results showed that the vacuum frying method had higher total protein content (63.78%). All amino acid profiles are higher in the vacuum frying method than the conventional frying method, respectively 674,487.98 mg/kg and 629,588.51 mg/kg. The protein profiles showed that the vacuum frying method had 14 polypeptide bands, while conventional frying had 15 polypeptide bands. Total fat content with the vacuum frying method was found higher than conventional frying, respectively 18.16% and 10.65%. The fatty acid profile showed that the vacuum frying method had higher unsaturated fatty acid content, which is oleic acid 3.8297%, linoleic acid 0.9448%, and linolenic acid 0.0207%, while the conventional frying method had oleic acid 3.4996%, linoleic acid 0.9297%, and linolenic acid 0.0197%. The total unsaturated fatty acid in the vacuum frying method is higher than the conventional frying method, respectively 5.0166% and 4.6541%. These numbers concluded that cooking methods affect the nutritional characteristic of dendeng kariang, and the vacuum frying method had better nutritional characteristics.

Oil characteristics and influence of heat processing on fatty acid profile of wild harvested termite (Macrotermes subhylanus) and long-horned grasshopper (Ruspolia differens)

The aim of this study was to assess the physico-chemical characteristics and fatty acid profile of oil from termite (Macrotermes subhylanus), green and brown long-horned grasshopper (Ruspolia differens). The insects were harvested in Siaya county of Western Kenya from the wild during swarming seasons. Physico-chemical characteristics of insects oil and the effect of two traditional heat processing methods (frying and solar drying) on the fatty acid profile were determined using standard methods. The insects oil was a clear, golden or light yellow colored liquid at room temperature, with a low solidification temperature (8–12 °C) for M. subhylanus and10–15 °C for R. differens. M. subhylanus showed an iodine value of 83.51 g iodine/100 g oil, peroxide value 0.19 mEq/Kg, saponification value 160.61 mg KOH/Kg and 38.77 mg/100 ml of total cholesterol. R. differens showed an iodine value of 86.97 g iodine/100 g oil, peroxide value 0.13–0.14 mEq/Kg, saponification value 229.67–234.40 mg KOH/Kg and 27.51–31.40 mg/100 ml of total cholesterol. Oleic acid was the major fatty acid in all the fresh insect samples (M. subylanus 52.1%, green R. differens 43.2%, brown R. differens 37.1%) while palmitic acid was the second most abundant fatty acid. Total unsaturated fatty acids were proportionately more than the total saturated fatty acids. The level of saturated fatty acids increased from fresh insect samples to heat processed samples (fried, fresh-dried and fried-dried), while the level of unsaturated fatty acids decreased with processing though insignificantly. The insects have high quality oil that maybe exploited in processing of nutritional food products and they may therefore be heat processed domestically without adversely affecting the quality of the oils.

Nutrient content and lipid characteristics of desert locust (Schistoscerca gregaria) swarm in Kenya

The desert locust (Schitocerca gregaria) swarms in numbers that decimate farmland, threatening an already vulnerable horn and Eastern region of Africa. The aim of this research was to assess the nutrient content and oil characteristics of the desert locust and for possible utilization as a food resource at industrial scale. The desert locusts were harvested from swarms in various regions of Kenya. Nutrient analysis was performed using standard protocols and physico-chemical characteristics of the extracted oil were evaluated. A 100 g sample contained 450Kcal energy, 46 g protein, 32 g fat and 4 g fibre. Calcium was the most abundant macro mineral (208.36 mg/100 g), iron was the most abundant trace mineral (4.83 mg/100 g) while α-tocopherol content of 267.47 µg/g was recorded. Oleic acid was the main fatty acid (30.78%) with total unsaturated fatty acids being 66.47% of the total fatty acids. The n-6:n-3 ratio of 2,4 was reported which indicated a significant nutritional quality of the locust oil. The locust oil had 0.94 specific gravity indicating potential industrial applications. Iodine value (75 g iodine/100 g oil), peroxide value (0.18 mEq/Kg) and saponification value (171 mg KOH/Kg) indicated an oil with relative stability and potential for industrial utilization in the food industry. As a result, locust control efforts could therefore include harvesting and consumption as part of the integrated management.

Extraction of oil from grape seeds (Vitis vinifera L.) using recyclable CO2-expanded ethanol

A novel green solvent, CO2-expanded ethanol (CXE), was employed to extract oil from grape seeds, which is one of the main by-products generated by the grape-processing industry. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained by response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with Box-Behnken design (BBD): a pressure of 7.4 MPa, a temperature of 314 K and a CO2 mole fraction of 0.3. The highest oil yield of 13.6 % by CXE extraction was equivalent to or even higher than that obtained with conventional methods, including organic solvent and supercritical CO2 extraction. In terms of reducing solvent consumption and extraction time, the CXE-based process was superior than the conventional methods. CXE oil contained 87.5 % total unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid was up to 75.5 %, presenting a higher antioxidant capacity.

Application of exogenous salicylic acid on improving high temperature resistance of Nannochloropsis oceanica

The large-scale farming of Nannochloropsis spp. has long been subject to high temperature. Though salicylic acid is widely used to enhance the high temperature resistance of higher plants, related research in microalgae is still in its infancy. In this study, Nannochloropsis oceanica cells at 25 °C were transferred to high temperature (35 °C) for 96 h, during which period salicylic acid with various concentrations (0, 15, 25, 35, and 50 mg L−1) were added into high temperature groups. The results indicated that high temperature could heavily inhibit the growth of N. oceanica, and result in various physiological and biochemical changes. The addition of exogenous salicylic acid at moderate concentration distinctly alleviated the inhibition of heat stress on N. oceanica. Moreover, further analysis indicated that exogenous salicylic acid could significantly increase the contents of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, total unsaturated fatty acids, and catalase activity, but result in the decrease of the nitrate reductase activity, the malondialdehyde content, and fatty acid profile. Our results also demonstrated that salicylic acid at a concentration of 15 mg L−1 received the best growth performance of N. oceanica under 35 °C. This study investigates the thermal protection effect of salicylic acid on N. oceanica under high temperature, and can provide valuable information for the large-scale production of microalgae.

Association between Productivity, Fatty Acid Profiles, Oil Bodies’ Ultrastructure and Molecular Markers in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars

The commercial Nigerian peanut cultivars Ex-Dakar, Samnut-22 and Samnut-26, the Egyptian cultivar Ismailia-1 and the American cultivar NC-7 were genetically differentiated and the cultivars’ effects on growth and yield components, total lipid contents, including saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and oil body size and number were investigated. Experiments were carried out at Cairo University Research Station, Giza, Egypt, during the summer seasons of 2016 and 2017. All cultivars had high contents of total unsaturated fatty acids and low contents of saturated fatty acids. Variations among tested cultivars in oil body size and number were documented and cultivars were ranked based on their oil bodies’ size as Ismailia-1 > Samnut-26 > NC-7 > Ex-Dakar ≥ Samnut-22. Oil body size and number were inversely related. This variation can be explained by the different amounts of acidic amino acids and the protein structure on the surface of the oil bodies of these cultivars. The distributions of protein bodies and oil bodies seemed to be negatively correlated. Cultivar effect was significant, and variation was found in seed production and quality in addition to the size and number of oil bodies, oil productivity, and oil quality among cultivars. Seasonal effects were not evident due to the stability of the climatic conditions during the two seasons of the study.

Percentages of serum, liver and adipose tissue fatty acids and body weight are affected in female rats by long-term Central kisspeptin treatments

This study was conducted to determine the possible effects of long-term exogenous kisspeptin and its antagonist P234 on serum, liver and adipose tissue fatty acids (FA) profiles, as well as body weight, in female rats. Kisspeptin (50 pmol) and P234 (1 nmol) were administrated to the weaned Sprague–Dawley female rats by an intracerebroventricular injection from the 26th postnatal day to the 60th postnatal day. Percentages of the serum total saturated FA (∑SFA) and total monounsaturated FA (∑MUFA) were lower in the kisspeptin group. In the adipose tissue, ∑SFA was lower and total unsaturated FA higher in the P234 group. Moreover, long-term central kisspeptin injection caused a decrease in the body weight. When compared to the kisspeptin group, the final body weights were higher in the P234 and kisspeptin + P234 groups. According to our results, we suggest that kisspeptin has a regulatory role in FA metabolism and regulation of body weight.

A newly developed tannase enzyme from Aspergillus terreus versus commercial tannase in the diet of lactating Damascus goats fed diet containing pomegranate peel

Inclusion of tannase enzyme in tannin-rich diets of lactating animals can be explored as a strategy to overcome the negative effects of tannins on feed utilization and lactational performance. The present study aimed to compare the effect of replacing commercially available exogenous tannase with a newly developed tannase, produced from Aspergillus terreus, on feed utilization and lactational performance of lactating Damascus goats fed tannin-rich pomegranate peel based diet. Thirty lactating Damascus goats were randomly stratified into 3 treatments and fed pomegranate peel-based basal diet at 10% (containing 7.13% tannins DM basis) without exogenous tannase as a control treatment or with addition of 500 IU of new tannase/kg feed daily, or 500 IU of commercial tannase/kg feed daily for 9 weeks. Tannases decreased feed intake and increased diet digestibility; however, new tannase increased (P<0.05) diet digestibility relative to commercial tannase. Tannase treatments increased (P<0.05) blood total protein and glucose concentrations. New tannase improved (P<0.05) milk production and feed efficiency, without affecting milk composition. Moreover, new tannase reduced (P<0.05) total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and increased (P<0.05) poly UFA and total conjugated linoleic acid concentrations, while the commercial tannase increased (P<0.05) total SFA and atherogenic index. Tannases reduced (P<0.05) milk total essential amino acids (EAA), total non-EAA, total conditionally EAA, and total branched amino acids. It is concluded that tannases enhanced the utilization of tannin-rich diet by lactating goats, with better results for the new tannase produced from A. terreus compared with the commercial tannase.

Effects of light intensity on growth performance, biochemical composition, fatty acid composition and energy metabolism of Scylla paramamosain during indoor overwintering

A long-term experiment was carried out to explore the effects of light intensity on growth performance, biochemical composition, fatty acid composition and energy metabolism of Scylla paramamosain. S. paramamosain were cultured under three illumination levels (0, 1.43 and 40.31 μmol m−2 s−1) in a recirculating water system of crab compartments for four months. S. paramamosain were fed to satiation once daily (17:00). The photoperiod was set at 10 L: 14 D (07:00–17:00). Results showed that the best growth of S. paramamosain was observed at the 1.43 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensity. The amount of energy substances was higher at the 1.43 μmol m−2 s−1 and 40.31 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensities. The amount of total unsaturated fatty acids (∑UFA) and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (∑PUFA) was significantly higher at the 1.43 μmol m−2 s−1 and 40.31 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensities (p < 0.05). However, total saturated fatty acids (∑SFA) were significantly higher at 0 μmol m−2 s−1 (p < 0.05). The concentrations of hepatic glycogen, blood glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (T-CHO) and triglyceride (TG) were significantly elevated at the 1.43 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensity, whereas the highest concentrations of muscle glycogen and lactic acid (LD) were at the 40.31 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensity (p < 0.05). Activities of hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) were markedly higher at the 40.31 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensity, while the highest lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was observed at 0 μmol m−2 s−1 and at 1.43 μmol m−2 s−1 for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) (p < 0.05). Compared with 0 μmol m−2 s−1 and 40.31 μmol m−2 s−1, 1.43 μmol m−2 s−1 was more suitable for the breeding of S. paramamosain.

Structural characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of a novel water soluble polysaccharide from Cordia myxa fruits

In this study, water-soluble polysaccharide and fatty acids of Cordia myxa fruit harvested from the southwest of Iran were isolated and investigated. The extraction yield of water-soluble polysaccharide of C. myxa fruit (WSPCM) was 24.12%, and its experimental purity was 79.43%. The High Performance Liquid Chromatography results indicated that the WSPCM consisted of glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, ribose, maltitol, and maltoheptaose. The atomic absorption spectrometer analysis indicated that WSPCM was a rich source of Ca and Na. The dynamic light scattering results illustrated that the average particle size and zeta potential were 1510.7 nm and − 64.96, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of α and β-configurations in WSPCM. The total unsaturated and saturated fatty acids were 60.62% and 39.38%, respectively and oleic, palmitic, and linoleic were the main fatty acids. The WSPCM represented good antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, it showed a relatively good antioxidant activity. In conclusion, WSPCM could be introduced as a novel natural antioxidant and antibacterial substance in functional food.

Evaluation of fatty acid-related nutritional quality indices in fried and raw nile tilapia, (Oreochromis Niloticus), fish muscles.

During frying, fat degrade and many reactions occur resulting in numerous altered fatty acid products. This would lead to the formation of Tran's fatty acids and changes in nutritional qualities. Hence, this study was aimed to determine the changes during frying on fatty acid composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) fish muscle from local fish market of Hawassa, Ethiopia. Fish fryers reported that they usually use palm oil for frying. They also indicated that the oil is kept for days and reused for frying at different cycle. In fried fish, 35 types of fatty acids were identified and 27 in raw fish muscle. Palmitic, stearic, heptadecanoic, and tetradecenoic acids were the abundant saturated fatty acids in both fried and raw fish muscle. Oleic, Docosahexaenoic, Eicosapentaenoic, and Linoleic acid were the major unsaturated fatty acids. The percentages of total saturated fatty acids (SFA) of raw fish muscle (47.4%) were found to be lower compared with fried fish muscle (51.8%). The n‐6/n‐3 ratio (7.83), index of atherogenicity (0.85), and thrombogenicity (1.71) in the fried fish muscle were in the undesirable values. The hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio was relatively similar in the fried (1.09) and raw (1.02) fish muscles. The total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) level of raw fish muscle (52.2%) was higher than the fried fish muscle (47.2%). Higher percentage of Tran's fatty acid was identified in the fried fish muscle compared with raw. Frying considerably altered fatty acid composition of fish muscle. It increased saturated fatty acid concentration and decreased unsaturated. Hence, frying noticeably decreases the nutritional quality of fish muscle. Therefore, it is suggested that further analysis on fatty acid composition of oil usually used for frying and the nutritional quality index across frying cycles.

The nutritional potentials and the fatty acid profile of the seed and seed oil of Caesalpinia bonducella

The physicochemical properties of the seed and fatty acid profile of the seed oil of Caesalpinia bonducella were analyzed in this study, using standard methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The proximate composition was found as follows: Moisture (3.24%), crude fat (41.76%), crude protein (28.63%), crude fibre (4.35%), ash content (2.94%) and carbohydrate (19.08%). The total unsaturated fatty acids (57.36%) was more abundant than the total saturated ones (42.68%). The seed oil had a high level of linoleic acid (28.15%), followed by oleic (18.41%), stearic (13.83%) and palmitic (13.56%). Other fatty acids had less than 10% each. There was a high level of unsaturation (57.36%) with oleic and linoleic acids dominating all other fatty acids with a total of 46.56%. The percentage of essential fatty acids (linoleic &amp; linolenic acids) (32.96%) was also high at about â…“ of the total oil content. The total poly-unsaturated fatty acids (36.99%) was higher than those of mono-unsaturated (20.37%). The high level of poly-unsaturated fatty acids in the oil sample is an advantage as these are essential components of the diet of man. The good total unsaturated/saturated (or P/S) ratio of the oil, (i.e.1.344), makes it to be very nutritionally useful if adopted for domestic purposes. Â

Effect of Various Bicarbonate Supplements on Biodiesel Production and Valuable Biochemical Components of the Marine Eustigmatophyceae Nannochloropsis oculata (Droop)

Microbial breeding media must be cost-effective, enable high growth, meet exact requirements and be readily available. The effect of different levels of sodium bicarbonate (SB) [25, 50, 75 and 100%] in the growth medium on the biochemical constituents (protein, carbohydrates, lipids, fatty acids, and amino acids) of the Nannochloropsis oculata was assessed compared to the F/2 Guillard standard medium. The obtained results revealed that the chemical constituents of N. oculata were influenced by the used level of sodium bicarbonate. The highest total protein, carbohydrate contents, and the maximum percentage of essential amino acids (EAA) (59.68 %) were obtained by using the B1 medium (25% SB) as compared to the control (100% F/2). The highest total lipid content was achieved by using the B4 medium (100% SB) producing (20.09 %). In accordance, the highest total saturated fatty acids percentage (TSFA) of N. oculata was recorded by B4 medium. However, the highest total unsaturated fatty acids percentage (USFA) was exhibited by the B1 medium. The EN 14214 and ASTM D-6751 analyzes of the production of biodiesel have shown that the produced biodiesel by B4 medium (100% SB) and the control media of high quality. In conclusion, the addition of sodium bicarbonate is an excellent policy to increase chemical composition and lipid accumulation. The present study recommended taming results foreither biodiesel production or aquaculture feeding by using proposed B4 medium as a lipid promoter or B1 medium as a protein promoter.

Molecular identification, biomass, and biochemical composition of the marine chlorophyte Chlorella sp. MF1 isolated from Suez Bay

BackgroundAn Egyptian indigenous unicellular green microalga was isolated from the coastal water of Suez Bay (N 29.92°, E 32.473°), Red Sea, Egypt. The molecular analysis based on 18S rRNA sequence showed that the gene sequence for this strain was highly similar (100% identity and 98% query cover) to different Chlorella strains isolated from different habitats. ResultsThe observed morphological characters together with the molecular phylogeny assigned the isolated microalga as Chlorella sp. MF1 with accession number KX228798. This isolated strain was cultivated for estimation of its growth and biochemical composition. The mean specific growth rate (μ) was 0.273 day−1. Both the biomass productivity and the cellular lipid content increased by increasing salinity of the growth medium, recording a maximum of 6.53 gDW l−1 and 20.17%, respectively, at salinity 40.4. Fourteen fatty acids were identified. The total saturated fatty acid percentage was 54.73% with stearic (C18:0), arachidic (C20:0), and palmitic acids (C16:0) as major components, while the total unsaturated fatty acid percentage was 45.27% with linoleic acid (C18:2c) and oleic acid (C18:1) as majors. ConclusionThis algal strain proved to be a potential newly introduced microalga as one of the most proper options available for microalgae-based biodiesel production. The proximate analysis showed the protein content at 39.85% and carbohydrate at 23.7%, indicating its accessibility to various purposes.

Fatty Acid Profile of Muscles from Crossbred Angus-Simmental, Wagyu-Simmental, and Chinese Simmental Cattles.

This study assessed breed differences in fatty acid composition and meat quality of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) and semitendinosus (SE) of Angus× Chinese Simmental (AS), Wagyu×Chinese Simmental (WS), and Chinese Simmental (CS). CS (n=9), AS (n=9) and WS (n=9) were randomly selected from a herd of 80 bulls which were fed and managed under similar conditions. Fatty acid profile and meat quality parameters were analyzed in duplicate. Significant breed difference was observed in fatty acid and meat quality profiles. AS exhibited significantly (p<0.05) lower C16:0 and higher C18:1n9c compared with CS. AS breed also had a tendency (p<0.10) to lower total saturated fatty acid (SFA), improve C18:3n3 and total unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) compared with CS. Crossbreed of AS and WS had significantly (p<0.05) improved the lightness, redness, and yellowness of muscles, and lowered cooking loss, pressing loss, and shear force compared with CS. These results indicated that fatty acid composition and meat quality generally differed among breeds, although the differences were not always similar in different tissues. Fatty acid composition, meat color, water holding capacity, and tenderness favored AS over CS. Thus, Angus cattle might be used to improve fatty acid and meat quality profiles of CS, and AS might contain better nutritive value, organoleptic properties, and flavor, and could be potentially developed as an ideal commercial crossbreed.

Monitoring of the oxidation of the oil from sacha inchi (&lt;em&gt;Plukenetia volubilis&lt;/em&gt;) seeds supplemented with extracts from tara (&lt;em&gt;Caesalpinia spinosa&lt;/em&gt;) pods using conventional and MIR techniques

This work focuses on the characterization of the oxidation of the oil from sacha inchi seeds (Plukenetia volubilis) under accelerated conditions at 60 ºC for 15 days. Five samples were monitored: three supplemented with 200 ppm of non-hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed (for 4 and 9 hours) extracts from tara (Caesalpinia spinosa) pods, one without antioxidant and one with 200 ppm of BHT. Several conventional tech­niques (induction time, peroxide value, conjugated dienoic acid, p-anisidine value, total unsaturated fatty acids and α-linolenic acid contents) and the MIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometric tools were used and com­pared. The results revealed that whatever the antioxidant added, the oil from sacha inchi is fairly stable over time. The results also pointed out that extracts from tara pods, mainly those partially hydrolyzed, were more efficient than BHT against oil oxidation for up to 7 days. Finally, this paper shows that MIR spectroscopy pres­ents an interesting alternative technique for the monitoring of the oxidation of the oil from sacha inchi.

사육밀도에 따른 토종오리 고기의 육질 특성

This study was conducted to compare and analyze meat quality of Korean native duck (KND) meat relative to stocking density. The stocking densities under investigation were 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 birds/m². The experiment comprised six treatments and four replications, wherein the breast meat (pH, meat color, and physicochemical properties) and leg meat (fatty acid contents) of 8-week-old KNDs (2.8±0.2 kg) were used. pH of breast meat decreased linearly and quadratically (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) as stocking density increased. Ash content also decreased linearly (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) as stocking density increased; however, moisture, fat, and protein contents did not differ significantly among treatments. Furthermore, meat color and cooking loss (CL) increased linearly (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) as stocking density increased whereas neither shear force (SF) nor water holding capacity (WHC) displayed a significant difference among treatments. Palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) contents decreased quadratically (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) as stocking density increased whereas, conversely, linoleic acid (C18:1n9) and eicosenoic acid (C20:1n9) contents increased linearly (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) as stocking density increased. Additionally, γ-linoleic acid (C18:3n6) content increased linearly and quadratically (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) as stocking density increased, but a decrease (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) was observed in arachidonic acid (C20:4n6) content. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) and total unsaturated fatty acid (TUFA) contents did not show significant differences among treatments relative to stocking density. However, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content increased linearly (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content decreased linearly (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) as stocking density increased. These results can be utilized as basic data for research on the effect of stocking density on KNDs.

Fresh Beef Quality from Cattle Fed Field Peas During Pasture and Finishing Phases of Production

This study evaluated the use of field peas during two phases of production on fresh beef quality. Cattle (n = 232) were assigned to one of six dietary treatments in a 3x2 factorial design consisting of 3 pasture and 2 finishing supplementations. The pasture phase consisted of 1) no supplement, 2) field peas at 0.5% body weight (BW), or 3) dry-rolled corn supplement at 0.5% BW. The finishing phase consisted of 1) no field peas or 2) field peas at 20% dry-matter basis. Strip loin samples, aged 14 d, were subjected to retail display (RD) for an additional 7 d. Tenderness via Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and Slice Shear force (SSF), objective (L*, a*, and b*) and subjective color, lipid oxidation (TBARS) and fatty acid composition were evaluated. Dietary treatment had no effect on tenderness. Steak discoloration was low (&amp;lt; 3%). All objective color measurements displayed interactions between pasture and finishing diets (L*, P = 0.0035; a*, P = 0.0189; b*, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) yet no consistent patterns among treatments could be identified. Extended aging periods would be required to visually influence consumer color perception. Beef finished with field peas had slightly greater lipid oxidation than samples from cattle not receiving field peas during finishing (1.56 vs. 1.44 mg malonaldehyde/kg tissue, respectively; P = 0.0541). There was a significant interaction between pasture and finishing treatments for C15:1 (P = 0.0331). Feeding field peas during the pasture phase increased C 18:2 (P = 0.0381) relative to cattle supplemented with corn; cattle without supplement in the pasture phase had intermediate amounts of C18:2. Total saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (P &amp;gt; 0.05) were unaffected by dietary treatments. Field peas may be used for cattle with minimal negative impact on fresh meat quality.

The effects of broodstock generation on ova fatty acid profile in Giant Kokopu Galaxias argenteus

ABSTRACT The ability of different broodstock generations to provision lipids to their gametes is often overlooked in aquacultured freshwater fish. In this study we investigated the ability of two generations (F1 & F2) of Giant Kokopu (Galaxias argenteus) to provision fatty acids into their eggs. Here we show that eggs of captive-bred females (F2) displayed different relative fatty acid concentrations compared with eggs of females bred from wild fish (F1). F2 generation eggs showed significantly lower total mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) concentration, predominantly through lower C18:1(n−9) Oleic acid, and higher total poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) concentration, predominantly through higher 22:6(n−3) docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]. Furthermore, Oleic to n−3 fatty acid ratio, and Oleic to DHA ratio, both declined significantly from F1 to F2 generation. Our results suggest an elevated capacity of F2 females to provision better ratios of essential fatty acids during reproduction, most likely due to a transgenerational adaptive response, either to the fed diet or to a predictable laboratory environment. The findings of this study have important implications for aquaculture management in new captive freshwater species, particularly in aiding identification of more adapted broodstock generations.

Chlorellavulgaris microalgae and/or copper supplementation enhanced feed intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and lactational performance of Boer goat

The associative effects of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae and copper (Cu) supplementation on feed utilisation and lactational performance in goats were evaluated. Thirty-two lactating Boer goats (34.8±1.7kg body weight) were used to evaluate the supplementation of C. vulgaris microalgae at 10g/day (AL treatment), 9mg of Cu/kg diet (CU treatment) or a mixture of both AL and CU treatments (ALCU treatment) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and lactation performance of Boer goat milk yield and composition. Treatments did not affect feed intake; however, AL, ALCU and CU treatments increased (p<.001) nutrient digestibility. Treatment effect on ruminal pH, ammonia-N or propionate was marginal, but AL and ALCU treatments increased (p<.01) acetate, acetate/propionate ratio and total volatile fatty acids. Treatments increased (p<.001) serum glucose and Cu concentrations. Additionally, ALCU and AL treatments increased (p<.001) daily milk yield, energy corrected milk production, concentrations of ash, energy content, fat, lactose, solids not fat, total solids and milk (feed) efficiency. Conversely, the CU treatment decreased (p<.001) the concentration of all milk components, without affecting milk (feed) efficiency. Additionally, AL and ALCU treatments decreased (p<.05) the concentrations of saturated fatty acids by 2.4% and 4%, respectively, but increased (p<.05) the concentrations of total unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) by 5.4% and 9.8%, respectively, mono-UFA by 5.2% and 9.8%, respectively, and conjugated linoleic acid concentrations by 9.3% and 7.4% respectively. In conclusion, supplementation of the diet of lactating Boer goats with C. vulgaris microalgae with or without copper enhanced nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, milk production, milk efficiency and milk nutritive value. Copper supplementation had minimal effects; therefore, its use as a supplement in the presence of C. vulgaris microalgae to the diet of lactating Boer goats is recommended.