Tissues Of Various Organs Research Articles

Localization and Tissue Tropism of Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 in Blood Clam Anadara broughtonii.

OsHV-1 caused detrimental infections in a variety of bivalve species of major importance to aquaculture worldwide. Since 2012, there has been a notable increase in the frequency of mass mortality events of the blood clam associated with OsHV-1 infection. The pathological characteristics, tissue and cellular tropisms of OsHV-1 in A. broughtonii remain unknown. In this study, we sought to investigate the distribution of OsHV-1 in five different organs (mantle, hepatopancreas, gill, foot, and adductor muscle) of A. broughtonii by quantitative PCR, histopathology and in situ hybridization (ISH), to obtain insight into the progression of the viral infection. Our results indicated a continuous increase in viral loads with the progression of OsHV-1 infection, reaching a peak at 48 h or 72 h post-infection according to different tissues. Tissue damage and necrosis, as well as colocalized OsHV-1 ISH signals, were observed primarily in the connective tissues of various organs and gills. Additionally, minor tissue damage accompanied by relatively weak ISH signals was detected in the foot and adductor muscle, which were filled with muscle tissue. The predominant cell types labeled by ISH signals were infiltrated hemocytes, fibroblastic-like cells, and flat cells in the gill filaments. These results collectively illustrated the progressive alterations in pathological confusion and OsHV-1 distribution in A. broughtonii, which represent most of the possible responses of cells and tissues to the virus.

Histology-validated electromagnetic characterization of ex-vivo ovine lung tissue for microwave-based medical applications

Microwave thermal ablation is an established therapeutic technique for treating malignant tissue in various organs. Its success greatly depends on the knowledge of dielectric properties of the targeted tissue and on how they change during the treatment. Innovation in lung navigation has recently increased the clinical interest in the transbronchial microwave ablation treatment of lung cancer. However, lung tissue is not largely characterized, thus its dielectric properties investigation prior and post ablation is key. In this work, dielectric properties of ex-vivo ovine lung parenchyma untreated and ablated at 2.45 GHz were recorded in the 0.5–8 GHz frequency range. The measured dielectric properties were fitted to 2-pole Cole–Cole relaxation model and the obtained model parameters were compared. Based on observed changes in the model parameters, the physical changes of the tissue post-ablation were discussed and validated through histology analysis. Additionally, to investigate the link of achieved results with the rate of heating, another two sets of samples, originating from both ovine and porcine tissues, were heated with a microwave oven for different times and at different powers. Dielectric properties were measured in the same frequency range. It was found that lung tissue experiences a different behavior according to heating rates: its dielectric properties increase post-ablation while a decrease is found for low rates of heating. It is hypothesized, and validated by histology, that during ablation, although the tissue is losing water, the air cavities deform, lowering air content and increasing the resulting tissue properties.

The extracellular matrix niche of muscle stem cells.

Preserving the potency of stem cells in adult tissues is very demanding and relies on the concerted action of various cellular and non-cellular elements in a precise stoichiometry. This balanced microenvironment is found in specific anatomical "pockets" within the tissue, known as the stem cell niche. In this review, we explore the interplay between stem cells and their niches, with a primary focus on skeletal muscle stem cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Quiescent muscle stem cells, known as satellite cells are active producers of a diverse array of ECM molecules, encompassing major constituents like collagens, laminins, and integrins, some of which are explored in this review. The conventional perception of ECM as merely a structural scaffold is evolving. Collagens can directly interact as ligands with receptors on satellite cells, while other ECM proteins have the capacity to sequester growth factors and regulate their release, especially relevant during satellite cell turnover in homeostasis or activation upon injury. Additionally, we explore an evolutionary perspective on the ECM across a range of multicellular organisms and discuss a model wherein satellite cells are self-sustained by generating their own niche. Considering the prevalence of ECM proteins in the connective tissue of various organs it is not surprising that mutations in ECM genes have pathological implications, including in muscle, where they can lead to myopathies. However, the particular role of certain disease-related ECM proteins in stem cell maintenance highlights the potential contribution of stem cell deregulation to the progression of these disorders.

Unraveling the host-parasite interaction: immune response in Oreochromis mossambicus to Cymothoa eremita (Isopoda, Cymothoidae) infection.

The host immune response in Oreochromis mossambicus during natural infection with the isopod Cymothoa eremita was investigated. The naturally infected fishes were examined for enzyme profile, viz., respiratory burst activity (RBA), myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), and expression of immune-related genes, viz., toll-like receptor 22 (TLR 22), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), complement component (C3), chemokine (CXCa), and β-actin in tissues of various organs (buccal cavity, gills and anterior kidney). Significant reduction (P < 0.05) in RBA and MPO was observed in the parasite-infected fishes when compared to the uninfected control fishes. In the buccal cavity, the expression of the immune-related genes was significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated, whereas all the genes except IL-1β were significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated in the anterior kidney. In the case of gill tissue, the expressed genes showed a varied type of regulation. The immunological responses in O. mossambicus during isopod infection have not been investigated in detail so far, and this is the first study unveiling such insights. Hence, this study will help to improve our molecular understanding of the host-immune response to parasitic isopod infection.

The Effect of Using Hormonal Contraception on the Incidence of Breast Cancer

Cancer is a cell that has lost its normal control and mechanism, resulting in irregular growth. Cancer can occur from various tissues in various organs in line with the growth and development of cancer cells - cancer cells form a mass of malignant tissue that infiltrates nearby tissues and can spread (mentastasis) throughout the body. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hormonal contraceptive use on the incidence of breast cancer in patients at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Ujung Pandang Hospital Makassar. This research method is observational research with case control study design. Where case control is an analytic study that concerns how risk factors are studied using a retrospective approach. The results obtained Odds ratio value = 0.75. In addition, it was also obtained a lower limit value of 0.36% and an upper limit value of 1.38 at a 95% confidence level (95% C1). Conclusion that the use of hormonal contraceptive is not an influence on the incidence of breast cancer (large OR: 0.42 with a lower limit value of 0.17 and an Upper limit value of 2.50) is a protective factor for the incidence of breast cancer.

Endogenous Ochronosis: A Rare Case Report

The term OCHRONOSIS was first described by Virchow in 1866 as a brownish-yellow pigment that gets deposited in the connective tissue of various organs. Ochronosis

Influence of geographic origin and tissue type on the medicinal chemical compounds of Semiliquidambar cathayensis.

Semiliquidambar cathayensis is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine owing its high concentrations of polyphenol, triterpenoidic acid, and flavonoids. This study aimed to explore the impact of geographical origin and tissue type on the contents of chemical compounds of S. cathayensis, as determined by colorimetric and chromatographic methods. Therefore, we quantitively evaluated chemical compounds found in the tissues of various organs of plants collected in six different regions. Overall, we found that geographical origin affected the content of medicinal compounds in S. cathayensis leaves, with plants from Jingzhou county showing the best therapeutic potential. However, no specific correlation was observed with latitude. It is noteworthy that the amount of paeoniflorin and other compounds can be used as biomarkers of geographical origin and tissue type. Most medicinal compounds accumulated mainly in the leaves, whereas ursolic and oleanolic acids accumulated in the roots. These results show that the comprehensive medicinal value of the leaves of S. cathayensis in Jingzhou county is the highest, but the root should be selected first to collect oleanolic acid and ursolic acid.

Clinico-Radiological Profile of Patients with Connective Tissue Disease (CTD) Associated Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) At a Tertiary Care Center in India

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a group of heterogenous disorders characterized by varying degree of fibrosis in lung [1]. Work-up for connective tissue diseases (CTDs) is an important component of evaluation of a patient with ILD. CTDs affect connective tissue in various organs resulting from poorly controlled autoimmune responses, and associated inflammation. Overall ILD has been documented in up-to 15% of patients with CTD, with rates as high as 26% in Systemic Sclerosis (SS) [2]. Lung involvement contributes to mortality in CTDs, and the management of ILDs depends on the presence and severity of underlying CTDs. Hence it is necessary to understand the clinical presentation of CTD-ILDs

A review on emerging micro and nanoplastic pollutants, heavy metals and their remediation techniques

Plastics have become one of the most concerning pollutants today. They are non-biodegradable and potentially carcinogenic and lead to the generation of microplastics categorised as an emerging pollutant. Microplastics are plastic particles smaller than 5 microns in size. They are reported in various parts of the biosphere including human blood and tissues of various organs. Industrial and domestic effluents are two major contributing sources of microplastics in the ecosystem. A large volume of microplastics escape from the filtration processes of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). This review studies the various removal methods for these pollutants in large-scale as well as lab-scale models and the present state of art facilities available to deal with it.

The role of antioxidant enzymes in the development of respiratory diseases in children

Background. Redox reactions are an important part of metabolism and are necessary both for replenishing energy needs and for delivering and utilizing oxygen. In the progression of bronchopulmonary pathology, an important role belongs to the excess amount of various compounds accumulated as a result of activation of lipid peroxidation, which leads to disruption of the membrane structure, lipid metabolism and toxic effects on cells and tissues of various organs and systems. The article summarizes current knowledge about the role of antioxidant enzymes in the pathogenesis of community-acquired pneumonia and non-obstructive bronchitis in children. They are of key importance in the stabilization of oxidative stress in the respiratory system pathology. A regulatory role in the antioxidant defense system of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) has been shown.Design and methods. The study involved 68 children (10–16 years old): 37 children with bronchitis, 31 with community-acquired pneumonia and 25 healthy children. Blood samples were taken for the subsequent SOD level determination.Results. A significant decrease in the SOD level and a low rate of normalization of its parameters in children with pneumonia were revealed. In children with bronchitis, the initial change in the SOD level was less significant, with a higher rate of its recovery.Conclusion. A significant SOD decrease in pneumonia indicates decompensation of oxidative stress processes in this group.

Expression of the genes of non-specific immune response in the body of gallus gallus domesticus under the influence of immunodepressive vaccine viruses

Relevance. The body reacts to the impact of infectious agents by activating the processes of gene expression in cells and tissues of various organs, which results in the formation of messenger RNA, complementary to the DNA of the expressed genes. This article discusses the effect of vaccine viruses of infectious bursal disease and infectious anemia of chickens on the morphology of target organs of the immune system of chickens, as well as the expression of a number of key genes of nonspecific immune response in the cells of these organs.Methods. As an example of a vaccine virus for infectious bursal disease, an immunocomplex vaccine against infectious bursal disease from the VNIVIP strain was taken; as a sample of a vaccine virus for infectious anemia in chickens, the Nobilis® CAV P4 vaccine manufactured by MSD Animal Health was taken.Results. It was concluded that vaccine viruses come into contact with target organs (the bursa of Fabricius and thymus), causing a number of pathological changes. The expression of the immune genes IL8L2, PTGS2, IRF7 was also determined as the main genes responsible for the synthesis of antiviral and inflammatory proteins. Based on the results of the studies, it was concluded that the IL8L2 and PTGS2 genes responsible for the synthesis of inflammatory components are actively expressed when the cells are exposed to the viruses of infectious anemia of chickens and infectious bursal disease. The expression of the IRF7 gene in the immune organs of the experimental groups of chickens did not practically differ from the level of expression in the target organs of the control birds due to the immunosuppressive effect of the viruses.

POSSIBILITIES OF ALTERNATIVE ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY FOR ABDOMINAL INJURIES

Summary. Aim. The purpose of the work was to study the possibility of alternative antibacterial therapy by the type of lymphotropic targeted accumulative antibiotic therapy for injuries of the abdominal cavity.&#x0D; Materials and methods. To implement it, we studied in an experiment the accumulation of the antibiotic in the tissues of various organs of rabbits after its lymphotropic administration.&#x0D; Results of the research. The experiment proved, that lymphotropic antibiotic therapy, depending on the place of regional administration of the drug, contributes to the targeted accumulation of the antibiotic in the corresponding organ in an amount sufficient for a persistent antibacterial effect.&#x0D; Conclusions. The proposed method of administration of antibacterial drugs may be the most appropriate for injuries of the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space, as it significantly reduces the likelihood of purulent-septic complications and makes it possible to significantly reduce the length of stay of patients in the hospital, reduce the amount of financial costs and early return to socially useful work.

Peculiarities of bioaccumulation and toxic effects produced by nanoparticles of molybdenum (VI) oxide under multiple oral exposure of rats: examination and comparative assessment.

Molybdenum (VI) oxide nanoparticles (MoO3 NPs) are widely used in various economic activities. This creates elevated risks of exposure to this nanomaterial for workers and population in general and, consequently, there can be an increased number of developing pathological changes caused by exposure to MoO3 NPs. To examine and comparatively assess peculiarities of bioaccumulation and toxic effects produced by MoO NPs under multiple oral introductions. We evaluated sizes of analyzed particles by scanning electronic microscopy; specific surface area was calculated by the method of Brunauer, Emmett and Taylor; the total pore volume, by Barrett, Joyner and Halenda. Rats were exposed as per the scheme introduced by Lim with colleagues. We examined biochemical and hematological blood indicators, molybdenum concentrations and pathomorphological changes in tissues of various organs 24 hours after the last exposure. The study involved comparison with effects produced by MoO3 microparticles. The tested MoO3 sample was established to be a nanomaterial as per the whole set of its physical properties. 50% of animals in the exposed group died on the 16th day in the experiment after the total exposure dose of MoO3 NPs reached 6500 mg/kg of body weight. Having analyzed blood plasma, we determined the following. There was a growth in quantity of leukocytes and a share of segmented neutrophils and monocytes, which were by 1.76-3.50 times higher than in the control group. Activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alpha-amylase, and lactate dehydrogenase, and concentrations of urea, crude and direct bilirubin were higher by 1.61-22.86 times. Decrease in the number of platelets, plateletcrit, the relative number of lymphocytes, the number and proportion of large platelets by 1.31-2.71 times. We detected elevated molybdenum concentrations in the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, brain and blood under exposure to MoO3 NPs in an amount exceeding the control values by 12.10-361.75 times. Rats exposed to MoO3 NPs had liver parenchymal steatosis, inflammatory changes, hemorrhagic infarctions and hyperplasia in the lungs. MoO3 NPs have a more apparent ability to bioaccumulate and produce toxic effects in comparison with their microdispersed analogue under multiple oral introductions into the body.

Development of cutaneous sarcoidosis to permanent eyebrow makeup procedure

The article summarizes the data on historical aspects, epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of skin sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis is a chronic multisystem disease from the group of granulomatoses of unknown etiology, the morphological feature of which is the development of epithelioid cell granulomas without caseous necrosis with the processes of dystrophy, destruction and fibrosis in the tissues of various organs. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of sarcoidosis are based on clinical examination, changes in laboratory data, X-ray methods and skin biopsy. The differential diagnosis includes many dermatoses, including tuberculoid type of leprosy, tuberculous lupus, lichen planus, annular granuloma, etc. In the treatment of sarcoidosis of the skin, corticosteroid drugs are used, including prolonged action. In case of resistance or contraindications, synthetic antimalarial and immunosuppressive agents are prescribed.&#x0D; According to the literature, cases of granulomatous reactions after permanent makeup procedures have become more frequent. The tattoo procedure is widespread and considered to be safe, but adverse reactions, particularly sarcoidosis of the skin, may develop.&#x0D; The etiology of sarcoidosis has been studied for more than 150 years and remains poorly understood until now. There are increasingly frequent reports in the literature about the development of immune granulomatous inflammation reactions after a numerous of cosmetic procedures, such as tattooing, botulinum toxin A injection, hyaluronic acid injections, permanent makeup, biorevitalization, facial modeling fillers, blepharoplasty. The increasing number of cases of skin sarcoidosis due to cosmetological manipulations is the subject of great scientific interest, and the growth of publications on this topic is an evidence of modern etiopathogenetic mechanisms of the disease development.&#x0D; Here is our clinical observation of skin sarcoidosis without systemic manifestations in a 54-year-old patient after permanent eyebrows make-up procedure outside the medical organization, without prior examination and lack of follow-up (the skin process is subacute; polymorphism of the rash is noted; rashes on the skin in the eyebrow area are represented by merging papules, foci correspond to the area of pigment injection). According to the results of physical, laboratory and instrumental studies, many epithelioid cell granulomas without caseous necrosis were found. The patient received a course of intraocular pricking with a prolonged glucocorticoid drug (Betamethasone suspension, No. 5), which led to a complete regression of rashes. Recommendations for the removal of pigment are given.&#x0D; In order to prevent infection and minimize the risks of complications, a high level of qualification of a dermatocosmetologist working in a specialized medical institution is a prerequisite for permanent makeup.

Vav1 Promotes B-Cell Lymphoma Development.

Vav1 is normally and exclusively expressed in the hematopoietic system where it functions as a specific GDP/GTP nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), firmly regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. Mutations and overexpression of Vav1 in hematopoietic malignancies, and in human cancers of various histologic origins, are well documented. To reveal whether overexpression of Vav1 in different tissues suffices for promoting the development of malignant lesions, we expressed Vav1 in transgenic mice by using the ubiquitous ROSA26 promoter (Rosa Vav1). We detected Vav1 expression in epithelial tissues of various organs including pancreas, liver, and lung. While carcinomas did not develop in these organs, surprisingly, we noticed the development of B-cell lymphomas. Rac1-GTP levels did not change in tissues from Rosa Vav1 mice expressing the transgenic Vav1, while ERK phosphorylation increased in the lymphomas, suggesting that signaling pathways are evoked. One of the growth factors analyzed by us as a suspect candidate to mediate paracrine stimulation in the lymphocytes was CSF-1, which was highly expressed in the epithelial compartment of Rosa Vav1 mice. The expression of its specific receptor, CSF-1R, was found to be highly expressed in the B-cell lymphomas. Taken together, our results suggest a potential cross-talk between epithelial cells expressing Vav1, that secrete CSF-1, and the lymphocytes that express CSF-1R, thus leading to the generation of B-cell lymphomas. Our findings provide a novel mechanism by which Vav1 contributes to tumor propagation.

English

Glioblastoma multiforme is a primary brain neoplasm, consisting of a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous group of tumours.1 The term glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) was introduced by Cushing in the second half of the nineteenth century, while the first operation on a patient suffering from this type of tumour was conducted in Vienna in 19041. Ninety percent of glioblastoma multiforme cases develop de novo (primary glioblastoma) from normal glial cells by multistep tumorigenesis.1 The remaining 10% of gliomas are cases of secondary neoplasm, developing through progression from low-grade tumours (diffuse or anaplastic astrocytoma’s), which takes about 4–5 years.1 Secondary glioma is diagnosed mostly in persons with the mean age of 39 years, grows more slowly and has a better prognosis.1 Glioblastoma multiforme, which develops de novo, grows within 3 months. 1 Although the genetic basis, as well as the molecular pathways underlying development of primary and secondary gliomas are different these two types show no morphological differences.1 Alkaptonuria is an ultra-rare (1:250.000–1.000.000 incidence) autosomal recessive inborn error of catabolism of the aromatic amino acids’ phenylalanine and tyrosine due to a deficient activity of the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase. This leads to the accumulation of homogentisic acid (HGA, 2, 5- dihydroxyphenylacetic acid).2 HGA oxidizes to benzoquinone acetic acid (BQA), which in turn forms melanin-based polymers, deposited in the connective tissue of various organs, causing a pigmentation known as ochronosis, leading to dramatic tissue degeneration. 3 A severe form of arthropathy is the most common AKU clinical presentation.4

Therapeutic Apheresis and Immunosuppression in Immunologic Diseases: A Review and Own Observations

Autoimmune diseases based on an immune pathogenesis produce autoantibodies and circulating immune complexes, which cause inflammation in the tissues of various organs. In most cases, these diseases have a bad prognosis without treatment, and the treatment is complicated in these diseases. With the introduction of therapeutic apheresis (TA), since more than 45 years, has led in combination with immunosuppressive therapies to a steady increase in survival rates over the last decades. TA is accepted as supportive therapy in all antibodymediated diseases. Further modern therapy are different human monoclonal antibodies (HMA) with or without TA. Besides, the pathological aspects, the first-line and second-line therapies for immunologic diseases, such as renal, neurological, hematological, dermatological, and autoimmune diseases, which are possible, are shown. For immunological diseases that can be treated with TA, the guidelines of the Apheresis Applications Committee of the American Society for Apheresis are cited. TA has been shown to effectively remove the autoantibodies from blood and lead to rapid improvement.

Influence of sowing date and variety features of winter rye plants on photosynthetic indicators

The concentration of pigments and chlorophyll potential in the tissues of various organs of three varieties of winter rye during plant ontogenesis were studied. New varieties of winter rye Radon, Podarok and Zilant were sown in 3 data with an interval of 10 days, starting from August 25. Sampling for plant analyses of photosynthetic activity was carried out at the beginning of flowering and milk stage of the grain in 2018-2019. Differences between the varieties were revealed, both chlorophyll content in assimilating organs and their total accumulation in different periods of the growing season. It is shown that the sowing time, which determines the rate and degree of autumn and spring development of winter rye plants, has significant effect on the chlorophyll content. The highest content of green pigments was found at the late sowing date in leaves, leaf sheaths, and spike. In the stems, almost equal amounts of chlorophyll at the 1st and 2nd dates and a slight decrease at the third date were observed. The maximum chlorophyll content accumulated in leaf during flowering (0.88-1.83 mg / g) and during milk stage of grain (1.04 ... 1.93 mg / g) of winter rye. The highest amount of chlorophyll A+B variety Radon showed at the 3rd sowing date, and Zilant - at the 1st sowing date. The rank of varieties was maintained both during flowering and at milk stage of grain. The value of chlorophyll index of the plant reached a maximum in the phase of flowering at the first sowing date (on average for the varieties 9.83 mg/plant). Differences between the varieties in this indicator were more evident in the phase of milk ripeness. On average for the three dates of sowing the highest values of chlorophyll index were observed in variety Radon (8.72 and 8.45 mg/plant, in flowering and milky ripeness, respectively).

Connective tissue dysplasia: features of clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment

Connective tissue dysplasia (CTD) is one of the complex issues of modern medicine. It is a unique developmental anomaly that includes a large heterogeneous group of conditions. The systemic nature of the lesion is due to the wide distribution of connective tissue in the body. Dysplastic changes in the connective tissue of various organs and systems are diagnosed when a patient has a set of signs that do not fit into any of the differentiated diseases. The article presents a review of the literature on the definition, causes of development, clinical forms, general approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of CTD.

Photogallery. Sarcoidosis (part 1)

Sarcoidosis (synonym: BenierBeckSchaumann disease, benign granulomatosis, chronic epithelioid cell reticuldoendotheliosis) ― is a multisystem disease from the group of granulomatosis, of unknown etiology, the morphological feature of which is the development of epithelioid cell granulomas without caseous necrosis fibrosis in the tissues of various organs. Taking into account the variety of clinical lesions, there are three main forms: extrathoracic, intrathoracic, mixed (generalized).