Tomato Waste Research Articles

The Use of Tomato Waste Juice as an Antioxidant Source for Broiler Chickens

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of using tomato waste juice (TWJ) as a source of antioxidants for broiler chickens. The study used 160 day-old-chicks Lohmann MB-202 broiler strains with an average body weight of 43.5+1.23 g which were randomly allotted to one of four treatment groups. The chicks were provided either with no TWJ (TWJ0), 40 (TWJ40), 80 (TWJ80) or 120 mL/day of TWJ (TWJ120) from days 15 to 35. The blood, internal organs and intestinal digesta were collected at day 35. The results showed that provision of TWJ increased (P<0.05) the relative weight of thymus, duodenum, jejunum, caecum and liver of broilers. The treatment, however, did not affect (P>0.05) growth performance, blood profile and ileal and caecal microbial populations. In conclusion, TWJ could be used as an antioxidant source to maintain the normal health and internal organ development of broiler chicks.

CFD Simulation and a Pragmatic Analysis of Performance and Emissions of Tomato Seed Biodiesel Blends in a 4-Cylinder Diesel Engine

Rising global concerns about global warming caused by pollution from excessive fossil fuels consumption, along with the high price of them in diesel engines, are the important reasons to search for fuels which is readily available and do not have destructive effects on the environment. Biodiesel is arguably the most appropriate and sustainable alternative to diesel fuel. Tomato seeds are one of the potential sources of biodiesel. They make up about 72% by weight of tomato waste, which contains an average of 24% oil. Tomato seed oil (TSO) can be used as a cheap and non-edible source of biodiesel. This paper investigated, both experimentally and numerically, the effects of different diesel–TSOB (tomato seed oil biodiesel) blends on the performance and emissions parameters of a four-cylinder, four-stroke, indirect injection diesel engine. The main goal of the paper was the simulation of the formation process of the emissions in the combustion chamber. The experimentally measured parameters such as torque, brake specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, particulate matter, peak in-cylinder pressure, in-cylinder temperature and Reaction_Progress_Variable at different engine loads and speeds from 1200 to 2400 rpm at increments of 200 rpm are analyzed through ANOVA. The highest brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was observed for pure diesel and the lowest for the fuel blend with 10% biodiesel. The fuel blend with 20% biodiesel produced the highest torque. The engine was modeled using the AVL FIRE software. The model simulation results revealed that the highest nitrogen oxide (NOx) is produced in the throat of the combustion chamber to the top of the piston, the place of carbon dioxides (CO2) formation is near the combustion chamber boundaries and the location of carbon monoxides (CO) formation is near the combustion chamber boundaries and at the center area of the top of the piston. These results also show that the particulate matter (PM) emissions are formed where the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber.

Tomato waste extract (Lycopersicon esculentum) as a natural antioxidant in soybean oil under heating

The tomato processing industry generates a large amount of waste, usually composed of peels and seeds. It is known that the tomato is rich in bioactive compounds, mainly carotenoids (lycopene and ?-carotene), however, studies on the functionality of its residues are scarce. Thus, these residues are discarded without the knowledge of possible antioxidant potential. The objective of this work was to determine the stability of bioactive in soybean oil added to the extract of agroindustrial tomato waste under heating. The extract obtained with ethyl alcohol at the ratio of 1: 5 (w/v) was initially analyzed for total phenolic compounds, lycopene, ?-carotene, and antioxidant activity using the DPPH and ?- carotene / linoleic acid. Subsequently, the extract and the synthetic antioxidants, butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) were applied in soybean oil, and the treatments subjected to heating in Rancimat (180oC/5 h). The thermoxidated samples were analyzed for the composition of tocopherols by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), phytosterols, and fatty acid profile by gas chromatography (GC). The extract of agro-industrial tomato residues showed moderate results concerning its antioxidant activity, 68% by the DPPH method, and 26.2% of auto-oxidation of the ?-carotene / linoleic acid system. The synthetic antioxidant TBHQ had a greater protective effect on soybean oil when compared to the control, providing greater retention of phytosterols (85%) and tocopherols (93%). Tomato extract can be used as a natural antioxidant in industrialized oils, but with less effectiveness than the antioxidant TBHQ.

Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products

AbstractThis article focused on the content of lycopene in fresh and dried tomatoes and tomato pomace, as well as in tomato paste at different harvest times (harvest 1 – August and harvest 2 – September). The lycopene content of tomatoes and tomato products was evaluated by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the highest content of lycopene was estimated in the tomato paste independent of the time of harvest (211.73 mg/100 g dm in August and 184.29 mg/100 g dm in September) and the lowest content in fresh pomace (20.45 and 16.11 mg/100 g dm in August and September, respectively). Good sources of lycopene are tomato by-products, in particularly dried tomato pomace (25.11 mg/100 g dm – harvest 1 and 19.30 mg/100 g dm – harvest 2). This study showed that tomato waste can be considered as a promising source of lycopene for the production of functional foods.

Characterization of microbial populations associated with different organic fertilizers

Purpose Bacterial and fungal communities represent key bioindicators of soil quality and are essential for the maintenance of nutrient availability. Our purpose was to characterize the bacterial and fungal biodiversity associated with different compost mixtures, comparing microbiological indicators regarding the soil quality. Methods Compost samples and mixtures were prepared (15:1 final ratio) with chemical fertilizer, animal manures (bovine, swine, and poultry) and green waste (such as tomato waste and leaves). Bacterial and fungal isolation and identification were performed through standard phenotypic methods. Statistical methods to assess differences between treatments included Shannon diversity, Chi-square tests, Bray-Curtis clustering, and Canonical Correspondence Analysis. Results Streptomyces species, Gram-positive bacteria, were commonly found in differing abundances in all samples. Gram-positive species were predominant in soils amended with vegetable green waste while Gram-negative bacteria were more abundant in samples with chemical fertilizer. Fungal abundance increased in poultry manure and chemical fertilizers. Conclusion Our findings suggested that organic matter recycling and composting resulted in the shifting of biodiversity in bacterial and fungal populations which might be associated with the availability of certain nutrient sources provided by the composting materials.

Characterisation of oleoresins extracted from tomato waste by liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide

AbstractTomato waste is characterised by high amounts of bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, polyphenols and essential fatty acids. In this work, oleoresins were produced from tomato waste (skins + seeds) and skins using carbon dioxide under liquid and supercritical conditions. The use of ethanol as a co‐solvent was also evaluated. Compositions of the oleoresins were analysed and compared to oleoresin obtained by means of an organic solvent, which was used as the control. Oleoresin extraction from the waste by liquid and supercritical CO2 provided the highest yields (12.5%–12.9%). The extracts obtained from the skins with supercritical CO2 without ethanol had the highest content of α‐ and γ‐tocopherols (80 and 575 mg/100 g oleoresin, respectively), while lycopene and β‐carotene were found at 205 and 75 mg/100 g oleoresin, respectively. The highest quantity of polyphenols (9305 mg GAE/100 g oleoresin) was found in the oleoresin extracted from skin by supercritical CO2 with ethanol. All oleoresins were characterised by a high antioxidant activity, which improved with the synergy of carotenoids, tocopherols and polyphenols.

Effects of experimental parameters on methane production and volatile solids removal from tomato and pepper plant wastes

In Mexico, protected agriculture generates large amounts of tomato and pepper plants residues (TPW and PPW, respectively). Given the limited information on methane production from anaerobic digestion of these wastes, this study aimed to determine the effects of the substrate/inoculum (S/I) ratio, temperature, and total solids content on methane production and volatile solids (VS) removal by two subsequent batch experiments (Experiments A and B). Experiment A was performed to evaluate the substrate/inoculum ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 at room temperature (22 ± 4.5 °C). Based on the best methane yield from experiment A, a new experiment was established (Experiment B) using only tomato wastes, where temperature was kept at 29 °C and 39 °C. The total solids content was analyzed depending on the S/I ratio used. For both substrates, an S/I ratio of 0.5 was the most appropriate for methane production. The temperature had a positive effect on volatile solids removal and methane yield. In contrast, the total solids content (% TS) only had a positive effect on methane production. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the effect of the S/I ratio on methane production from tomato and pepper plant wastes.

Cassava peel ensiling with tomato waste submitted to dehydration: fermentative losses and chemical composition.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different dehydration times of the tomato waste (0, 4, 24, 60 and 96 hours) added in the cassava peel silages on the density, fermentative losses, dry matter recovery, chemical composition, and sensorial quality. The material was ensiled for 60 days in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) silos. There was a linear reduction of 0.406 kg tonne-1 of fresh matter in the effluent production in the silages. A maximum dry matter (DM) loss (p<0.01) of 7.00% was found with 8.10 h of dehydration of the tomato wastes. There was a quadratic behavior (p<0.01) for crude protein (CP) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), with minimum content of 9% CP and maximum content of 66.0% NFC with 3.53 h and 7.35 h of dehydration of the tomato wastes, respectively. The satisfactory classification was observed to the silages with 4, 24 and 96 h of dehydration of tomato waste in the sensory evaluation of the characteristics associated with the nutritional value. Cassava peel ensiling with tomato waste submitted to dehydration time of 7.35 hours is enough to promote an adequate non-fibrous carbohydrates content, associated with lower losses in the fermentation process.

Performance and Egg Quality of Laying Hens Fed with Boiled Tomato Waste Powder.

Performance and Egg Quality of Laying Hens Fed with Boiled Tomato Waste Powder.

Evaluation of tomato waste compost stability and maturity using CIELAB color indicator

Plant residues consist of biodegradable organic materials and minerals that are well suited for compost production. The main prerequisite for compost to be safely applied into the soil is a high degree of stability and maturity, and the physical manifestation of this includes high stable organic matter content, and a lack of phytotoxic compounds. Tomato plant residues enriched with 20% chicken manure were composted in three rotary drum bioreactors to produce tomato waste compost (TWC) as a final product. Several physio-chemical stability and maturity parameters were assessed for the TWC. In addition, CIELAB color space parameters were used to ensure the stability and maturity of TWC as an alternative, fast, and low-cost technique for evaluating stability and maturity indices of compost. The results indicated stabilization of organic matter transformations during the composting process to create TWC. During active and curing phases of composting, results of the color parameters were in accordance with the measured physio-chemical maturity parameters; and the changes in TWC colors during active and curing phases of composting indicated that the final compost product was stable, mature, and that color analysis provided a low-cost alternative analytical approach for assessing the suitability of compost as a soil conditioner.

Improving extraction of lycopene from tomato waste by-products using ultrasonication and freeze drying

Waste food by-products represent a major disposal problem for the food industry, and they are often used as animal feed or fertilizers. This study examined the possible utilization of tomato waste as good sources of lycopene. Results revealed that lab-prepared tomato waste (LPTW) contains significantly (p

Improving extraction of lycopene from tomato waste by-products using ultrasonication and freeze drying

Improving extraction of lycopene from tomato waste by-products using ultrasonication and freeze drying

Internal Validation of Rapid and Performant Method for Carotenoids Determination in Tomato Waste Powder by HPLC

An analytical method was developed and validated for separation, detection and quantification of carotenoids (all-trans lutein, β-carotene and all-trans lycopene) in tomato waste powder by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). Extraction of carotenoids was achieved in acetone under nitrogen atmosphere and magnetic stirring. Carotenoids were separated on a reverse-phase C30, 3 μm column (250 �4.6 mm) coupled to a 20 � 4.6 mm C30 guard column using mobile phases consisting of (A) methanol/ water (98:2, v/v), (B) methanol/water (95:5, v/v) and (C) methyl tert-butyl ether.The method has a good sensitivity (LOD = 0.161 �0.333 μg/mL and LOQ = 0.484 � 1.000 μg/mL) and a good precision (RDS (r) = 0.67 � 1.15% for injection repeatability; RSD (r) = 1.02 � 2.14% for analysis repeatability intra-day; RSD (r) = 1.23 � 2.43% for intermediate precision; RSD (R) = 1.57 � 3.07 % for intra-laboratory reproducibility. The method was applied byanalyzing 8 tomato waste powders, obtained through tomatoes processing as juice. Their carotenoids content varied in the following ranges: 1.474 � 2.452 mg/100g for all-trans lutein; 9.645 � 11.587 mg/100g for β-carotene; 60.150 - 64.855 mg/100g for all-trans lycopene.

A theoretical overview of heavy metal treatment with agricultural wastes

Tomato plant between Pb 2+,Cd 2+ with tomato waste having amino and the other functional groups waste contain cellulose materials(lignin), polysaccarides having functional groups having the ability of binding heavy metals as sorbents is commonly cultivated plant for its fruits. Aim of this study to determine the best alternative way to search the binding capacity of agriculturel waste as theoretical to remove heavy metals with tomato plant from waste waters as economically by comparing experimental results respectively. The capacities of adsorbtion for heavy metals (Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II)) of the tomato plant residue were 19.06, 33.87 and 26.76 mg/g sorbent. As theoretical, HF (Hartree-fock), lanl2dz methods were used for moleculer calculation. The theoretical calculations were carried out by means of the lanl2dz functional base. The chemical activities were calculated by using this method. The removal of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ found lower than Cu 2+ because of the strong complex formation as experimental and theoretical calculations supported this issue. Theoretical calculations important to prevent loss of time and cost.

An investigation on the effects of different diets on the growth performance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linné, 1758)

The objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of substituting a diet based on fish meal, for Nile tilapia fish fry (Oreochromis niloticus), by another food based agro-industrial by-products. Four plants and animal by-products were selected for the formulation of this diet, namely feathers Poultry flour (FPF), date stones flour (DSF), peas flour (PF) and tomato waste flour (TF). The four above-mentioned by-products were combined to obtain four experimental diets (D1-D4) containing isoproteic (29- 39% crude protein) and iso-energetic (15-21 kJ gross energy by g feed), so as to replace completely, fish meal. The fifth diet, based on fish meal was used as control died (CD). The results of livestock and biochemical analyses, such as the specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), the protein efficiency ratio (PER) and the apparent protein retention (APR) show that D3 and D4 give better results compared to the control diet (CD). The least interesting results were obtained with experimental D1 diet. Finally, for all analytical results obtained, it was highlighted that the diet D4 is relatively more efficient nutritionally, compared to the other diets formulated, which gives a better weight gain.

Levels of protein and fat produced by black soldier fly (hementia illucens) larvae in the bioconversion of organic waste

Larvae are the longest phase in the life cycle of Black Soldier Fly (BSF), making them classified as bioconversion agents. This study aims to determine the protein and fat levels of Black Soldier Fly larvae that are fed with different organic wastes (cabbage, tomatoes, carrots and a mixture of all three). This study is an experimental study using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and six replications. The four treatments are P1 (6 kg mixed cabbage, tomato, and carrot waste), P2 (6 kg cabbage waste), P3 (6 kg tomato waste), and P4 (6 kg carrot waste). The research was conducted for 12 days using 5day-old larvae. Collected data were analyzed using a one-way Variance of Analysis (ANOVA) method. The results showed a significant difference (P &lt;0.01) between mixed media, cabbage media, tomato media, and carrot media with the highest average protein content found in tomato media 11,4267. While the fat level test did not show a significant difference (P&gt; 0.05) with the highest average fat content found in carrot media by 0.9533. The nutrition of Black Soldier Fly larvae is greatly influenced by the breeding media. Different nutrients will cause different nutrient content in the larvae.

Encapsulation of carotenoids extracted from tomato waste

Utilization of carotenoids as a nutraceutical ingredients or natural colorants within foods is currently limited due to their instability. Encapsulation is one of the prominent means used to improve carotenoid stability. In this study the content of bioactive compounds (lycopene, ?-carotene and phenolics) and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion and reducing power test) were investigated in the tomato waste extract. Based on the obtained results, tomato waste showed high contents of lycopene (13.72 mg/100 g DW), ?-carotene (12.36 mg/100 g DW) and phenolic compounds (203.33 mg/100 g DW). Also, high values of antioxidant activity were determined in all applied tests. To protect extracted sensitive carotenoid compounds (lycopene and ?-carotene) tomato waste extract was encapsulated with various encapsulating materials (soy protein, pea protein, inulin and gum arabica) by freeze drying method. The influence of applying different encapsulating materials on the encapsulation efficiency of carotenoids (lycopene and ?-carotene) was studied. Also, obtained encapsulates were characterized in terms of water activity, moisture content, hygroscopicity, flowability, density ratios and particles size. Encapsulate on the basis of gum arabic showed highest encapsulation efficiency of ?-carotene (53.47%), while encapsulate prepared with soy protein as encapsulating material showed highest encapsulation efficiency of lycopene (51.44%). The results of this study support the need for preparation of encapsulates with different encapsulating material and evaluation of their characteristics with the aim of development powder forms suitable for supplementation and food fortification.

Influence of Substrate Proximate Properties on Voltage Production in Microbial Fuel Cells

In the current study, we investigate the influence of proximate properties of five different fruits on voltage and current generated from a double chamber microbial fuel cell. Fruits comprising of avocado, tomato, banana, watermelon and mango were analyzed for proximate properties using standard methods. Rumen fluid was used as the inoculum in fabricated H-shaped double chamber fuel cells with graphite rods electrodes at room temperature. The voltage and current generated were monitored daily for 30 days using a DT9205A digital multi-meter. The average moisture content for the fruits samples ranged from 82.86% - 95.16% while the crude fat was in the range of 0.12% - 0.33% with avocado having fat levels at 9.03%. Carbohydrates level was the highest in banana at 19.24% and the lowest in tomato waste at 2.93%. Tomato waste produced the highest voltage of 0.702 V on day 20 while lower voltage was noted in watermelon fruit wastes at 0.019 V. The voltage and current increased linearly with time for all the fruit wastes. These results indicate that substrate proximate properties influence the voltage and current generated in microbial fuel cell. In addition, moisture content and carbohydrates level were the major factors that influence microbial fuel cells performance.

Ensiling potential of fresh tomato waste with dehydrated beet pulp and cereal straw as additives

Alvarez, S., Martinez-Fernandez, A. and Mendez, P. 2020. Ensiling potential of fresh tomato waste with dehydrated beet pulp and cereal straw as additives. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 20: 381–392.

Tomato green waste biochars as sustainable trivalent chromium sorbents.

Chromium removal from aqueous solutions has gained attention due to its hazardous impact on life organisms. In the present study, sorption processes were performed to examine the opportunity to apply biochar derived from waste tomato leaves and stems for Cr(III) ion removal. Biochars were produced through pyrolysis in a wide range of temperature (250-800°C). The obtained biochars were investigated in detail by means of ultimate and proximate analyses, pH point of zero charge, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy, and mercury porosimetry. Biochars are characterized by high amount of ash varying from 23 to 44% and as a result high pHpzc values of about 13. It was proven that increasing pyrolysis temperature positively affected sorption of Cr(III) ions. Mineral matter in the biochars plays a crucial role in the removal of Cr(III) ions from aqueous solution mainly due to their precipitation. The sorption capacity of biochar produced at 800°C was 169.5mgg-1, whereas at 250°C only 62.2mgg-1. It was found that biochar can be reused in sorption process after desorption using 0.1M HCl, while the sorption capacity decreased 4-fold.