Tomato Waste Research Articles

Tomato waste compost as an alternative substrate to peat moss for the production of vegetable seedlings

Different proportions of tomato waste compost (TWC) were combined with peat moss and vermiculite as growth substrates used to evaluate the quality of seedlings of economic vegetables, including tomato, hot pepper, cucumber and summer squash. The seeding substrates used were: (T0), vermiculite: peat moss: TWC (4: 1: 0, by weight), 0% TWC; (T1), vermiculite: peat: TWC (4: 0.75: 0.25), 5% TWC; (T2), vermiculite: peat: TWC (4: 0.5: 0.5), 10% TWC; (T3), vermiculite: peat: TWC (4: 0.25: 0.75), 15% TWC; and (T4), vermiculite: peat: TWC (4: 0: 1), 20% TWC. The best seedling response was recorded in substrate mixtures supplemented with 5% and 10% TWC, which hastened seed germination and improved seedling morphology. Since vegetable seedlings produced with TWC-amended substrate were of higher quality, compared to those produced exclusively on peat substrate, we suggest that TWC may be used to replace partially peat-based substrate used for vegetable transplants production in nurseries.

Biofuel Production and Phosphorus Recovery through an Integrated Treatment of Agro-Industrial Waste

The present study aimed to develop an integrated treatment of agro-industrial waste for biofuel (biogas and syngas) production and for phosphorus recovery. In the first step, an anaerobic digestion (AD) process was carried out on two different mixtures of raw agro-industrial residues. Specifically, a mixture of asparagus and tomato wastes (mixture-1) and a mixture of potatoes and kiwifruit residues (mixture-2) were investigated. The results proved that the properties of mixtures notably affect the evolution of the digestion process. Indeed, despite the lower organic load, the maximum biogas yield, of about 0.44 L/gCODremoved, was obtained for mixture-1. For mixture-2, the digestion process was hindered by the accumulation of acidity due to the lack of alkalinity in respect to the amount of volatile fatty acids. In the second step, the digestates from AD were utilized for syngas production using supercritical water gasification (SCWG) at 450 °C and 250 bar. Both the digestates were rapidly converted into syngas, which was mainly composed of H2, CO2, CH4, and CO. The maximum values of global gasification efficiency, equal to 56.5 g/kgCOD, and gas yield, equal to 1.8 mol/kgTS, were detected for mixture-2. The last step of the integrated treatment aimed to recover the phosphorus content, in the form of MgKPO4ˑ6H2O, from the residual liquid fraction of SCWG. The experimental results proved that at pH = 10 and Mg/P = 1 it is possible to obtain almost complete phosphorus removal. Moreover, by using the scanning electronic microscopy, it was demonstrated that the produced precipitate was effectively composed of magnesium potassium phosphate crystals.

Sorption of α-, β-, γ- and δ-hexachlorocyclohexane isomers to three widely different biochars: Sorption mechanisms and application

Within this study different biochars (BC) with widely varying characteristics have been tested as materials for the adsorption of hexachlorocyclohexane's (HCH) isomers (α, β, γ and δ) from water. Three BCs produced from digestate (700 °C), greenhouse tomato waste (550 °C) and durian shell (400 °C) were tested. The BCs demonstrated variable physico-chemical characteristics, especially with respect to surface area, with CO2-surface area ranging from 5.4 to 328.6 m2 g−1 and iron content ranging from 0.0733 to 11.17 g kg−1. Isotherm tests were carried out to understand which mechanisms drive HCH uptake to BC, to assess whether stereochemistry affects adsorption and to assess whether competitive sorption occurs. Log KF values ranged from 3.7 to 5.8 (μg kg−1) (μg L−1)−n for the various isomers on the three biochars. No competition (t-test, P < 0.0001) was observed between α-, β-, γ- and δ-HCH. Freundlich adsorption constants of α-, γ- and δ-HCH followed the order: BC digestate > BC greenhouse tomato waste > BC durian shell, in contrast to β-HCH which followed the order: BC durian shell > BC greenhouse tomato waste > BC digestate. In addition to stereochemistry, sorption coefficients were affected most strongly by BC surface area and iron content, in addition to specific HCH/BC matrix interactions. In this study the iron content of a carbonaceous material has been investigated, for the first time, as a factor that can affect the sorption of HCHs.

Effect of Addition of EM 4 Starter and Tomato Waste on Organic Compost Formation Rate of Vegetable Waste

Waste problem is a problem faced by humans from ancient times until now. Landfill will cause many problems, especially for people who live around the landfill and landfill. Seeing this fact, it is necessary to make a system of waste management that is effective and efficient. One way is to change the waste from organic material to compost and recycle waste from inorganic materials. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of EM 4 starter or the addition of tomato waste in accelerating the rate of compost formation from vegetable waste. The design of this study was carried out by an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The solution used consisted of three different solutions namely 100 ml / 1 l distilled tomato solution, 100 ml / 1 l distilled EM-4 solution, and 100 ml / 1 l distilled tomato + EM-4 solution. The third solution is mixed into vegetable waste in a polybag. The parameters observed consisted of compost, namely time / average time of compost formation, pH, temperature, change in compost weight, and organoleptic test. The parameters were observed once a week for 4 weeks. Based on data analysis using one way ANOVA, the results obtained from the treatment of tomato + EM 4 waste formed the fastest compost, 29.5 days, pH 7 (normal), temperature 30 ?, and final weight of compost 220 gr, and organoleptic yield of 54.375%. This can occur because tomato waste is one type of organic waste that can be used as a culture medium (inoculants) containing microbes that are able to degrade organic materials. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the addition of EM-4 and tomato waste as well as a mixture of both can accelerate the rate of compost formation.

Experimental and modelling study of tomato pomace waste drying in a new solar greenhouse: Evaluation of new drying models

Abstract Algeria industry fruit processing generates a huge amount of waste which causes a serious environmental problem. Thereby, the use of solar drying as a clean energy process seems to be a promising solution. This will enhance the value of fruit waste by reusing it in a dry form, and will also contribute to the protection of the environment. For this purpose, an innovative greenhouse solar dryer has been designed at the Solar Equipment Development Unit in Bou Ismail. An experimental study of solar drying kinetics of industrial tomato pomace was conducted to test the performance of the new solar dryer as a waste processing dryer. The drying temperature of the tomato waste, using this type of dryer, varies between 40 and 58 °C. The duration of the drying operation for a final product is only 5 h. Five new universal and dimensionless models and five different drying models chosen from the literature were evaluated in order to select the model that better fits the experimental data generated during the drying process. Among the different models tested, it emerged that the new model2 was the most suitable to describe the drying process of tomato waste. Also, the diffusion coefficient and the activate energy were studied and determined. The effective diffusivity varies between 3.2E-9 and 4.7E-10 m2/s with activation energy is 75.6 kJ/mol.

Ambient-temperature co-digestion of low-solids municipal and industrial waste mixtures: Insights from molecular analyses

ABSTRACTThe performance of ambient temperature anaerobic co-digestion was investigated for mixtures of six substrates: canned tomato and salsa waste, portable toilet waste, septic tank waste, winery waste, beer and cider waste, and fats, oils, and grease (FOG). Laboratory semi-continuous reactor studies and molecular biological analyses revealed that beer/winery, and tomato/FOG/winery/beer mixtures resulted in the best performance in terms of biogas production (515 and 371 mL CH4/g VS, respectively) and methanogenic populations. A portable toilet/septage mixture resulted in the overall poorest performance and inhibition of microbial activity was evident. Average methane content was ~70% for all mixtures tested. The findings of this study reveal that healthy methanogen populations were present, further supporting the feasibility of biogas production via the novel feedstock mixtures in ambient temperature lagoons.Implications: Disposal of septic tank waste and other high chemical oxygen demand (COD) 10 industrial food processing waste at a small wastewater treatment plant is uncommon, because it can upset the treatment process and requires additional power for treatment. Ambient-temperature covered lagoon digesters can be an alternative low-cost technology for co-digestion of these recalcitrant waste streams while generating bioenergy. The results of this study demonstrated that there is potential for implementation of unheated covered lagoon digester systems 15 for conversion of liquid wastes for production of renewable biomethane while eliminating the need to treat these wastes at a wastewater treatment plant.

Comparative analysis of methods and models for predicting biochemical methane potential of various organic substrates

Biochemical methane potential (BMP) corresponds to the maximum methane production at anaerobic digestion infinite time and is a key parameter to evaluate the suitability of substrates to obtain biogas. The main objective of this work is to explore the data available in the literature for ten categories of substrates to compare and develop new methods and mathematical models able to predict BMP. Indeed, experimental procedure is time-consuming, laborious and costly, and the development of methods or models based on properties easily assessed may be very helpful at industrial scale. In this study, three substrates (banana waste, tomato waste and winery wastewater) were tested and compared with >150 results from the literature. The analysis involved four methods (Met_I to Met_IV) and five models developed by multivariate regression (Mod_I to Mod_V). Met_I is related to elemental analysis; Met_II with the organic fraction composition; Met_III is associated with chemical oxygen demand (COD); Met_IV is based on NIR spectra. Regression models are combinations by grouping single variables: C, H, O, N (Mod_I); hemicellulose, lignin (LG), acid detergent fibre (ADF) (Mod_II); volatile solids (VS), COD (Mod_III); proteins (PT), carbohydrates (CRB), lipids (LP) (Mod_IV); and CRB, LP, PT, LG, ADF (Mod_V). The results showed that no significant correlation can be found between BMP and single common properties (e.g. VS or C/N ratio). However, good results may be achieved with models developed by multivariate regression (R2 from 0.93 to 0.98, and R2adj from 0.91 to 0.96). The prediction of BMP based on Met_IV, which is based on NIR spectroscopy combined with a multivariate regression model, revealed to be a promising method for both data from literature as well as for substrates analyzed in the present work.

Utilization of rumen fluid in production of bio–energy from market waste using microbial fuel cells technology

Environmental Protection Agency classifies slaughter house waste as one of the most toxic environmental pollutants due to high pathogen content. Composting and anaerobic digestion are among the most common methods used for its disposal. In this study, utilization of rumen fluid as bio– catalyst in microbial fuel cells is investigated. Different market wastes were converted to electricity by loading them in anodic anaerobic chamber and then adding rumen fluid from Dagoretti slaughterhouse. 0.584V was obtained on day 19 from avocado fruit waste while the maximum voltage for tomato waste was 0.701V on day 20. Water melon and fruits mixture produced the least voltage. The maximum power from the tested substrate was obtained from tomato wastes. The power and current density were in the range of 1.825 to 60.041mW/m2 and 6.762 and 99.174mA/m2 respectively for tomato wastes. A maximum voltage of 0.584V was obtained from tomato wastes when 500ml rumen fluid was used while 0.248Vwas obtained for avocado fruit waste with the same amount of rumen fluid. Electrode surface area of 0.006666m2 gave the highest voltage and power amongst 0.00399m2 and 0.01331m2 . When the influence of external resistors was investigated, power, voltage and current obtained across a 45kΩ were 0.385V, 0.038Ma and 0.01463mW on day 7 respectively for tomato wastes.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI MIKROORGANISME LOKAL DARI LIMBAH TOMAT DAN LIMBAH AIR KELAPA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN CABAI (Capsicum annum L.)

The objective of this research is to know the effect of local microorganism solution (MOL) from tomato waste and coconut water waste to chili plant growth (Capsicum annum L.) and to know the MOL concentration from tomato waste and coconut water waste which give the best influence to the growth of chilli plant (Capsicum annum L .). This research was conducted at Jl. Sidomulyo Gg. Sahabat, Pasar 7, Helvetia Medan, took place from August to December 2017. This study used a Completely Random Design (RAL) consisting of one factor with 4 treatments ie M0 = Control (without treatment), M1 = 5 ml MOL / L water, M2 = 10 ml MOL / L water, M3 = 15 ml MOL / L water, with 5 replications. Parameters observed were; plant height (cm), number of leaves (strands), and wet weight of plant (gram). The results of this research indicate that permeian MOL of tomato waste and coconut water waste have an effect to increase the growth and productivity of pepper plant. The most effective concentration of MOL tomato waste and coconut water waste to increase the growth and production of chili is 15 ml / L.

Optimization of Lycopene Extraction from Tomato Processing Waste Using an Eco-Friendly Ethyl Lactate–Ethyl Acetate Solvent: A Green Valorization Approach

Lycopene is a highly-prized antioxidant with associated health benefits and is abundant in natural sources. A green valorization approach was used to extract lycopene from tomato processing waste. Ultrasound-assisted extraction was applied to the tomato waste using an eco-friendly solvent mixture containing ethyl lactate and ethyl acetate for the extraction of lycopene. Extraction parameters were: X1 = extraction temperature (°C), X2 = proportion of ethyl acetate in solvent mixture (% v/v), X3 = solvent:sample ratio (mL/g), and X4 = extraction time (min). A Box–Behnken design was used to define experimental conditions, and response surface methodology was then conducted to determine the optimized conditions: X1 = 63.4 °C, X2 = 30% (v/v), X3 = 100 mL/g, and X4 = 20 min. The experimental optimized extraction yield of lycopene was 1334.8 µg/g (d.w.), in agreement with the predicted yield. At the same conditions without ultrasound, a yield of 1209.5 µg/g (d.w.) was obtained (9.4% lower). Ultrasound increases extraction yield, and tomato processing by-products are a viable alternative source of extractable lycopene. This represents a greener strategy for the extraction of lycopene in comparison to conventional methods using organic solvents, and shows a promising alternative use for a food processing waste.

Highly active and stable Fe3O4/Au nanoparticles supporting lipase catalyst for biodiesel production from waste tomato

Snowman-like Fe3O4/Au nanoparticles (NPs), made up of small Au nanoparticles grown on larger magnetite NPs, were used to directly bond lipase (E.C.3.1.1.3) from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL), through physical interactions including interfacial activation. Immobilized lipase was able to hydrolyse olive oil triglycerides with high activity (up to 109%, activity of the immobilized enzyme compared to that of its free form, at pH = 7, standard deviation (SD) of 2.1). Improved stability, derived from gold based NPs, was observed with temperature and pH (e.g. 334.9% at pH = 8.5, …). Specifically, snowman-like NPs were used to catalyse the transesterification of tomato seed oil and their activity was compared with that obtained with the free enzyme and the enzyme immobilized on Fe3O4 NPs alone. At a lipase concentration of 20%, reaction temperature of 45 °C, oil/methanol ratio 1:6 obtained by adding two times methanol to a 1:1 M initial solution, with a reaction time of 24 h, immobilized lipase exhibits a remarkable biodiesel yield of 98.5%. In particular, it shows the following: fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition in accordance to that of the extracted tomato seed oil; ester (97.2% ± 0.26) and linolenic methyl ester (4.3% ± 0.22 contents) in compliance with EN14103 methods and in agreement with EN14124 requirements. The highest activity was observed at a molar ratio oil/methanol of 1:6 M. It is worth noting, that in transesterification reactions, in contrast with the behaviour shown for hydrolysis, lipase anchored on snowman-like NPs results more active than on magnetite alone. The immobilized lipase activity stays above 84% after three cycles of use, showing an excellent reusability also due to the stabilizing effect of gold.

Effect of carotenoids, extracted from dry tomato waste, on the stability and characteristics of various vegetable oils

In this study, various vegetable oils were enriched with carotenoids originating from dry tomato waste using ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and maceration. Analyses of total carotenoids, color and oxidative stability (determined by free radical scavenger activity, peroxide value, Rancimat method and DSC analysis) were carried out. Commercial oils without enrichment were used for comparison. The results showed that the carotenoid contents of the oils increased significantly by increasing incorporation of dry tomato waste. Also, maceration proved to extract significantly higher amounts of these compounds. In some oils the extraction of dry tomato waste improved their oxidative and thermal stability while in others it caused an increase in the peroxide value and a decrease in induction time. Finally, the color parameters of the oils were significantly influenced. Enriched oils could be a potential source of bioactive compounds and might have significant antioxidant activity when ingested as part of a dietary regime.

Effect of Compost Properties on Progress Rate of Verticillium dahliae Attack on Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

ABSTRACTSeveral composts were tested for their capacity to moderate the effect of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. (VCG B4, VD) on eggplant (Solanum melongena) under greenhouse conditions. Eggplants plantlets were inoculated by immersing their roots in conidial suspension and then planted in pots filled with mixtures of compost or peat moss, mixed with perlite. Six composts and peat moss mixtures were tested, of which tomato waste compost suppressed V. dahliae, and turkey litter compost partially suppressed it. Reduced levels of symptoms and lower fungal colonization were detected in the xylem of eggplants planted in tomato waste compost, and these plants accumulated more dry matter and had higher chlorophyll content compared to other media. However, survival of conidia in tomato waste compost showed only a moderate decrease compared with a sharp decrease in other media, suggesting that conidial eradication cannot be proposed as the suppressiveness mechanism. γ irradiation of tomato waste compost and peat at 2.5 Mrad reduced microorganism density by four orders of magnitude, but irradiation of tomato waste compost did not reduce its suppressiveness of V. dahliae. Composts properties affected progress rate of VD in the xylem tissue of eggplant seedling. These properties could indicate both biotic and abiotic factors affecting the process.

Effects of Heating Method on Lycopene, Dry Matter and Nutrient Content of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Waste as Laying Hen Feed

Effects of Heating Method on Lycopene, Dry Matter and Nutrient Content of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Waste as Laying Hen Feed

Biosorbent from tomato waste and apple juice residue for lead removal

The biosorbents from different fruit waste such as tomato waste and apple juice residue were prepared and had been investigated in removing of Pb(II) ion from the aqueous solution under optimized conditions. All fruit waste materials were activated by NaOH in room temperature. The synthesized biosorbents were characterized by FT-IR, SEM, and surface area analyzer. Effects of contact time, the pH of the solution, and sorbent dosage on the Pb(II) removal process had been optimized. Freundlich isotherm matched the experimental data than Langmuir isotherm model. A kinetic study presented that Pb(II) sorption follows the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The Pb(II) removal capacity of tomato waste and apple juice residue biosorbents are 152 and 108 mg/g, respectively. The results showed that biosorbents have the potential capacity to remove the lead, which further strongly increases after its activation.

Peptidomic analysis of antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory peptides obtained from tomato waste proteins fermented using Bacillus subtilis

In this study, tomato seeds were obtained as by-products and submitted to fermentation with the proteolytic strain Bacillus subtilis A14h. The resulting peptide mixture was fractionated and purified through different chromatographic steps. Fractions were assayed for antioxidant and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activities and peptides were identified by using nano-liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in tandem (nLC-MS/MS). Most of the identified peptides were smaller than 1000 Da and had different aromatic and hydrophobic amino acid residues. Their sequences were novel but some of them showed active domains previously reported in other bioactive peptides. The hexapeptide DGVVYY showed an IC50 value of 2 µM in angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE-I) inhibitory activity, whereas the pentapeptide GQVPP displayed a 97% of DPPH activity at 0.4 mM. The results revealed that B. subtilis fermentation of tomato by-products could be a good strategy for obtaining added-value peptides that might be used as an ingredient in functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Nutritional and bioactive compounds in dried tomato processing waste

ABSTRACTThis research investigated the nutritional and antioxidant composition of tomato processing waste with the aim to enable the development of new alternatives for the recycling of this by-product. The samples of dried tomato waste were found to contain 176.2 g/kg protein, 21.9 g/kg fat, 524.4 g/kg crude fiber and 42.1 g/kg ash. The essential amino acids represented 34.2% of total protein, the most abundant being leucine, followed by lysine and isoleucine. Unsaturated fatty acids represent 77.04% of the total fatty acids, linoleic being the major one. The results confirmed that dried tomato wastes contain considerable amounts of lycopene (510.6 mg/kg) and β-carotene (95.6 mg/kg) and exhibited good antioxidant properties. Total phenolics showed average contents of 1229.5 mg GAE/kg, of which flavonoids accounted for 415.3 mg QE/kg. Ellagic and chlorogenic acids were the most abundant phenolic acids while among flavonoids only rutin and myricetin were quantified.

An assessment of adaptive and antagonistic properties of Trichoderma sp. strains in vegetable waste composts

AbstractThe experiment consisted in monitoring the count of moulds and three selected Trichoderma sp. isolates (T1 - Trichoderma atroviride, T2 - Trichoderma harzianum, T3 - Trichoderma harzianum) in vegetable (onion and tomato) waste composted with additives (straw, pig manure). Additionally, the aim of the study was to determine the type of interaction occurring between autochthonous fungi isolated from composts after the end of the thermophilic phase and Trichoderma sp. strains applied in the experiment. Number of microorganisms was determined by the plate method, next the identification was confirmed. The rating scale developed by Mańka was used to determine the type of interactions occurring between microorganisms. The greatest count of moulds in onion waste composts was noted in the object which had simultaneously been inoculated with two strains T1 - T. atroviride and T3 - T. harzianum. The greatest count of moulds was noted in the tomato waste composts inoculated with T2 - T. harzianum strain. Microscope identification revealed that Penicillum sp., Rhizopus sp., Alternaria sp. and Mucor sp. strains were predominant in onion waste composts. In tomato waste composts Penicillium was the predominant genus, followed by Rhizopus. The test of antagonism revealed the inhibitory effect of Trichoderma isolates on most autochthonous strains of moulds. Tomato waste composts proved to be better substrates for the growth and development of Trichoderma sp. isolates. The results of the study show that vegetable waste can be used in agriculture as carriers of antagonistic microorganisms.

Comparisons of three modifications on structural, rheological and functional properties of soluble dietary fibers from tomato peels

Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP), hydrochloric acid-ethanol (HAE) solution and enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) were used in three different modification methods to improve the extraction yield of soluble dietary fibers (SDF) from waste tomato peel. For each of the methods, named A-SDF, H-SDF, and E-SDF, the molecular mass, monosaccharide composition, surface charge, FT-IR, morphological characteristics, and rheological behavior were determined to demonstrate the gelling mechanisms. Compared with the original SDF (O-SDF), the three modified fiber samples displayed lower molecular mass and zeta potential. Specifically, A-SDF showed the lowest molecular mass and zeta potential, 1.30 × 106 Da, and −39.5 mV, respectively, which could account for the results that A-SDF with Ca2+ presented the strongest gelling property and excellent capacity of glucose adsorption in vitro. A-SDF and H-SDF exhibited similar capacities in binding bile acids, which were higher than that of E-SDF and O-SDF. In conclusion, AHP could be regarded as the optimal modification method to improve the extraction yield and functional properties of SDF extracted from tomato peel.

Pectin from Husk Tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.): Rheological behavior at different extraction conditions

A rheological study was carried out to evaluate formulations of test dispersions and gels of high methoxyl pectins (HTHMP) obtained at different conditions from husk tomato waste (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.). The effect of extraction agent (hydrochloric acid or citric acid), blanching time (10 or 15min) and extraction time (15, 20 or 25min) on the rheology of the tested samples was evaluated. Flow behavior and activation energy were evaluated on the test dispersions, while (Ea) frequency sweeps, temperature sweep, creep-recovery test and penetration test were performed on the gels. HTHMP dispersions showed shear thinning flow behavior, while showing a good fit to Cross model. Extraction agent, blanching time and extraction time did not have effect on Cross parameters (ηz, η∞, C, and m). Ea decreased as blanching time and extraction time increased. Frequency sweeps revealed high dependence on frequency for both G’ and G”, while temperature sweeps (25- 95°C) showed thermostable husk tomato pectin gels. Hydrocloric acid (HCl) extracted pectin gels showed stronger structure than citric acid (CA) gels.