Tomato Waste Research Articles

トマト搾汁残渣由来の生理活性を有するオリゴ糖物質

トマト搾汁残渣由来の生理活性を有するオリゴ糖物質

Biogas generation from food-processing wastes

Biogas generation and changes in chemical oxygen demand (COD), total and volatile solids (TS, VS), volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia (NH 4 +) were monitored during a 40-day fermentation period in 60-l anaerobic contact-type reactors, of carrot, orange, phaseolus, pea and tomato wastes. The reactors were first loaded with a spent slurry of previously digested cattle dung and then a daily feed with 2.35 l of the waste slurry was incorporated for two cycles at a 20-day hydraulic retention time (HRT). Biogas generation exhibited greater rates in the first cycle with a higher percentage of CO 2 component. Average rates of volumetric biogas evolution were 0.998, 0.991, 0.885, 0.814 and 0.499 m 3 m −3 day −1 for orange, phaseolus, tomato, pea and carrot wastes respectively. The daily mean rates of biogas output, collectively for all materials examined, were found to be 0.840 m 3 m −3 of fermenting volume and to be 325, 362, and 281 m 3 t −1 for TS, VS, and COD respectively. The bioconversion rates of VS ranged between 20.2% for carrot and 43.8% for phaseolus wastes. An exponential increase of total VFAs was recorded especially during the second cycle of fermentation, reflecting an instability in the fermentation process under these conditions of operation. Liberation of NH 4 +-N occurred, recorded at highest concentration (815 mg l −1) with legume wastes, whilst tomato, carrot, and orange wastes followed in descending order.

The Effects of Heat, Water, Acid, and Alkali Treatment of Tomato Cannery Wastes on Growth, Metabolizable Energy Value, and Nitrogen Utilization of Broiler Chicks

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of heat, water, acid, and alkali treatment of tomato pomace on gain, feed to gain ratio, nitrogen utilization, and ME of diets for broiler chicks. In Experiment 1, both treated and untreated tomato pomace was included in broiler diets at a 10 or 20% level. Results indicated that the level or antinutritional factors present in untreated tomato cannery waste did not appreciably depress any measured production parameter. Hence, it appeared that untreated tomato cannery wastes might be used as a feed ingredient in low-energy poultry diets (broiler breeder and laying hen recycling rations), ruminant diets, and as a protein source in regions of the world where such feed ingredients are scarce.The second experiment was designed to test the effect of alkali concentration and treatment time of tomato pomace on the performance of broiler chicks. Alkali treatment of tomato cannery wastes increased gain and decreased feed to gain ratios of broiler chicks over those of untreated tomato waste controls. Results indicated that the increased gain and decreased feed to gain ratios of the chicks were due in part to the acid neutralization phase of the alkali treatment. Alkali treatment apparently affects the tomato cannery wastes almost instantaneously, as differences among actual treatment times and concentrations were small. However, only the highest alkali treatment increased the pH of the tomato cannery waste above 7, suggesting that a true alkali treatment might cause additional improvements in gain and feed to gain ratio when fed to broiler chicks.

Conversion of Tomato, Peach and Honeydew Solid Waste into Methane Gas

ABSTRACT METHANE production by anaerobic digestion of tomato, honeydew and peach solid wastes was in-vestigated. Results from a two-year laboratory investiga-tion and seasonal operation of a pilot plant size digester are presented. For 4L laboratory digesters operating at 35 C the following loading rates and retention times were found to be optimal for tomato, honeydew and peach residues, respectively: 5, 3, and 1 kg VS/m^-d and 25, 20, and 15 d. Under these operating conditions 33 percent, 83 percent and 86 percent of the volatile solids were destroyed for tomato, honeydew and peach residues, respectively, and the corresponding gas productions, corrected to STP, were 0.43, 2.45, and 1.15 vol/digester vol/day. On a conversion efficiency basis these values relate to 0.14, 0.81 and 1.15 mVkg VS load-ed, respectively. Operation of the 22 m^ pilot plant generally confirmed the laboratory data for tomato solid waste.

Mineralization of Soil‐Incorporated Tomato Solid Waste

AbstractSolid waste from the processing of tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) consisting primarily of fruit peels and seeds was incorporated into Yolo sandy loam soil, wetted, and incubated at 10, 20, or 30°C for 32 weeks. At 2‐week intervals the soil was analyzed for NO3‐N, PO4‐P, SO4‐S, Cl, total N, organic C, and exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, and Na. Soil pH and electrical conductivity were measured at the beginning of the study and after 32 weeks.With each increment of dried tomato waste applied at rates of 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0% of air‐dry soil, the total organic C and N content of the soil increased. The amount of NO3‐N released from 2.5% rate of waste at 20°C soil temperature was similar to that released from 60 ppm N applied as (NH4)2SO4. Nitrogen released from waste applied at rates of 5.0 and 10.0% air‐dry soil exceeded the level of N usually applied for crop production at about 76 kg N/ha.Significant interactions occurred on NO3‐N release among waste application rates, soil temperatures, and times. At 10°C, there was an increase in NO3‐N released with each increase in waste application. At 20°C, a NO3‐N increase occurred at 2.5 and 5.0% waste application rates, but the increase was less at 10.0 than at 5.0%. At 30°C, a marked reduction of NO3‐N release occurred between 16 and 32 weeks of incubation at all rates of waste application, but was more acute at 10.0% than at lower rates. A similar response, but of lesser magnitude, occurred with release of PO4‐P. Variability in release of NO3‐N and PO4‐P was attributable to the composition of tomato waste and to microbiological activity.Release of SO4‐S was a function of waste loading rate and time. Essentially, all Cl was released within the first week of incubation. An appreciable increase of K, slight increase of Ca, minimal increase of Na, and no change of Mg was found in the soil after 32 weeks of incubation. Although tomato waste is acidic, soil pH decreased only at the highest loading rate after 32 weeks of incubation.

A THERMAL CONTROLLER FOR THE SHORT COD DETERMINATION

ABSTRACTAn instrument, the Short COD Thermal Controller, was developed to make the short COD test faster, safer and more precise through automatic control of heating and agitation. The instrument was used to analyze a glucose solution, simulated tomato wastes and corn processing wastes. Glucose solutions were found to have a coefficient of variation of 1.4% compared to the 20% reported for the BOD and the 8% for the long COD. The coefficient of variation for the tomato waste was 2.7%, and on the corn processing waste the instrument was able to give more reproducible results than the inherent variability found in preparing the replicate waste samples. The new instrument reduced both the time required to analyze a large number of samples and the hazards to technicians.

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, pH AND RETENTION TIME ON THE BIODEGRADATION OF TOMATO WASTE IN TANK‐TYPE REACTORS

ABSTRACTEffects of temperature, pH and retention time on the biodegradation of tomato waste were studied in a continuous tank‐type system. The data indicated that under the experimental conditions used there was a two‐component substrate complex in the tomato waste. The first comprised approximately two‐thirds of the total waste load and was optimally degraded at 40°C in about 4 hr. The second substrate complex contributed about 20% of the waste load and was optimally degraded at 35°C. The remaining portion was not degraded during the 12‐hr retention time investigated. It was also shown that maintaining an optimal pH 7 by monitoring and adjusting only the influent resulted in an excessive basic condition. The use of controlled reactor tanks in a sequential degradation system or in conjunction with present day treatment systems is suggested.

The Nutritive Value of Dried Tomato Pomace

DURING the past few years the commercial production of tomato juice and other pulped tomato products has increased to a considerable extent. In the manufacture of such products there is a certain amount of waste resulting from the pulping or screening process. This tomato waste or pomace consists mainly of skins, seeds, and hard tissue.Approximately 1,500,000 tons of tomatoes are grown annually in the United States. Of this total about 1,000,000 tons are used in manufactured tomato products. The waste in canning varies from I5 to 30 percent depending on the quality of the tomato. The waste material studied in the investigation consists of the dehydrated tailings of pulping machines and juice extractors. Probably 12,000 tons of dried waste similar to that examined is available annually. This represents a 4-fold increase since 1917. The waste could be dried very easily and economically if there was any sale for it. .