Total Mn Research Articles

A Localized Assessment of Groundwater Quality Status Using GIS-Based Water Quality Index in Industrial Zone of Faisalabad, Pakistan

Groundwater risks driven by population growth and industrialization in metropolitan cities have become a worldwide problem. Faisalabad is Pakistan’s third largest city with a population of more than 2 million and is renowned for its diverse industries. Many factories in the area dump their untreated effluent into nearby drainage systems, having a direct negative effect on the marine ecosystem. This research focuses on the Madhuana drain and Khurrianwala industrial region of Faisalabad to investigate groundwater quality status. Sixty water samples from groundwater bore wells and open wells were obtained, and all these samples were subjected to lab experiments for physical and chemical analysis. Sixteen physiochemical parameters, namely, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, carbonate, Ca2+, Fe, HCO3−, Cl−, Mg2+, SO24−, As, Cr, Cu, and Mn, were examined. To provide a comprehensive picture of water quality from a human perspective, we calculated the water quality index (WQI) by integrating 16 physiochemical criteria. The results revealed that a larger proportion had poor drinking quality due to direct releases of toxins by industries. It was observed that 87% of the water samples showed an unsuitable status of groundwater for drinking purposes in terms of pH, EC, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Cr. The results of this study could be used to build and construct wastewater treatment plant facilities for the Madhuana drain, reducing pollution loads on the drain and river, as well as contaminant seepage rates into groundwater. The research’s resulting maps will help policymakers to manage groundwater supplies more efficiently for sustainable development.

Recovery of copper-dominated resources from copper mine drainage by chemical oxidation and sulfur biocycling: A pilot-scale study

The copper mine drainage (CMD) formed during copper mining and smelting has the characteristics of being low pH, with a high sulfate concentration and large amounts of metal ions such as Fe, Cu, and Mn. In order to recover copper-dominated many resources from CMD, realize effective control of environmental pollution and avoid the loss of precious resources. The combined process of Fe pretreatment recovery, Cu treatment recovery, and S treatment recovery was established based on H2O2 oxidation, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) reduction, and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria oxidation. A pilot-scale study was carried out with a CMD inlet flow rate of 12 m³/d. Results show that the average Cu2+ removal rate was 99.66%, and the recovered dry matter precipitated (mainly was CuS) copper content was 35.6%. In addition, the average total Fe, Mn and Mg removal rate was 99.46%, 99.10% and 84.08%. And the S2− oxidation rate was above 90% (mainly converted to sulfur). 27.52% Fe precipitated dry matter and 42.9% S, 32.2% Mg, and 13.8% Mn precipitated dry matter were also recovered as by-products. Through high-throughput analysis of the functional and structural changes in the SRB community, showed that indigenous SRB from the copper mine exhibit good adaptability to CMD conditions, with the enrichment and acclimation of SRBs achieving a high level of expression of bioactive. The bottleneck of SRB applied to CMD treatment was solved. Finally, the economic feasibility analysis shows that the combined process treatment CMD can save 58.6% of the cost compared with traditional lime neutralization method, and avoid the sludge treatment cost of 29.03 million USD per year. The above provides engineering practical reference for CMD treatment and resource recovery.

Vertical And Spatial Distribution Of Major And Trace Elements In Soil Catena At The Central Forest State Nature Biosphere Reserve (Se Valdai Hills, Russia)

In this study, we discussed relationship between the vertical and spatial differentiation of 14 chemical elements (total content and three mobile fractions extracted by NH4 Ac, NH4 Ac with 1% EDTA and 1M HNO3 ) and the environmental factors in background Retisols and Stagnosols within a soil catena. In the A soil horizon, the extractability of elements decreased in the series Cd, Mn, Pb> Co, Ni, Cu, Fe> Zn, Bi, As> U, Cr, Mo> Sb. In the O and A horizons, total and exchangeable Mn and Zn were uptaken by plants. In the A horizon, total Bi, Cd, Pb, Sb, Mo, exchangeable As, Bi, Cd, Co, Ni, Mo, as well as As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sb bound with Fe-Mn (hydr)oxides were sorbed by soil organic matter; Cr, Fe, Mn formed the organic complexes. In the C horizon, Cd, Fe, Mn, Sb complexes co-precipitated with carbonates. In the Bt horizon, total Cr, Cu, exchangeable Cu, Ni, as well as Cr and U bound with Fe-Mn (hydr)oxides migrated due to the lessivage. On the toeslope’s biogeochemical barrier, exchangeable Zn, Mo bound with complexes, As, Bi, and Fe bound with Fe-Mn (hydr)oxides were accumulated. In the lower part of the catena, peat accumulated the exchangeable compounds of As, Bi, Cr, Fe, Mo, Pb, U. The spatial differentiation of elements became less contrasting from the O and A horizons to the E, B and C horizons.

Groundwater input drives large variance in soil manganese concentration and reactivity in a forested headwater catchment

AbstractIn headwater catchments, surface groundwater discharge areas have unique soil biogeochemistry and can be hot spots for solute contribution to streams. Across the northeastern United States, headwater hillslopes with surface groundwater discharge were enriched in soil Mn, including Watershed 3 of Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Soils of this site were investigated along a grid to determine extent of Mn‐rich zone(s) and relationships to explanatory variables using ordinary kriging. The O and B horizons were analyzed for total secondary Mn and Fe, Cr oxidation potential, total organic C, moisture content, wetness ratio, and pH. Two Mn hot spots were found: a poorly drained, flowing spring (Location A); and a moderately well‐drained swale (Location B). Both had ∼6,000–9,000 mg Mn kg–1 soil. However, Location A had high Cr oxidation potential (a measure of Mn reactivity), whereas Location B did not. Location C, a poorly drained seep with slow‐moving water, had lower Mn content and Cr oxidation potential. Manganese‐rich soil particles were analyzed using X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure and micro‐X‐ray diffraction; the dominant oxidation state was Mn(IV), and the dominant Mn oxide species was a layer‐type Mn oxide (L‐MnO2). We propose input of Mn(II) with groundwater, which is oxidized by soil microbes. Studies of catchment structure and response could benefit from identifying hot spots of trace metals, sourced mainly from parent material but which accumulate according to hydropedologic conditions. Small‐scale variation in Mn enrichment due to groundwater and microtopography appears to be more important than regional‐scale variation due to air pollution.

Bioavailability of chromium, nickel, iron and manganese in relation to their speciation in coastal sediments downstream of ultramafic catchments: A case study in New Caledonia.

Coastal sediments downstream of ultramafic catchments can show Ni and Cr concentration well above sediment quality guidelines. Despite their potential ecological impact, the bioavailability of these trace metals in such sedimentary settings has been poorly investigated. In this study, we tried to fill this gap by performing kinetic EDTA-extractions across a shore-to-reef gradient in lagoon sediments downstream of an ultramafic catchment in New Caledonia and interpreting the results in regard of synchrotron-derived speciation. Measured bioavailability ranged from very low for Cr (below 1% of total Cr) to medium for Ni (below 5% of total Ni). Both trace metals showed a decreasing shore-to-reef bioavailability gradient reflecting the larger deposition of ultramafic sediments close to the shore. According to synchrotron-derived speciation data, the very low bioavailability of Cr is attributed to its major occurrence as Cr(III)-bearing Fe-(oxyhydr)oxides and phyllosilicates, with no evidence of Cr(VI). Considering the low occurrence of Fe-sulfides, the medium bioavailability of Ni is considered to arise mainly from the reductive dissolution of Ni-bearing Fe-(oxyhydr)oxides during early diagenesis. This reaction also explains the medium bioavailability of Fe (up to 15% of total Fe) and the positive correlation observed with Total Organic Carbon (TOC). In this regard, this latter parameter appears as a major driver of Ni and Fe bioavailability in coastal sediments downstream of ultramafic catchments. On the opposite, in the absence of Mn-oxides, TOC has no influence on Mn bioavailability (up to 30% of total Mn) that appears more likely driven by sediment sources. From an ecological point of view, considering the Australian and New-Zealand High Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines (ANZ-ISQG-H), Cr should not represent a significant risk towards benthic communities in coastal sediments downstream of ultramafic catchments. On the opposite, Ni, Fe and Mn might represent an ecological risk that should be further investigated in such sedimentary settings.

Diagenetic processes and nutrients diffusive fluxes at the sediment-water interface in the Bizerte Lagoon (North Tunisia)

Diagenetic reactions occurring in the sediments of Bizerte Lagoon along with their seasonal variation were assessed through examining the concentration profiles of nutrients and dissolved Fe and Mn in the supernatant water and pore waters, as well as the profiles of total organic carbon, carbonates, Fe and Mn contents in the particulate phase. The results indicate that these diagenetic reactions followed the classical sequence of oxidant reduction following the degradation of organic matter with a successive reduction of NO3−, MnO2, Fe (OH)3 and SO42−. In particular, a delay was observed in the winter sequence which occurred at greater depth due to higher Eh in surface layer. Generally, NO3−, NH4+ and PO43− seem to originate from sediments as reflected by their measured flux from sediments to the water column while the reverse was quoted for SO42− as reported from other Mediterranean environments. In addition, oxygenation of the water column reduces the diffusive fluxes of (NO3−, NH4+, PO43−) released into the pore water during mineralization of organic matter.

Identification of Suitable Spectral Bands Related to Soil Properties of Major Soils of Telengana, India

A study was conducted to identify suitable spectral bands related to soil properties of major soils of Telangana using hyperspectral data. A total of 200 surface soil samples were collected from district of Sangareddy (20 soil samples), Yadadri Bhuvangiri (20 soil samples), Nizamabad (20 soil samples), Adilabad (20 soil samples), Jayashankar Bhupalpally (60 soil samples), Nagar Kurnool (20 soil samples) and Nalgonda (40 soil samples) analyzed for soil properties viz., pH, electric conductivity (EC), organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, soil texture (percent clay). Soil spectral data (350-2500 nm) was measured using ASD spectroradiometer and correlated with soil properties using Pearson correlation test. Result shows that the soil properties like pH, OC, total N, total K , total Mn, % Clay showed significant negative correlation at 1210-1280 nm (r= -0.345**) for Ph, 610-630 nm (r= -0.415**) for OC, 390-410 nm (r= -0.180*, 0.183*, 0.175*, 0.170*) for total N, 360-390 nm (r= -0.174**,-0.158**,-0.163**,0.160**) for total K , 590-610 nm (r= -0.527** and -0.526**) for clay %.However significant positive correlation was observed with ECand 1110-1130 nm (r= 0.150* and 0.149*). These sensitive bands for soil parameters can be further used for prediction of soil properties.

Lignin and fungal abundance modify manganese effects on soil organic carbon persistence at the continental scale

Manganese (Mn) may play an outsized role in soil biogeochemical cycles relative to its abundance. The role of Mn-facilitated oxidation of biomacromolecules during litter decomposition is well-established, but the balance between Mn-promoted soil organic carbon (SOC) oxidation and long-term SOC protection in mineral soils is unknown, especially in subsoils. In this study, we used soils collected across the US National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) to assess the distribution of Mn and relationships between Mn abundance and SOC concentration, potential mineralization, and persistence at a continental spatial scale. Total reducible Mn was not spatially correlated to site moisture (Spearman’s Rho = 0.24), highlighting that Mn abundance may influence SOC cycling independently from other moisture-driven soil chemical properties (e.g., reactive iron and aluminum). However, Mn effects on SOC cycling depended on depth, soil, or site-level properties. In particular, fungal:bacterial biomass ratio, proportion of SOC in the free light fraction, lignin abundance, and/or proportion of undegraded organic matter mediated the effect of Mn on SOC cycling metrics. For example, the effect of Mn on SOC concentration in subsoils shifted from positive (approximately +270 % relative to mean subsoil SOC) to negative (−125 %) with increasing fungal:bacterial ratio. We propose that convergence of high Mn, lignin-rich substrates, and fungal:bacterial ratio amplifies lignin mineralization in surface soils, but does not result in higher net SOC turnover due to fungal biomass stabilization. In contrast, we suggest that Mn abundance promotes smaller, but more persistent SOC stocks in subsoils by accelerating SOC transformation from particulate to microbial biomass pools.

Precipitation of arsenic-bearing solids as a secondary control on arsenic speciation in groundwater: Evidence from field study and geochemical analysis

Among the mechanisms controlling elevated arsenic (As) speciation in groundwater, dissolution-precipitation of As-bearing solids, possibly as colloids, has not been systematically evaluated even though reported groundwater saturation states often indicate super- or near-saturation with respect to multiple solids. In this contribution, a detailed geochemical analysis was performed on well-constrained groundwater quality data collected through (a) sustained sampling (n = 84) over 2.5 y at a newly-identified site in the middle Gangetic plain of India; and (b) metadata analysis on studies conducted worldwide (n = 414). Groundwater saturation indices, speciation (EH-pH), and mineral solubilities (logC-pH) were calculated, consistent with a carefully-selected and updated thermodynamic database. Results suggest that under oxidizing conditions, secondary precipitation of solids similar to scorodite [FeAsO4·2H2O(s)] and pharmacolite [CaHAsO4·2H2O(s)] influences the As(V) concentrations in groundwater. In addition, groundwater at the investigated site was saturated with calcite [CaCO3(s)] and rhodochrosite [MnCO3(s)]. Evidence of colloidal forms of As-containing and As-free solids was found from SEM-EDS characterization of solids collected on 0.2 μm filter membranes used to sample groundwater. XPS analysis showed that the relative As(V) and As(III) signatures in these solids were consistent with the prevalence of dissolved As(V) and As(III) in groundwater, independently quantified using IC-ICP-MS. HR-TEM-SAED characterization of these solids indicated the possible presence of poorly crystalline scorodite- and pharmacolite-like phases along with calcite and lepidocrocite [γ–FeOOH(s)] in a predominantly amorphous matrix. Also, a possible role of Mn in inducing As immobilization in calcite was suggested with the identification of ∼ 1:1 Mn:As atomic ratios in these solids, consistent with significant (p < 0.05) correlation of dissolved total As and total Mn. These findings imply that solubility-driven secondary processes may exert additional controls on the eventual fate and transport of arsenic in mixed-redox state shallow groundwaters, apart from the known primary mobilization mechanisms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has characterized colloidal arsenic in groundwater and related it to prevailing mechanisms.

Manganese removal and product characteristics of a marine manganese-oxidizing bacterium Bacillus sp. FF-1.

Biogenic manganese oxides (BioMnOx) have been found all over the world, and most of them were formed by Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria (MnOB). In this study, a MnOB designated as FF-1 was isolated from marine surface sediments in the Bohai Sea, China. This strain was identified as Bacillus sp. and can tolerate more than 5% salinity. It can grow in the presence of 0-7mM Mn(II) and pH range from 5.0 to 7.0. When the initial Mn(II) was 5mM, the percentage of Mn(II) oxidation reached the highest value of 16% after 10days of incubation. The initial pH (5.0 to 7.0) affected the percentage of Mn(II) oxidation, but the ability of the strain FF-1 to self-regulate pH resulted in the final pH being almost 7.6. The removal of Mn(II) by the strain FF-1 involves extracellular and intracellular adsorption as well as Mn(II) oxidation. Intracellular Mn adsorption contributed a small part to the total Mn removal, and extracellular adsorption was dominant in the initial stage of Mn removal. The solid products after Mn removal were a mixture of MnOx and MnCO3. The layered MnOx formed in the extracellular space could be easily collected and used for adsorption and oxidation of pollutants.

Long-term monitoring of Mn and Fe removal in biofilters from a converted plant

AbstractConversion from physicochemical to biological treatment in water treatment plants has received increased attention due to the potential benefits of biofiltration. However, information is limited about the operational performance of converted water treatment plants for iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) removal over a long-term period. In this study, Fe and Mn removal from biofilters was investigated in a converted plant from November 2011 until April 2021. The plant comprises an aeration unit followed by a modified up-flow roughing filter (URF) and by two rapid sand filters (RSF) in parallel. Data analysis was based on Fe and Mn concentrations collected from 222 water analysis reports. Results showed that 98% of Fe and 95% of Mn concentrations in treated water were below the local regulatory limits of Fe &amp;lt; 0.2 mg/L and Mn &amp;lt; 0.1 mg/L. Fe was mainly removed in the URF (68%), and Mn was removed nearly equally by the URF (46%) and the RSF (47%). The combination of the URF with RSF produced total Fe and Mn removal efficiencies of 95% and 88%, respectively. No significant differences between the seasonal variation of Fe and Mn concentrations in the URG and RSF were found. The effectiveness of biofiltration technology without the use of chemical reagents or nutrient substrate additions, was demonstrated over a long-term period of monitoring.

Passive Treatment of Circumneutral Mine Drainage from the St. Louis Mine Tunnel, Rico CO: Part 3—Horizontal Wetlands Treatment Train Pilot Study

AbstractMine drainage from the St Louis Tunnel (located at the Rico-Argentine Site) is circumneutral most of the year, with spring freshets increasing flow, decreasing pH and increasing metals concentrations. This study was designed to test the performance of a demonstration-scale horizontal wetlands passive treatment train, comprised of a settling basin, surface flow wetland, horizontal-flow anaerobic wetland, aeration channel, and rock drain, during two years of influent water chemistry at a constant 113 L/min (30 gpm) flow rate. Total Zn, Cd, and Mn effluent concentrations met project treatment goals (PTGs) 75, 96.9, and 100% of the time, respectively, and 93.9, 100, and 100% of the time for the dissolved metals. Most PTG exceedances occurred during the freshet events. Most Zn and Cd attenuation was attributed to sulfide precipitation in the anaerobic cell and capture/filtration of suspended ZnS particles in the anaerobic wetland and rock drain. Manganese was attenuated in the aerobic portion of the anaerobic cell (influent transition zone) as Mn oxides and carbonates. Oxidation of Mn occurred in the rock drain as biogenically formed Mn oxides adhered to the rock matrix. Carryover of dissolved sulfides from the anaerobic cell limited the rock drain’s Mn removal efficiency. Low temperatures did not significantly affect biological activity within the system; the effects of seasonal water quality were more important.

English

Three bivalves from the coast of Ghana: Crassostrea tulipa (n = 275), Anadara (Senilia) senilis (n = 310), from two &lsquo;open&rsquo; lagoons (Benya and Ningo) and a &lsquo;closed&rsquo; lagoon (Sakumo), and Perna perna (n = 155), from rocky shores adjacent to Benya and Sakumo, were analyzed for their total Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd and Hg concentrations and total body burden/load. The analyses were based on three-size class from two seasons. Average concentrations for oysters (C. tulipa) were: 40, 1197, 477, 16, 0.57 and 0.15 &mu;g/g dw respectively. Cd and Hg levels in dry season samples were higher than those in wet season. While Zn and Fe dry season levels were lower than wet season with no variation in Cu and Mn, average total body burden were: 16, 451, 178, 6.6, 0.25 and 0.11 &mu;g respectively. Geographical variations observed were mostly due to size distribution rather than the ecological differences between stations. Factors observed to influence metal concentrations and accumulation in these organisms include; size, metal bioavailability, season of sampling, hydrodynamics of the environment and reproductive cycle. Element concentrations in bivalves at the same location differ between different species and individuals due to species-specific ability/capacity to regulate or accumulate trace metals. Log-transformed regression analyses between body burden and size were used to compare the species and stations. In addition, the results were compared within class and among classes. Key words: Trace elements, bivalves, bio-indicators, size class, lagoons, seasonal variation.

Environmental Fate of Trace Elements in Depositional Sediments after Flashflood Events: The Case of Mandra Town in Greece

Flash floods are one of the harshest natural hazards, having a wide range of substantial impacts for human and environmental health in the short-term and long-term. On 15 November 2017, a high-intensity storm caused a catastrophic flash flood event in the town of Mandra, a western, outer suburb of the Athens Metropolitan Area in Greece. In this study, we determine the aqua regia extractable concentrations of trace elements in residual sediments and associated soils after the flash flood and evaluate the fractionation of contaminants in geochemical compartments. Geochemical data are coupled with physicochemical parameter measurements and mineralogy to identify possible factors explaining the variability of trace element concentrations, while a dilute acid extraction is used to monitor changes of the reactive fraction of the trace elements over the term of 1 year following the flood event. Aqua regia concentrations in flood-deposited sediments reached values of 1 mg/kg (Cd), 24 mg/kg (Co), 183 mg/kg (Cr), 599mg/kg (Cu), 1080 mg/kg (Mn), 195 mg/kg (Ni), 122 mg/kg (Pb) and 945 mg/kg (Zn). Multivariate statistical techniques classified the elements according to their natural or anthropogenic origin. Trace elements of geogenic origin (As, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni) dominate in flood deposited material. The cluster of anthropogenic elements (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn,) shows significant correlation with total organic carbon and magnetic susceptibility, while a significant seasonal variation has been observed for total organic carbon, Cd and Mn contents in the deposited sediments. Results allow a better understanding of the distribution of elements in the surface cover during and after catastrophic events in urban areas and provide useful information on the long-term exposure of the residents.

Sediment formation and analysis of the main chemical components of aqueous extracts from different parts of ginseng roots

Sediment is a key issue in the production and marketing of plant beverages, as is ginseng beverages. The formation of sediment in ginseng beverages is a gradual process. This work describes the formation of sediment from different parts of ginseng and describes the color and clarity of the liquid and the amount and morphology of the sediment. The results showed there are significant differences in the sediment formation speed, morphology and transmittance for the aqueous extracts prepared from different parts of ginseng. The amounts of sediment generated from the different parts of ginseng is as follows: main root > rhizome > fibrous root. Free amino acids, Ba, Ca, Ni, and Sr concentrations are significantly and positively correlated with the transmittance. The total saponins, Al, Fe, and Mn concentrations are significantly and negatively correlated with the transmittance. There are obvious crystals and more Ca in the fibrous root sediment. We analyzed and compared the chemical components in the sediment and extract. The results show that the main components of the sediment are carbohydrates and protein. According to the partition coefficient the contents of protein, ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rf) and some ions (Al, Fe, Ca, and Na) contribute more to the formation of the sediment than the other investigated components.

Poorer cognitive function and environmental airborne Mn exposure determined by biomonitoring and personal environmental monitors in a healthy adult population

Background/aimIn the Santander Bay (Cantabria, northern Spain), a ferromanganese alloy plant is located. Our objective was to characterize the Mn personal exposure of adult healthy volunteers living in this highly Mn exposed region, and to determine its association with a poorer cognitive function. MethodsCross-sectional study analyzing 130 consecutive participants. Cognitive function was assessed by Stroop Color Word, Verbal Fluency tests, Trail Making Test (TMT), Digit Span (WAIS III) and Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) tests and crude scores were standardized according to NEURONORMA norms. Exposure to Mn was assessed in terms of source distance, by Personal Environmental Monitors (PEMs) allowing the separation of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10–2.5) particles (obtaining the bioaccessible fraction by in-vitro bioaccessibility tests), and by biomarkers (blood, hair and fingernails). Age, sex, study level and number of years of residence were predefined as confounding variables and adjusted Mean Differences (MDs) were obtained. ResultsStatistically significant lower scores (negative MDs) in all test were observed when living near the industrial emission source, after adjusting for the predefined variables. Regarding PEMs results, statistically significant lower scores in all Stroop parts were obtained in participants with higher levels of Total Mn in All fractions (PM10). For Verbal Fluency tests, negative MDs were obtained for both bioaccessible fractions. Digit Span Backward scores were lower for those with higher levels in the bioaccessible coarse fraction, and negative MDs were also observed for the ROCF Delayed part and the non-bioaccessible fine fraction. As regards to Mn in fingernails, adjusted MDs of −1.60; 95%CI (−2.57 to −0.64) and −1.45; 95%CI (−2.29 to −0.61) for Digit Span Forward and Backward parts were observed. ConclusionsOur results support an association between poorer cognitive function and environmental airborne Mn exposure.

Analysis of the Nutrient Content of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) Household Organic Waste in Rimba Jaya Village, Merauke Regency Using the Stacked Bucket Method

The purpose of this study was to analyze the nutrient content of POC produced from household waste using the stacked bucket method. This research was conducted for 3 months from September to November 2020. This research is a descriptive study. The first process is the process of making organic fertilizer from household waste which is fermented in a stacked bucket for 2 months. Leachate from organic waste is dried in the sun for one month or until the leachate is blackish in color and has no more subtle aroma. The finished POC is sampled and tested in the laboratory to determine the content of micro and macro nutrients as well as organic C. To measure the content of macro and micro nutrients, the test material used was Kjeldahl for nitrogen content while P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, S, Ca, Mg, Na used spectrometric wet oxidation method and the content of C-organic by spectrophotometric method. The test results showed that the POC of household waste contained 0.08% total N, 0.07% total P, 0.28% total K, 5 ppm total Fe, 0.4 ppm total Mn, 0.0 ppm total Cu, Zn total 0.6 ppm, total S 0.5%, total Ca 165.0 ppm, total Mg 106.9 ppm, total Na 172.7 ppm, organic C 1.06%, and C/N ratio 13.27.

Aluminium and manganese leaching and retention in two contrasting soils treated with aluminium-based sludge water in a column experiment

Liquid waste (sludge water (SW)) from treatment of drinking water contains impurities which pose disposal challenges. Irrigation with SW could be a solution for the Morton Jaffray Water Works. This study was conducted to determine the effects of SW dilution on aluminium (Al) and manganese (Mn) concentrations in (a) leachates from columns with either clay or a sandy loam soil and (b) different depths in the columns. The columns were leached with tap water (control) and 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the original SW concentration and the leachates were analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Al, and Mn. The sectioned soils (0–5, 5–10, 10–15 cm depths) were analysed for pH, exchangeable acidity, extractable Mn and total Al and Mn. Leaching with undiluted SW significantly increased EC and Al and Mn concentrations and lowered pH in leachates of the first four and two leaching events in the clay and sandy loam soils, respectively. The last two to four leaching events released additional Mn. Higher SW concentrations significantly increased retention of Mn, Al, extractable Mn and acidity, and lowered pH in the soils. In practice, irrigation with SW may retain the pollutants and acidify the soil, increasing Mn mobility, potentially causing leaching and phytotoxicity.

Genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of Bisphenol A in the early developing stages of chick embryo (Gallus gallus domesticus) evidenced by HET-MN and Comet assay

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is ubiquitously present in the environment and consumer products and is a crucial environmental contaminant known to cause significant health risks to various organisms. The present study aims to evaluate the genotoxicity effect of BPA in developing chick embryos. Fertile chicken eggs were treated with increasing concentrations of BPA (1, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mM/egg) on embryonic days (ED) 8, 9 and 10. On ED11, the number of viable embryos was recorded and LD50 values were calculated for 24 h (ED 10), 48 h (ED 9) and 72 h (ED 8). HET-MN (Hens egg test for micronucleus assay) and comet assay were performed on the 11th-day to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity potential of BPA. Experiments were performed in three different time points i.e. 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of exposure. Results showed an increased mortality rate in a dose and time-dependent manner. Significant alterations of cellular dynamics erythropoiesis and PCE/NCE ratio were observed. Also, significant induction of total MN and other nuclear abnormalities was observed. A decrease in head DNA content, increase in tail DNA, olive tail moment and damage indexes were detected upon exposure. Thus, the results confirmed the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of Bisphenol-A that caused genetic alterations extensively during the early development of embryos.

Effect of Different Levels of Surface Application of Sorghum Residue under Minimum Tillage on Crop Yields and Sustainable Yield Index of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) and Nutrient Status in Rainfed Alfisol Soils

ABSTRACT In order to assess the effect of surface application of sorghum residue under minimum tillage on crop yields sustainable yield index (SYI), agronomic efficiency (AE), and soil fertility in sorghum-cowpea system, a long-term study was conducted in rainfed Alfisols. The results of the study revealed that surface residue application increased the crop yields significantly over the control ie no residue application, with SYI ranging from 0.52 in no residue application (T1) to 0.70 in residue application @ 4 tha−1 (T3) for sorghum and from 0.01 in residue application @ 2 tha−1 (T2) to 0.08 in residue application @ 6 tha−1 (T4) in cowpea. The AE of the recommended N applied varied from 24.42 to 31.60 in case of sorghum and 10.38 to 13.40 kg grain kg−1 N in cowpea, respectively. The content of soil organic carbon (SOC) after 12 years of experiment ranged from 4.47 to 6.62 g kg−1 and decreased with the soil depth. The level of mean available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in soil were 154.07-403.45, 5.28–14.07, and 118.17–268.17 kgha−1, while the total N, P, and K varied from 330.0 to 1033.0, 194.9 to 395.7, and 13355 to 22133 mg kg−1, respectively. The available zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) in soil ranged from 0.08 to 0.98, 9.10 to 38.81,1.85 to 10.58, and 0.75 to 1.64 mg kg−1, while the total Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu ranged from 21.75 to 86.58, 343.0 to 877.83, 15202 to 33646, and 24.17 to 82.00 mg kg−1, respectively. When the crop yields were regressed with organic carbon (OC) and total and available soil nutrients, the coefficients of multiple determinations (R2) were 0.959 and 0.970 (P = .05 and P = .01) for available soil nutrients and 0.944 and 0.827, for total nutrients, respectively. The OC, available N and Zn contents and total K and Mn have positively influenced yields of both the crops in these soils.