Tomato Waste Research Articles

Determination and evaluation of biogas and methane productions of vegetable and fruit wastes with Hohenheim Batch Test method

Nowadays, biogas technology applications are gradually increasing worldwide due to the economic and environmental benefits. Many researches and studies related to the determination of the biogas potential of organic waste materials have been carried out in the recent years. Studies to determine the specific methane potential of organic waste materials have a great importance for both design and economical operation of the biogas plants. Energy potential that will be recovered from organic wastes is substantial in Turkey. Thanks to biogas plants gathering vegetable-fruit wastes and other organic wastes are planned to produce significant amount of renewable energy in Turkish markets. Owing to the use of organic wastes, the disposal of waste as well as energy production, soil, water and air pollution in terms of environmental protection are also minimized. On the other hand, the organic wastes produced from plants can also be utilized as fertilizer in vegetable production. In this study, the cumulative biogas and methane production of vegetable and fruit wastes were experimentally determined with HBT (Hohenheim Batch Test) method. Biogas and methane yields of vegetable and fruit wastes were found as 0.54-0.73 Nm3/(kg ODM) and 0.29-0.37 Nm3/(kg ODM), respectively. The highest value of the cumulative specific methane production was tomato wastes (0.37 Nm3/(kg ODM)), and the lowest value was lettuce wastes (0.29 Nm3/(kg ODM)), as well. The average cumulative specific methane production values of mixed vegetable and fruit wastes are determined as 0.34 Nm3/(kg ODM). Keywords: biogas, methane production, Hohenheim Batch Test, vegetable and fruit wastes, renewable energy, Turkey DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20171004.2864 Citation: Aybek A,Ucok S. Determination and evaluation of biogas and methane productions of vegetable and fruit wastes with Hohenheim Batch Test method Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2017; 10(4): 207–215.

Characteristics of pectin from black cherry tomato waste modified by dynamic high-pressure microfluidization

The present work aimed at better understanding of the effects of dynamic high pressure microfluidization (DHPM) on physicochemical properties and rheological property of pectin extracted from black-cherry tomato pomace. It was found that DHPM effectively increased the average particle size of pectin, as the result of foamed filiform parts formation in micro-structure. Galacturonic acid with esterified structures were observed according the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and relatively independent of the pressure of DHPM, while degree of esterification (DE) was slightly increased when the pressure was higher than 40 MPa. Solutions of pectin treated by DHPM were consistent with the power’s law model at low shear rate (shear rate < 1 s−1) and sweep frequency (f < 1 Hz). DHPM treatment significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the apparent viscosity (η) and consistency index (K) of pectin. Moreover, phase angle (δ) of pectin treated by DHPM decreased, that indicated better fluidity and higher consistency for the solutions. Additionally, effects of DHPM at 120 MPa were noticed, DPPM resulted in particle size decreasing and there were no significant changes (p < 0.05) of η. However, flow behavior index (n) and tanδ indicated that character of pectin solutions changed compared to pectin without DHPM treatment.

EVALUATION OF LYCOPENE EXTRACTED FROM TOMATO PROCESSING WASTE AS A NATURAL ANTIOXIDANT IN SOME BAKERY PRODUCTS

The present work aimed to study the chemical composition of tomato waste, optimizing the conditions for lycopene extraction, evaluating the antioxidant activity of obtained lycopene extract and utilizing it in some bakery products (cake and cookies). The study concluded that tomato waste obtained from tomato processing plant contained (on dry weight basis) 16.51% carbohydrates, 1.10% fats, 19.07% crude protein, 58.2% crude fiber 5.12% ash, 2500 ppm phosphorus, 12.52 ppm copper, 1379 ppm calcium, 94.71 ppm iron, 17693.75 ppm potassium and 3537 ppm sodium. On the other hand, the total carotenoid and lycopene in tomato processing waste were 654.76 mg/100g and 300.85 mg/100g on dry weight basis, respectively. Data obtained from using acetone: n-hexane (25:75) mixture as extraction solvent and different temperature and times for extraction showed that the optimum temperature was 40 oC while the optimum extraction time was 45 min. Lycopene extracts prepared from dried tomato waste had higher lycopene recovery than those prepared from wet wastes. The data of antioxidant activity reflect the high antioxidant activity of lycopene extract which approximately equal that for ascorbic acid. Generally, the addition of 3-5% lycopene extract to cake and cookies enhanced their antioxidant activity, colour and sensory properties.

Optimization of pectinase-assisted and tri-solvent-mediated extraction and recovery of lycopene from waste tomato peels.

In the present work, optimization of pectinase-assisted and tri-solvent-mediated extraction of lycopene from waste tomato peels was carried out. The optimized parameters for enzymatic pre-treatment were 2% pectinase concentration, pH 5.5, 4-h incubation, 45°C and 150rpm. Maximum recovery of lycopene from tomato peels using optimized tri-solvent extraction was achieved at 45°C, 120-min incubation and 200rpm. The extracted lycopene was confirmed through functional and characteristic peaks in UV-Vis and FTIR spectra and with retention time in HPLC. The radical scavenging activity was 72.30±2.70 and 43.40±2.01µg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/ml for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrzyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, respectively. The optimized method resulted in 7.38, 4.65 and 1.59 times enhancement in lycopene extraction and recovery in correlation with single solvent, enzyme-treated and tri-solvent extraction methods, respectively.

Treatment of supermarket vegetable wastes to be used as alternative substrates in bioprocesses

Fruits and vegetables have the highest wastage rates at retail and consumer levels. These wastes have promising potential for being used as substrates in bioprocesses. However, an effective hydrolysis of carbohydrates that form these residues has to be developed before the biotransformation.In this work, vegetable wastes from supermarket (tomatoes, green peppers and potatoes) have been separately treated by acid, thermal and enzymatic hydrolysis processes in order to maximise the concentration of fermentable sugars in the final broth.For all substrates, thermal and enzymatic processes have shown to be the most effective. A new combined hydrolysis procedure including these both treatments was also assayed and the enzymatic step was successfully modelled. With this combined hydrolysis, the percentage of reducing sugars extracted was increased, in comparison with the amount extracted from non-hydrolysed samples, approximately by 30% in the case of tomato and green peeper wastes. For potato wastes this percentage increased from values lower than 1% to 77%. In addition, very low values of fermentation inhibitors were found in the final broth.

Mesophilic anaerobic digestion of pig slurry and fruit and vegetable waste: Dissection of the microbial community structure

This paper studies the abiotic properties and the microbial community of a pilot scale digester with a working volume capacity of 300 L. The system worked at mesophilic operating conditions, with several organic load rates formed by a mixture of different ratios between waste A (fruit and vegetable sludge + tomato waste) and waste B (pig slurry). The core group of microorganisms corresponding to the ratio 70% A:30% B, showed the highest methane production (60%). This core group included bacteria, principally Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, involved in cellulolytic degradation, proteolysis and acidogenesis, as well as a concomitance between acetotrophic, mainly Methanosaeta methanogens and hydrogenotrophic, principally Methanosphaera and Methanobrevibacter methanogens. An increase of the proportion of waste B (pig slurry) to 50–60% resulted in a decrease of the production of biogas and methane, which unbalanced the methanogenic bacteria, increasing the amount of principally hydrogenotropic methanogens (Methanosphaera and Methanobrevibacter).

Subcritical Water Extraction of Lycopene from Tomato Waste

Subcritical water extraction (SWE) of lycopene from tomato waste and antioxidant activities was studied with response surface design. The optimal extracting conditions were identified as follows: 10g tomato waste sample with 73.8 ml double-distilled water, extraction temperature 192.01°C, and extraction time 15.80 min. The average extraction yield of lycopene amounted to 282.36 μg/g, whereas the extraction yield with Ultrasound microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) for three times was 207.63 μg/g. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of lycopene was better than that of BHT. All these results indicate that SWE could be a more attractive eco-friendly alternative extract method with a good efficiency in the future.

The relationship between mineral contents, particle matter and bottom ash distribution during pellet combustion: molar balance and chemometric analysis.

This paper aims to identify the correlation between the mineral contents in agropellets and particle matter and bottom ash characteristics during combustion in domestic boilers. Four agrifood residues with higher mineral contents, namely grape marc (GM), tomato waste (TW), exhausted olive mill solid waste (EOMSW) and olive mill wastewater (OMWW), were selected. Then, seven different pellets were produced from pure residues or their mixture and blending with sawdust. The physico-chemical properties of the produced pellets were analysed using different analytical techniques, and a particular attention was paid to their mineral contents. Combustion tests were performed in 12-kW domestic boiler. The particle matter (PM) emission was characterised through the particle number and mass quantification for different particle size. The bottom ash composition and size distribution were also characterised. Molar balance and chemometric analyses were performed to identify the correlation between the mineral contents and PM and bottom ash characteristics. The performed analyses indicate that K, Na, S and Cl are released partially or completely during combustion tests. In contrast, Ca, Mg, Si, P, Al, Fe and Mn are retained in the bottom ash. The chemometric analyses indicate that, in addition to the operating conditions and the pellet ash contents, K and Si concentrations have a significant effect on the PM emissions as well as on the agglomeration of bottom ash.

Tailoring Cu/Al2O3 catalysts for the catalytic pyrolysis of tomato waste

In this study, pyrolysis of tomato waste has been performed in fixed bed tubular reactor at 500 °C, both in absence and presence of Cu/Al2O3 catalyst. The influences of heating rate, catalyst preparation method and catalyst loading on bio-oil yields and properties were examined. According to pyrolysis experiments, the highest bio-oil yield was obtained as 30.31% with a heating rate of 100 °C/min, 5% Cu/Al2O3 catalyst loading ratio and co-precipitation method. Results showed that the catalysts have strong positive effect on bio-oil yields. Bio-oil quality obtained from fast catalytic pyrolysis was more favorable than that obtained from non-catalytic and slow catalytic pyrolysis.

Determination and evaluation of biogas and methane productions of vegetable and fruit wastes with Hohenheim Batch Test method

Nowadays, biogas technology applications are gradually increasing worldwide due to the economic and environmental benefits. Many researches and studies related to the determination of the biogas potential of organic waste materials have been carried out in the recent years. Studies to determine the specific methane potential of organic waste materials have a great importance for both design and economical operation of the biogas plants. Energy potential that will be recovered from organic wastes is substantial in Turkey. Thanks to biogas plants gathering vegetable-fruit wastes and other organic wastes are planned to produce significant amount of renewable energy in Turkish markets. Owing to the use of organic wastes, the disposal of waste as well as energy production, soil, water and air pollution in terms of environmental protection are also minimized. On the other hand, the organic wastes produced from plants can also be utilized as fertilizer in vegetable production. In this study, the cumulative biogas and methane production of vegetable and fruit wastes were experimentally determined with HBT (Hohenheim Batch Test) method. Biogas and methane yields of vegetable and fruit wastes were found as 0.54-0.73 Nm3/(kg ODM) and 0.29-0.37 Nm3/(kg ODM), respectively. The highest value of the cumulative specific methane production was tomato wastes (0.37 Nm3/(kg ODM)), and the lowest value was lettuce wastes (0.29 Nm3/(kg ODM)), as well. The average cumulative specific methane production values of mixed vegetable and fruit wastes are determined as 0.34 Nm3/(kg ODM). Keywords: biogas, methane production, Hohenheim Batch Test, vegetable and fruit wastes, renewable energy, Turkey DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20171004.2864 Citation: Aybek A,Üçok S. Determination and evaluation of biogas and methane productions of vegetable and fruit wastes with Hohenheim Batch Test method Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2017; 10(4): 207–215.

DOMATES ATIKLARININ BIYOGAZ DEĞERLERININ

Nowadays, biogas technology applications are gradually increasing worldwide due to the economic and environmental benefits. Many researches and studies related to the determination of the biogas potential of waste organic materials have been carried out in the recent years. Studies to determine the specific methane potential of organic waste materials have a great importance for both design and economical operation of the biogas plants.Energy potential that will be recovered from organic wastes are substantial in our country.Thanks to biogas plants gathering vegetable-fruit wastes and other organic wastes are planned to produce significant amount of renewable energy in our country markets. Owing to the use of organic wastes, the disposal of waste as well as energy production, soil, water, air pollution in terms of environmental protection are also minimized. On the other hand, the organic wastes produced from plants can also be utilised as fertilizer in vegetable production. In this study, the cumulative biogas and methane productions of tomato wastes were experimentally determined with HBT (Hohenheim Batch Testing) method. Biogas and methane yields of tomato wastes were found as 0.687-0.695 Nm3/kg OKM and 0.364-0.374 Nm3/kg OKM respectively. Obtained results for biogas production has importance.

Production of FucoPol by Enterobacter A47 using waste tomato paste by-product as sole carbon source

Out-of-specification tomato paste, a by-product from the tomato processing industry, was used as the sole substrate for cultivation of the bacterium Enterobacter A47 and production of FucoPol, a value-added fucose-rich extracellular polysaccharide. Among the different tested fed-batch strategies, pH-stat, DO-stat and continuous substrate feeding, the highest production (8.77gL−1) and overall volumetric productivity (2.92gL−1d−1) were obtained with continuous substrate feeding at a constant flow rate of 11gh−1. The polymer produced had the typical FucoPol composition (37mol% fucose, 27mol% galactose, 23mol% glucose and 12mol% glucuronic acid, with an acyl groups content of 13wt%). The average molecular weight was 4.4×106Da and the polydispersity index was 1.2. This study demonstrated that out-of-specification tomato paste is a suitable low-cost substrate for the production of FucoPol, thus providing a route for the valorization of this by-product into a high-value microbial product.

Reuse potential of vegetable wastes (broccoli, green bean and tomato) for the recovery of antioxidant phenolic acids and flavonoids

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of crop wastes (stems and leaves) from broccoli, beans and tomato to extract antioxidant polyphenols. Two different methods of extraction were performed: ultrasound (40 kHz) and conventional with 70 °C. In both methods, alkaline and acidic solvents were used. The polyphenol composition was assessed by HPLC‐DAD/UV‐VIS, and the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl assay was used to measure the antioxidant activity. The results showed a significant variation of polyphenol composition and antioxidant activity with the type of sample, pH of solvent and extraction method. Also it was possible to observe that acidic methanol and 70 °C enables the extraction of significant amounts of phenolic acids and flavonoids. Based in our results, broccoli, green bean and tomato wastes can be used to extract antioxidant polyphenols, and the use of such wastes to extract polyphenols can be an opportunity to develop an environmental friendly management's systems creating incoming for producers and agro‐food sector.

Comparison of Surface and Structural Properties of Carbonaceous Materials Prepared by Chemical Activation of Tomato Paste Waste: The Effects of Activator Type and Impregnation Ratio

Activated carbons were prepared by carbonization of tomato paste processing industry waste at 500°C followed by chemical activation with KOH, K2CO3, and HCl in N2 atmosphere at low temperature (500°C). The effects of different activating agents and impregnation ratios (25, 50, and 100 wt.%) on the materials’ characteristics were examined. Precursor, carbonized tomato waste (CTW), and activated carbons were characterized by using ultimate and proximate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, point of zero charge measurements (pHPZC), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Activation process improved pore formation and changed activated carbons’ surface characteristics. Activated carbon with the highest surface area (283 m3/g) was prepared by using 50 wt.% KOH as an activator. According to the experimental results, tomato paste waste could be used as an alternative precursor to produce low-cost activated carbon.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Pepaya (Carica papaya L) dan Tomat (Solanum lycopersicum L) Untuk Mempercepat Pengomposan Sampah Organik

One way to handle organic waste is by utilizing it as raw material for composting. In this study, to accelerate composting time, papaya and tomato waste were used as inoculant. The aim of the study was to know, between the two fruits waste, which one is more effective, by conducting an experiment with post test only group design. As the study object was organic waste from the yard of Dormitory Building I of Yogyakarta Polytechnic of Health, as much as 60 kg and was ob-tained by integrated sampling technique, meanwhile the two fruits waste were 2 kg and obtained from Serangan Market with purposive sampling technique. Based on the indicators of ripe com-post, from five time replications, the average of composting duration in the treatment group of papaya waste inoculant was 32,3 days, while the time in the tomate waste group was 31,7 days. The results of statistical analysis with indepedent t-test at 95 % level of confidence, gained a p-value less than 0,001. It means that the time-difference between two groups of treatment is signi-ficant. To conclude, used tomato waste is more effective and faster than that of papaya in speed-ing-up the composting process.

Effects of Boiled Tomato Waste Utilization in the Diet on Serum Lipid Profile and Egg Quality of Laying-hens

Effects of Boiled Tomato Waste Utilization in the Diet on Serum Lipid Profile and Egg Quality of Laying-hens

Valorization of Tomato Processing Waste for Lycopene Extraction

Lycopene is one of the most powerful antioxidants and singlet oxygen quenching agents. It has been found to be of great medical importance with various anti cancer effects, cardiovascular diseases effective agent and with its ability to be an important carotenoid in preventive medicine. In Tunisia, we note a real consumption of tomato paste. With 28 production units for double and triple concentrated tomato, noting a significant production of waste (approximately 30000 Tonne/year) consisting of skins pulp and seeds, which could be an important source of lycopene. Our study is concerned with three solid-phase extraction process: assisted by ultrasonic, by microwave and by homogenizer heating at moderate temperature. Their efficiency for the extraction of lycopene contained in the tomato waste was elaborated. The effect of the main process variables (including solvent polarity, solid-to-liquid ratio, temperature and time) on lycopene recovery have been investigated. The yield of the isolated lycopene was determined using UV-Visible spectrophotometry and UPLC-DAD quantification methods. Lycopene-rich extract was obtained from the dried and milled tomatoes waste using ethanol as a food grade extraction solvent and employing microwave assisted extraction process. The optimum conditions were 30 min total extraction time at 50°C temperature and 1bar pressure. The degradation of extracted lycopene through air oxidation and day light effect were also tested. Lycopene is stable when mixed with olive oil as a natural antioxidant. Up to 80% of lycopene degradated when exposed for one month to day light at 25°C.

Agroindustrial compost as a peat alternative in the horticultural industry of Ecuador

This work was conducted in order to investigate the possibility of using different agroindustrial composts in the production of horticultural seedlings, thereby replacing part of the peat in the growing media. Three vegetable species differing in salt sensitivity - tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. Malpica) (the least sensitive), courgette (Cucurbita pepo L. var. Mastil F1) (moderately sensitive) and pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. Largo de Reus Pairal) (the most sensitive) - were grown in nine media containing three composts, prepared by co-composting vegetable waste (flower, broccoli or tomato waste) with laying hen manure and sawdust, as well as peat in various ratios. The proportions of the three composts in the mixtures elaborated with peat were 25%, 50% and 75% (v/v). A substrate of 100% peat was used as control. The experiment was arranged in a completely-randomised design, with two replicates per treatment, under greenhouse conditions. Prior to sowing, some physical, physico-chemical and chemical properties of the growing media were determined and the seed germination and fresh and dry weights of the aerial parts and roots of the seedlings were also measured, as well as the mineral composition of the aerial parts of the plants.In most cases, the addition of compost to the growing media produced an increase in the pH, salt content and macronutrient concentrations, in comparison to peat, whereas the physical properties of the compost based-substrates had values very similar to those of an ideal substrate. Also, multivariate analysis showed that the media prepared with flower waste compost, at all concentrations, and the medium with tomato waste compost at 25% were the most suitable substrates for the three plant species tested.

Effect of tomato seed supplementation on chemical and nutritional properties of tarhana

Tomato paste waste materials are rich in bioactive food ingredients and have a low economic value. In this research, the potential use of tomato seeds, a part of tomato waste materials, in tarhana was studied. During the production of tarhana, wheat flour of tarhana was partially (15, 25 and 35%) substituted with tomato seed meal. Protein, oil, dietary fiber, ash, mineral contents (Mg, Ca, K, P, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu), amino acid compositions, total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity values, color values and sensory properties of tarhanas were analyzed. It was found that the protein, oil, insoluble dietary fiber, total dietary fiber, ash, mineral and total phenolic contents, and antioxidant activity values of tarhanas increased by increasing the amount of tomato seed meal in the formulation (P < 0.05). Substitution of tomato seed instead of wheat flour also increased lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, serine, alanine, glycine, histidine, aspartic acid, arginine and tyrosine contents of tarhanas significantly (P < 0.05). The results of color analysis showed that higher substitution levels of tomato seed instead of wheat flour decreased L values significantly (P < 0.05). Although all of the tarhana samples received sensory scores higher than the mid of hedonic scale, C (control) tarhana and tarhana having 15% of tomato seed received the best liking scores (P < 0.05).

Modelling the chemical free neutralization of caustic peeled tomato slurry as a continuously stirred tank

The purpose of this investigation was to use membrane filtration to neutralize a waste stream from the chemical peeling of tomatoes and to model this process. The waste exiting the peeler/scrubber unit is decanted to separate skins and seeds from the aqueous portion of the waste stream. This aqueous suspension represents the inefficiency in over peeling of tomatoes. Recycling the slurry would reduce waste generated from the peeling operation thereby increasing process efficiency. A constant volume dilution (CVD) membrane filtration process was designed to perform a chemical-free neutralization of the tomato slurry. Through the CVD process, the active alkali of the slurry was reduced from 0.7 to less than 0.01mol/L and electrical conductivity of the suspension decreased from 27 to less than 0.1mS/cm. Additionally, electrical conductivity and active alkali were found to have a linear relationship (r2=0.9962) showing that one value can adequately predict the other in this system. All of the indicators of neutralization fit log-linear to the derived stirred tank processes model with significant correlation coefficients. This work shows that a CVD process using membrane technology has the potential to reclaim tomato waste from caustic peeling and that the filtration can be adequately modelled.