Tire Powder Research Articles

UTILIZATION OF USED TIRES AND LDPE (LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE) PLASTIC WASTE AS BASIC MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE BRICK

Tires and LDPE plastic wastes are wastes that are non-biodegradable and require further processing to decompose. If it is not processed, it will pollute the environment and disrupt the life of various organisms. Tires and LDPE plastic waste can, however, be used as a mixture for making concrete bricks that contribute best in building infrastructure development by applying the principle of recycling. The addition of a mixture of used tire waste and LDPE plastic waste is useful for improving the physical properties and pavement content of concrete bricks and preventing the depletion of natural resources, achieving an Eco-Friendly program and making the cost of concrete bricks relatively cheaper. Concrete bricks are made with a mixture of used tire waste and LDPE plastic waste with 6 samples of different compositions. The quality of concrete brick is seen from three aspects, namely density, porosity and water absorption. The best quality of concrete bricks was obtained in sample 6 with a composition of 750 grams of used tire powder, 750 grams of LDPE plastic waste, 500 grams of coarse aggregate, 200 grams of cement and 750 ml of oil to obtain a density of 1129.252/1280, 864 kg/m³, 0.5% porosity, 0.434 % water absorption. The results showed that the addition of a mixture of used tire waste and LDPE plastic waste resulted in better quality concrete bricks achieved by increasing the density of concrete bricks and reducing the porosity and water absorption values produced

Optimization of the static mechanical properties of two bituminous concretes modified by partial bitumen replacement with a mass-total of tire powder, plastic bottle powder, and sulfur, depending on the production procedure

This paper examines the effect of the manufacturing process on the static mechanical properties of modified bituminous concrete by partially replacing the bitumen with the mass sum of tyre powder, plastic bottle powder, and sulfur. This optimization is in response to the persistence of pavement degradation despite multiple solutions based on material type and method of obtaining doped bituminous concrete. These solutions are high modulus mixes (EME), bituminous concretes doped with rubber or plastics and cross-linked bituminous concretes on the one hand, and bituminous composites manufactured by dry or wet process (Shaoula; 2008), after partial substitution of conventional materials by dopants or by adding dopants on the other.To better understand the evolution of the static mechanical properties of neo-bituminous concrete using the Duriez (NF P 98-251-1) and Marshall (NF P 98-251-2) tests, the product was manufactured using the wet process and the dry process (Shaoula; 2008), respectively, after formulation. Formulation translated by 5%, 10%, and 15% substitution of bitumen by the mass sum of PUNR powder, PET powder, and sulfur at 40%, 28%, and 32%, respectively. All of this is preceded by component characterization in accordance with relevant standards. It is discovered that bituminous concretes modified and manufactured using the wet process are quite compact, stable, and resistant than the control composite on the one hand, and clearly preferential to those manufactured using the dry process on the other.

Novel sustainable composites made of car's waste and sodium titanate for the efficient photocatalytic removal of the bromophenol blue dye: study under solar and UV-Vis light.

In this research, W-doped sodium nanotube titanate (NaTNT) nanoparticles were used for the photocatalytic degradation of the bromophenol blue (BPB) dye. The NaTNT powder was mixed with car's tire powder (TP) to enhance its light absorption or was supported on recycled car's air filters (AFs) to facilitate its removal from the cleaned water after the degradation of the BPB. The SEM analysis indicated that the NaTNT nanoparticles and the TP had sizes in the range of 150-325nm and 8-37µm, respectively. Both powders were also studied by X-ray diffraction and found that the sodium titanate corresponds to the Na2Ti6O13 with monoclinic phase, while the TP is formed by rubber, silicon, ZnS, and ZnO. The photocatalytic activity of the NaTNT powder was evaluated for the degradation of BPB dye (20ppm) and obtained a maximum degradation of 95 and 80% under UV-Vis and natural solar light, respectively, after 4h of irradiation. For the NaTNT + TP composite mixture, the maximum degradation was 87 and 68% under UV-Vis and solar light, respectively. The NaTNT and NaTNT + TP powders were supported on the AFs to form the AF + NaTNT and AF + NaTNT + TP composites. Those ones produced maximum degradation of 86% and 74% (under UV-Vis light), respectively. Besides, several initial pHs were tested for the contaminated water and determined that the maximum degradation of BPB (93-95%) is reached for the pHs of 3 and 7. Reuse experiments (3 cycles) revealed that the diminution of the BPB degradation percentage was 23% and 20% for the NaTNT and NaTNT + TP powders, respectively. Overall, it was demonstrated that the wasted car's air filters can be used as a support for photocatalytic powders, and this combination of AF + powder degrades the BPB with high efficiency.

Pengujian Sifat Fisik dan Mekanik Pada Komposit Papan Partikel Berbahan Dasar Limbah Serbuk Kayu, Serbuk Ban Bekas dan Resin Polyester

Particle board is a board made of wood particles or other particle materials bonded with organic or synthetic adhesives and with the help of one or more elements of heat, pressure, humidity, catalyst and others. particleboard composites made from sawdust, waste tire powder and polyester resin on Bending and Water Absorption Tests. Comparison of composite material composition of particleboard waste wood powder, waste tire powder and polyester resin, namely 30% : 20% : 50%, 40% : 10% : 50%, 45%: 5%: 50% and 50% : 0% : 50%. The test standard is based on SNI 03-2105-2006. The results showed that the greatest bending strength value was obtained at the composition of 50%: 0%: 50% of 186.223 Kgf/cm². and the largest water absorption value was obtained at the composition of 45%: 5%: 50% at 2.581%.Keywords: Bending, Water absorption, Particle board, ,Wood powder, Used tire powder

Formation behavior of PAHs during pyrolysis of waste tires

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) formation from the pyrolysis of waste tires is inevitable because of the complexity of tire formulations and the addition of certain chemicals. In this study, the formation behavior and distribution of PAHs in three-phases were investigated from waste tires under pyrolysis conditions. The influencing factors including the temperature, heating rate, holding time, particle size, catalyzer, and atmosphere, were systematically evaluated. The results showed that PAHs were mainly concentrated in pyrolysis oil (94.59–99.03%), followed by the gas phase (0.96–5.34%), and their content was very low in the solid phase (0.01–0.99%). A higher temperature and slower heating rate lead to partial PAHs decomposition, thus reducing their emissions. The overall formation of PAHs can be inhibited when pyrolyzing coarse-grained tire powder. Furthermore, the PAHs formation mechanisms in waste tires were determined through reaction molecular dynamics, electron paramagnetic resonance, and intermediate products. Tires were mainly decomposed into benzene series, *C2H3, and *CH3; therefore, it was determined that PAHs were formed by the joint action of the hydrogen abstraction, and vinyl radical addition and methyl addition cyclization mechanisms. Among them, low and middle-ring PAHs were formed more easily, particularly naphthalene. The generation of PAHs can be inhibited by reducing the concentration of hydrocarbons and monocyclic benzene series. Regarding the distribution law and generation pathways of PAHs, our results provide guidance for reducing PAHs formation and emissions.

Simultaneous effect of CaCO3 nanoparticles and waste ground rubber tire powder on forced vibration of polypropylene nanocomposite plates: An experimental investigation

In this study, the effect of the simultaneous incorporation of different contents of CaCO3 nanoparticles (NPs) and waste ground rubber tire powder (WGRT) on the forced vibration behavior of polypropylene (PP) was experimentally investigated. Hammer test with modal analysis was performed to investigate the vibrational behavior of the composite plates with one edge clamped (CFFF) support condition. Microstructural assessment of composites using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) images showed that a rise in CaCO3 nanoparticles in small weight percentages led to better dispersion and a decline in the tire phase size in the small weight percentage of WGRT. Moreover, a comparison of the modal analysis results revealed that all ternary composites, except in the first mode, had a higher damped natural frequency than pure PP. The damping ratio of all ternary composites, especially in the first and second modes, was higher than pure PP, which is due to the combined effect of WGRT and CaCO3 nanoparticles in increasing energy dissipation and damping of composites.

Green thermoplastic vulcanized based on recycled polyethylene and waste tire powder

ThermoPlastic Vulcanized (TPV) is a class of polymeric materials capable of combining the high elasticity of elastomers with the recycling of thermoplastics. The production of TPV with recycled material contributes to the reduction of polymeric waste on the planet, reducing its environmental impact. In this study, recycled TPV samples were produced by combining recycled polyethylene and waste tire powder. The TPV samples were obtained in an internal mixer, changing the processing conditions, during the vulcanization and stabilization stages of the final torque. The results showed that by reducing the processing speed from 60 to 40 rpm, TPV samples were obtained with higher tensile strength and low swelling in oil. ANOVA statistical analysis confirmed that significant changes occurred due to processing speed variations. The DUNCAN mean parity statistical model was used for comparisons between pairs of TPV samples. Frequency sweeping rheological analysis confirmed the effect of adding tire powder on the samples’ elastic modulus. There were no changes in the viscous and elastic modules of the samples. The absence of significant changes in the final morphology of the TPV samples was attributed to the tire powder size. The increased properties of TPV samples are attributed to new crosslinking of the elastomeric phase during dynamic vulcanization.

Properties of Lime-Cement Concrete Containing Various Amounts of Waste Tire Powder under Different Ground Moisture Conditions.

Lime-cement concrete (LCC) is a non-structural concrete in which lime and cement are used as the main binders. However, although LCC has many applications in reducing the settlement of foundations and providing a support layer for shallow foundations, little research has been conducted to evaluate its behaviour in various moisture conditions. Previous researchers have studied the feasibility of using waste tires in conventional concrete to alleviate their negative environmental impacts. However, in field projects, rubber has not been widely used because its application leads to the strength reduction of concrete. In the case of LCC, attaining high strengths is not required and thus application of waste tire particles sounds reasonable. This research evaluated the impact of various rubber powder contents on the fresh, geotechnical and durability properties of LCC at different saturation degrees induced by the capillary action and groundwater level increment, which has not been studied before. The results of more than 320 tests showed that the application of tire powder increases workability and decreases the water absorption of LCC. Moreover, all 60-day cured specimens exposed to 100% saturation degree experienced a strength reduction of less than 10% by using rubber powder contents varying from 0 to 20%. Moreover, increasing the saturation degree from 0 to 100% decreased the average compressive strength by 13.5 and 22% for 60-day cured samples of two different mix designs. The results of this research confirm that LCC containing up to 10% rubber powder could be promisingly used underneath or close to the groundwater table without its strength and geotechnical properties being jeopardized due to rubber employment and/or exposure to ground moisture.

Polymerized Activating Fine Waste Tire Powder for Enhancement of Modified Asphalt at Lower Mixing Temperature: High Dispersion and Viscoelasticity Callback

Polymerized Activating Fine Waste Tire Powder for Enhancement of Modified Asphalt at Lower Mixing Temperature: High Dispersion and Viscoelasticity Callback

Setting Relationships between Structure and Devulcanization of Ground Tire Rubber and Their Effect on Self-Healing Elastomers.

The use of devulcanized tire powder as an effective reinforcement in self-healing styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds has been investigated for the first time in this work. For this purpose, the evolution of the microstructure of the rubber from end-of-life tires (ELTs) was studied during granulation, grinding and devulcanization through an exhaustive characterization work in order to relate the final microstructure with the mechanical response of the repaired systems. Different morphologies (particle size distribution and specific surface area) obtained by cryogenic and water jet grinding processes, as well as different devulcanization techniques (thermo-mechanical, microwave, and thermo-chemical), were analyzed. The results demonstrated the key influence of the morphology of the ground tire rubber (GTR) on the obtained devulcanized products (dGTR). The predictions of the Horikx curves regarding the selectivity of the applied devulcanization processes were validated, thereby; a model of the microstructure of these materials was defined. This model made it possible to relate the morphology of GTR and dGTR with their activity as reinforcement in self-healing formulations. In this sense, higher specific surface area and percentage of free surface polymeric chains resulted in better mechanical performance and more effective healing. Such a strategy enabled an overall healing efficiency of more than 80% in terms of a real mechanical recovery (tensile strength and elongation at break), when adding 30 phr of dGTR. These results open a great opportunity to find the desired balance between the mechanical properties before and after self-repair, thus providing a high technological valorization to waste tires.

Optimization of compounding formulation for the development of high-preformance coating material using waste tire powder for gasket application

Nitrile butadiene rubber latex (NBRL) based gasket materials were extensively used in the past due to their excellent oil resistance, good abrasion resistance, and shock absorption as well as good high-temperature stability. Recently, carbon black has been introduced to further improve the oil absorption properties and thermal performance of the gasket materials which increased the total costing and makes the processing difficult due to the agglomeration of carbon black in NBRL. Thus, in this research, waste tire powder (WTP) was introduced to develop high-performance coating materials as an alternative to carbon black in NBRL gasket material. Optimization of new compounding formulation has been carried out by manipulating the WTP loading and hybrid WTP-carbon black filler loading. The filler loading was selected based on the desired surface texture and coating thickness. The experience was also carried out by varying the WTP, Sulphur, and plasticizer loading. The desired surface texture and thickness of coating materials were developed at WTP loading of 80phr and 90phr. Whereas, the optimum Sulphur loading was achieved at 1phr - 2phr, and plasticizer loading of 10phr and 15phr. From the experiments carried out, the optimum loading of WTP was 90phr which gives a fully contained gasket composite. Furthermore, DOP optimum loading is 15phr which gives a smooth surface appearance. Lastly, Sulphur with 1phr gives a more even surface texture as compared to 2phr loading.

Development of Absorption and Insulation Soundproof Board using Waste Tire Powder

Development of Absorption and Insulation Soundproof Board using Waste Tire Powder

Recycled Tire Rubber in Additive Manufacturing: Selective Laser Sintering for Polymer-Ground Rubber Composites

Natural and synthetic rubber is gaining increased interest in various industrial applications and daily life sectors (automotive industry, acoustic and electrical isolators, adhesives, impermeable surfaces, and others) due to its remarkable physicomechanical properties, excellent durability, and abrasive resistance. These great characteristics are accompanied by some recycling difficulties of the final products, particularly originated from the tire waste rubber industry. In this study, recycled tire rubber was incorporated in polymer matrices using selective laser sintering as 3D printing technology. Two polymers were used-polyamide and thermoplastic polyurethane, for their rigid and elastomeric properties, respectively. Polymer composites containing various tire powder amounts, up to 40 wt.%, were prepared by physical blending. The final materials’ morphological characteristics, mechanical properties, and thermal stability were evaluated. The proposed ambitious additive manufacturing approach looked over also some of the major aspects to be considered during the 3D printing procedure. In addition, examples of printed prototypes with potential applications were also proposed revealing the potential of the recycled tire rubber-loaded composites.

Evaluation on the rheological and mechanical properties of concrete incorporating eggshell with tire powder

The construction industry is the largest consumer of raw materials which are under the risk of exhaustion and depletion in the near future, which has prompted the usage of waste materials for the conservation of resource and as a solution for waste management. Two wastes that are widely produced but often inefficiently disposed are eggshell and waste tire. Hence, this paper aims to evaluate the rheological and mechanical properties of concrete incorporating eggshell and waste tire rubber using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Concrete with eggshell as cement replacement and waste tire rubber as sand replacement was prepared with an interval of 5% up to 15% replacement of both materials. Rheological properties of concrete were accessed using slump cone test while mechanical properties were studied through compressive strength and flexural strength test. Result showed that eggshell replacement has a minor effect on concrete slump while tire rubber reduces workability considerably. Result also showed that concrete mechanical strength was optimum at 5% and 10% eggshell replacement, while tire rubber reduced mechanical strength with percentage of replacement. Non-destructive tests indicated that concrete has excellent quality but excessive tire replacement beyond 10% compromised structural integrity of concrete. Overall, RSM models were able to model the properties of concrete with high accuracy and minimal deviation.

Effect of Waste Ground Rubber Tire Powder on Vibrational Damping Behavior and Static Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Composite Plates: An Experimental Investigation

Effect of Waste Ground Rubber Tire Powder on Vibrational Damping Behavior and Static Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Composite Plates: An Experimental Investigation

The utilization of waste rubber tire powder to improve the mechanical properties of cement-clay composites

This study investigated utilizing waste tire powder as a cement replacement material in soil–cement blends. It also proposed improving cemented clays' strength and stiffness characteristics to decrease environmental impacts due to cement production and waste tire dumping. A light compaction method has been utilized to produce the samples of two densities (1600 kg/m3 and 1800 kg/m3), three cement dosages (7%, 10%, 13%), and five tire powder contents (2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20% weight of cement) cured for 7, 28, and 60 days. Mechanical properties of prepared blends have been assessed by unconfined compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests to determine the unconfined compressive strength, elastic modulus, and initial shear modulus of samples. The results showed that 2.5% tire powder can be utilized as an optimum value. To additionally clarify the featured mechanical properties of the blends, microstructure analysis of the samples has been performed with the XRF, XRD, and SEM. Correlations have been proposed to determine unconfined compressive strength (qu), initial shear modulus (G0), and modulus of elasticity (E) to be acquired utilizing just a single test. Moreover, a novel correlation has been developed to predict the unconfined compressive strength and elastic modulus of any specimen through non-destructive testing. The final composites can be utilized in different structural and non-load bearing applications, such as a base, sub-base, embankments, rammed earth, and retaining walls dependent on the performance of the final composites.

High-quality syngas production: The green and efficient utilization of waste tire and waste heat from the steelmaking converter process.

This study proposes a new technology in which waste tire powders are injected into a converter vaporization cooling flue for gas recovery via pyrolysis using high-temperature waste heat. The higher temperature pyrolysis behavior of waste tire powder under different heating rates was investigated using a TG-MS technique. A drop tube furnace was used to simulate the converter vaporization cooling flue to investigate the effect of high temperatures on waste tire powder pyrolysis. The results indicated that secondary pyrolysis occurred above 900°C with low weight and weight loss rates, which were considerably lower than those observed in the thermal degradation stage. The main gaseous products formed were CO, CO2, H2, CH4, and H2O. The drop tube furnace experimental results indicated that high temperatures can facilitate the degradation of waste tire powder to generate more H2 and CO and improve the low heating values. At 1200°C, the H2 and CO contents were approximately 19.60% and 4.90%, respectively. The low heating value was 29.64MJ/Nm3. The char yield was in the range of 32.67%-37.33%; the fixed carbon content increased from 79.63% to 84.75%. The results provide preliminary verification of the feasibility of injecting waste tire powders into a converter vaporization cooling flue for gas recovery.

The effect of using scrap tire powder in the perforated brick holes on thermal insulation

In this study, old scrap tire powder was used with building materials commonly used in Iraq, where it was used in some brick holes in the form of powder 0-1 mm ( crumb rubber without fabric and metal), and this case, it was called scrap tire powder in bricks [STP-I]. It was compared with the traditional wall that does not contain scrap tires, called [No STs]. A test room has been build prepared for this purpose and a heating source for 8 hours applied on each wall. The comparison was by measuring the temperatures on the inner and the outer surfaces as well as the center of the wall, and comparing the thermal resistance and the heat transferred. The results noted that the addition of this material might be reducing the internal surface temperature by 2.56℃, which is a good incentive for this material's role as a thermal insulator.

Designing of high-performance epoxy adhesive with recycled polymers and silica nano particles (SNPs) in epoxy/carbon fiber composite-steel bonded joints: Mechanical properties, thermal stability and toughening mechanisms

In this study, the effect of hybrid reinforcement comprising silica nanoparticles (SNPs) and a blend of equal percentages of acrylamide-modified waste tire powder and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) on mechanical, thermal stability, and microstructure of the epoxy-phenolic adhesive was assessed using tensile test, TGA, and FESEM tests, respectively. To investigate the adhesion features, the formulated adhesive was applied in lap joint bonding of a stainless steel 316L to epoxy resin/carbon fiber composite. Based on the tensile test results, adding 10 wt.% modified waste tire powder- PET blend and 1 wt.% SNPs to the epoxy-phenolic adhesive increased the tensile strength, modulus, and the toughness of the dumbbell-shaped samples by 65.24%, 58.95% and 98.80% as compared with the neat epoxy-phenolic adhesive, respectively. Furthermore, the highest improvement of shear strength, modulus, and toughness in the steel-composite single lap joint was observed in the sample containing 10 wt.% modified waste tire powder-PET blend and 0.5 wt.% SNPs of 237.22%, 25.64%, and 279.66%. TGA results also indicated that the addition of 10 wt.% PET powder and 1 wt.% SNPs enhanced the initial decomposition temperature, maximum decomposition temperature, and residue char by 5.94°C, 3.64°C, and 59.45% respectively. The images of the fracture surface of the optimal samples in the tensile test showed that the debonding of nanoparticles, plastic void growth, and deviation from the main crack path are among the major mechanisms in the increase of the toughness of the samples.

A hybrid composite for structural applications made of rubber waste tires and calcium phosphate cement

AbstractIn this research, a new hybrid composite material is investigated with eight different formulations of waste tires powders, a polyurethane resin, and a wollastonite‐based phosphate cement. The phosphate cement was obtained by mixing wollastonite particles with an aqueous phosphoric acid solution and the waste tire powders were processed with mechanical grinding. A GOM Inspect Professional 3D scanner was used to characterize the surface of the tiles, prepared to be adhered to the phosphate cement. Pull‐out tests were conducted over the system rubber tile‐cement. Also, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to understand the microstructure and the interfacial region tile‐cement, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) to analyze the mineralogical phases in this composite. Two sample formulations evidenced good adhesion results, with binding stress up to 0.274 MPa. Different adhesion mechanisms were identified at the interface, in which the roughness played a significant role in the adhesion of the involved materials.