Tire Powder Research Articles

Multi-nationality epoxy adhesives on trial for future nanocomposite developments

Epoxy adhesives are prone to brittle failure and thermal degradation. Nanotechnology allows for developing advanced epoxy adhesives, but attempt to design high-performance epoxy adhesives must be made by starting inexpensive trials in micron scales by the use of recycled and waste materials. Phenolic resin, recycled tire powder, and alumina microfillers were systematically mixed here as epoxy toughening agent and modulus/strength modifier, respectively. Incorporation of phenolic resin to epoxy compensated for low thermal stability. Taguchi experimental design was used to study the main effects of waste tire powder, alumina microparticles, and phenolic resin contents on tensile, single-lap joint and thermogravimetric properties of epoxy adhesive. The results suggest that addition of 40 wt. % alumina microparticles, 15 wt. % recycled tire powder, and 30 wt. % phenolic resin to epoxy led to a drastic rise of ca. 80% in the lap shear strength with respect to the neat epoxy. Microscopic analyses unraveled blocking mechanism for cracking, as evidenced by a deviation in crack growth pathway at the vicinity of alumina microparticles. A considerable increase of ca. 34 °C in degradation peak temperature of epoxy was also noticeable. The outcome of this work enlightened future perspective on nanostructured epoxy adhesives.

Rubber/crete: Mechanical properties of scrap to reuse tire-derived rubber in concrete; A review.

The recycling of waste tires is of paramount importance for environmental protection and for economic reasons. The number of scrapped tires in the United States has reached 550 million per year and is still rising. Even higher numbers are estimated in the European Union, reaching 1 billion tires per year. Disused tires create waste with a highly negative environmental impact. Tire disposal mainly involves highly polluting treatments (e.g. combustion processes to produce fuel oil), with only a small percentage of waste (3% to 15%) destined for less-invasive treatments such as powdering. In this article we will look at previous studies in which different amounts of waste tire powder are combined with cement concrete mixtures to provide a final product with mechanical properties suitable for engineering applications. Previous work has shown that a good compressive strength can be achieved through replacing 30% of powdered tire with crushed sand. First, as the percentage of aggregation between crumb rubber and crushed sand increases, compressive strength decreases. Second, aggregation replacement of crumb rubber and crushed sand shows a reduction in density at around 10%. Third, the modulus of elasticity depends on the percentages added: the more rubber added to concrete, the less elastic the product will be. In addition, a less tough concrete means higher strength. However, adding rubber to concrete increases the toughness.1.

Evaluation of methylene blue dye and phenol removal onto modified CO2-activated pyrolysis tyre powder

The present work was aimed at evaluating the adsorption properties of methylene blue dye and phenol by activated carbons derived from pyrolysis tyre powder. The activation was carried out under CO2 at 1000 °C for 2 h. The activated carbon (AC10-2) was demineralized using H2F2 (AC-Demi), followed by oxidation with nitric acid (AC-Oxi). Consequently, the activated carbons were characterized for textural properties, pHPZC, surface functional groups and surface morphology. Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the initial concentration of model pollutants, contact time and temperature, from which the experimental data were fitted into isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics models. Upon oxidation, AC-Oxi shows an increase of surface area to 352 m2/g as compared to AC10-2 (237 m2/g). Result also shows that AC-Oxi exhibits a higher methylene blue adsorption of 107 mg/g, while AC10-2 shows a higher phenol adsorption of 48 mg/g. The equilibrium data of methylene blue adsorption fitted well with Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson models, while that of phenol adsorption obeyed Freundlich isotherm. The kinetics data of both model pollutants could be described by the pseudo-second-order model, where the rate-limiting step could be dominated by pore diffusion. The adsorption of methylene blue is endothermic and spontaneous at high temperature, while that of phenol adsorption is exothermic and spontaneous at low temperature.

Experimental Investigation of the Densification Properties of Clay Soil Mixes with Tire Waste

The annual increase in production of industrial wastes, including scrap tire, has created several challenges for societies. Incorporating the wastes as raw materials has been proposed in different industries, using waste tire as physical additives and investigating the geotechnical properties of this mixture can reduce the environmental pollution, as well as offering economic and technical benefits. Clay soils are abundant in southern regions of Tehran where scrap tire is also produced in large quantities every year. Therefore, provided the chance, incorporating these wastes into the soil mix is significant as regards both geotechnical properties and environmental considerations. As a fundamental means of investigation in construction activities, in particular road construction, the compaction test is useful in determining the maximum density and the optimum moisture content of the soil. In this study, considering that this research has not yet been investigated for Tehran clay and has environmental benefits while having engineering application, the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of the clay mixed with two types of additives (waste tire powder and granules) at various mass fractions (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, and 30 wt%) using standard compaction tests were investigated. The results suggested that the variations of the optimum moisture content and the maximum dry density in both clay mixes demonstrate a certain and predictable trend as the waste content increases. In other words, by increasing the percentage of waste in the mixture, the optimum moisture content is increased, and this increase in the mixture of the tire powder and clay is more than granule and clay. In addition, by increasing the percentage of waste, the maximum dry weight of the mixture was reduced, and this reduction in the mixture of tire powder and clay is almost higher than that of tire granule and clay. Furthermore, relations were presented to estimate the maximum density and the optimum moisture content of the mix to be applied in practice.

Super-hydrophobic and super-oleophilic surface based on high-density polyethylene/waste ground rubber tire powder thermoplastic elastomer

Super-hydrophobic and super-oleophilic surface based on high-density polyethylene/styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer/waste ground rubber tire powder thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) was successfully prepared while metallographic sandpaper was used as a template. Field emission scanning electron microscope study showed that the molded TPE surface with W7 grade sandpaper possessed the rough microstructure; moreover, the micrometer scale strips resulting from the plastic deformation of TPE matrix could be observed obviously, leading to the increasing surface roughness. Wettability tests showed that the molded TPE surfaces with series sandpapers exhibited the hydrophobic and super-oleophilic properties; moreover, the surface molded with W7 grade sandpaper showed the remarkable super-hydrophobic and super-oleophilic properties.

Mechanical Properties of Rubber Sheets Produced by Direct Molding of Ground Rubber Tire Powder

The so called “direct powder molding” is a compressions molding process which can be directly applied to ground rubber tire (GRT). This study shows that the GRT can be re-used to produce medium-size parts with good mechanical properties without any addition of virgin rubber. For rubber sheets prepared from the mechanically ground rubber tire (MGRT) and the cryogenically ground rubber tire (CGRT), the densities and crosslink densities of the rubber sheets increased with a decrease of the particle size of the waste tire powder. The tensile strength of the rubber sheets increased with the decreasing of the particle size for the two types of waste tire powder to 250 μm and 120 μm, respectively, and then became level. The moulding pressure had no effect on the densities, tensile strength or elongation at break of the rubber sheets. These results suggested that the effect of the particle size is important and is correlated with the mechanical properties of the rubber sheets produced by direct powder moulding technology. In general, the best mechanical properties were obtained with waste tire rubber with a size of about 250 μm for the rubber particles obtained from the mechanical grinding method of waste tire powdering.

Compacted expansive elastic silt and tyre powder waste

Building on/with expansive soils with no treatment brings complications. Compacted expansive soils specifically fall short in satisfying the minimum requirements for transport embankment infrastructures, requiring the adoption of hauled virgin mineral aggregates or a sustainable alternative. Use of hauled aggregates comes at a high carbon and economical cost. On average, every 9m high embankment built with quarried/hauled soils cost 12600 MJ.m-2 Embodied Energy (EE). A prospect of using mixed cutting-arising expansive soils with industrial/domestic wastes can reduce the carbon cost and ease the pressure on landfills. The widespread use of recycled materials has been extensively limited due to concerns over their long-term performance, generally low shear strength and stiffness. In this contribution, hydromechanical properties of a waste tyre sand-sized rubber (a mixture of polybutadiene, polyisoprene, elastomers, and styrene-butadiene) and expansive silt is studied, allowing the short- and long-term behaviour of optimum compacted composites to be better established. The inclusion of tyre shred substantially decreased the swelling potential/pressure and modestly lowered the compression index. Silt-Tyre powder replacement lowered the bulk density, allowing construction of lighter reinforced earth structures. The shear strength and stiffness decreased on addition of tyre powder, yet the contribution of matric suction to the shear strength remained constant for tyre shred contents up to 20%. Reinforced soils adopted a ductile post-peak plastic behaviour with enhanced failure strain, offering the opportunity to build more flexible subgrades as recommended for expansive soils. Residual water content and tyre shred content are directly correlated; tyre-reinforced silt showed a greater capacity of water storage (than natural silts) and hence a sustainable solution to waterlogging and surficial flooding particularly in urban settings. Crushed fine tyre shred mixed with expansive silts/sands at 15 to 20 wt% appear to offer the maximum reduction in swelling-shrinking properties at minimum cracking, strength loss and enhanced compressibility expenses.

Isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics of methylene blue dye adsorption onto CO2-activated pyrolysis tyre powder

This work was aimed at evaluating the adsorption properties of methylene blue dye by CO 2 -activated pyrolysis tyre powder carbons. The activated carbons were prepared under the flow of CO 2 at temperatures between 900°C and 1,000°C for durations of 2–8 h. Consequently, the activated carbons were characterized for textural properties, pH PZC , surface functional groups, and surface morphology. Batch adsorption was conducted by varying the concentrations of methylene blue and contact times, from which the experimental data were fitted into isotherm and kinetic models. Results show that CO 2 activation at 1,000°C for 2 h yields a 57.2% activated carbon with a 243 m ² /g specific surface area and a maximum methylene blue adsorption capacity of 132 mg/g. The Langmuir and Redlich– Peterson models appeared to fit the equilibrium data well. The rate of adsorption data obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, while the rate-limiting step in the adsorption of methylene blue is probably film diffusion. The adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous with increasing temperature. Activated carbon prepared from pyrolysis tyre powder by CO 2 activation is a promising candidate to abate dye wastewater pollution.

Thermogravimetric analysis of co-pyrolysis of coal and waste and used tires

Waste tires can be used as a substitute for coal due to the high calorific value. In this study, the co-pyrolysis characteristics of the waste tires (truck tires, liners and nylon tires), pulverized coal and their blends are studied using thermogravimetric analyzer. The pyrolysis of truck tires, liners and coal is characterized by a three stages reaction while the pyrolysis of nylon tires and their blends are four stages. The pyrolysis characteristics of the blends can be expressed by the superposition of the pyrolysis characteristics of the one-component material, indicating the slight interaction of the co-pyrolysis between the waste tire and the coal. The co-pyrolysis kinetics of waste tires, coal and their blends are also investigated. For the blends of coal with truck tires and liners, the increased content of coal reduces the activation energy in the 2nd stage and leads to an increase and then a decrease in the 3rd stage. Different from the former, the activation energy increases with the increase of tire powder in both the 2nd and 3rd stages in the blends of coal and nylon tires. This is attributed to the fact that the nylon tires contain more synthetic rubber than truck tires and liners.

Mullins effect and its reversibility for compatibilised thermoplastic elastomers based on high-density polyethylene/waste ground rubber tyre powder under compression mode

ABSTRACTThermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/waste ground rubber tyre (WGRT) powder blends were prepared by melt-compounding where styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer (SBS) was used as compatibiliser. Mullins effect and its reversibility of the prepared TPEs under compression mode were investigated systematically. The results showed that the stress softening, residual deformation and hysteresis could be observed obviously during the cyclic uniaxial loading–unloading tests. Compared with that of the HDPE/WGRT blends, the compatibilised TPEs had a slight stress softening. Increasing the heat treatment temperature and the SBS dosage could strengthen the reversibility of the Mullins effect remarkably.

Effect of Steel Wires on the Microwave Pyrolysis of Tire Powders

The discharge caused by metals triggered by microwave radiation is a key issue, whereas little attention was paid to the pyrolysis of waste tires by using the interaction between microwave and meta...

Preparation and characterization of decorative and heat insulating floor tiles for buildings roofs

Since the beginning of the 5th century, people felt the urge to construct a sort of heat insulation system to their houses. This research paper focuses on the preparation, development and design of heat insulating tiles using materials like automobile tires powder and rice husk which are materials that are available at almost negligible costs and great amounts. Throughout this paper, experimental work will be provided to document, analyze and compare different insulating materials based on their thermal conductivity factor (K-factor), economic aspects, contribution to a greener earth, and mechanical properties. The results show that a mixture of used automobile tires powder and epoxy has a K factor of 0.0117 W/m°C, and that of a rice husk mixture with epoxy is 0.0118 W/m°C. These values are considerably lower than the K factor of the currently used polyurethane foam (which is 0.026 W/m°C), and therefore these mixtures are more efficient heat insulators than the currently used foam. Calculations have also shown that the manufacture of these mixtures cost 65% less than that of the polyurethane foam.

Toughness Test of Waste Tires Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete

In order to research the application possible of waste tires steel fiber reinforced concrete in road engineering, the effect of waste tires steel fiber and conventional steel fiber on cement concrete using ASTM C1018 were determined. The results show that: the waste tires steel fiber has a significant enhancement effect on the toughness of concrete, and it can be used as green road material as the waste tire powder. With the increase of the steel fiber dose, the loading - deflection curve after initial cracking is fuller, the secondary peak of the load is increasing, and the concrete is getting closer to the ideal elastic - plastic material. The toughness of concrete that reinforced by waste tires steel fiber is lower than that of conventional steel fiber. To achieve the same toughness index, the dosage of waste tires steel fiber required to be about 25%∼45% higher than conventional steel fiber.

Carbon/tin oxide composite electrodes for improved lithium-ion batteries

Tin and tin oxide-based electrodes are promising high-capacity anodes for lithium-ion batteries. However, poor capacity retention is the major issue with these materials due to the large volumetric expansion that occurs when lithium is alloyed with tin during lithiation and delithiation process. Here, a method to prepare a low-cost, scalable carbon and tin(II) oxide composite anode is reported. The composite material was prepared by ball milling of carbon recovered from used tire powders with 25 wt% tin(II) oxide to form lithium-ion battery anode. With the impact of energy from the ball milling, tin oxide powders were uniformly distributed inside the pores of waste-tire-derived carbon. During lithiation and delithiation, the carbon matrix can effectively absorb the volume expansion caused by tin, thereby minimizing pulverization and capacity fade of the electrodes. The as-synthesized anode yielded a capacity of 690 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at a current density of 40 mA g−1 with a stable battery performance. A method to prepare low-cost carbon/tin (II) oxide (SnO) composite by ball milling is reported. SnO powders are uniformly distributed inside the carbon matrix, which could effectively absorb the volume expansion of Sn and alleviate capacity fade. The anode yields a capacity of 690 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles.

Epoxy resin and ground tyre rubber replacement for cement in concrete: Compressive behaviour and durability properties

In this research, the compressive behavior of concrete mixtures incorporating epoxy resin with and without hardener and ground rubber (tyre powder) as cement replacement was investigated. Various experimental mixes were produced varying the polymer/cement mass ratio. A general design criteria was adopted in the design of the mixtures in order to have a fair comparison between polymer-cement and traditional concretes. Concrete mixes were characterized through mechanical and durability tests. Mechanical tests included compressive and flexural strength. Durability was evaluated through the study of chloride ingress into the concrete matrix. Results indicate that the use of polymer-cement concrete modifies the post-peak slope of the stress-strain curve, showing a better ductility, having a special interest in earthquake engineering.

An Experimental Study on the Effect of Tire Powder on the Geotechnical Properties of Clay Soils

With respect to the increasing production of tire wastes, the use of these wastes as an additive in civil engineering has always gained attentions of researchers due to their positive effects on material properties and reduction of environmental problems. Clay soils, as problematic soils, have always caused geotechnical problems including high Atterberg limits and consequently low workability. Tire powder, as one of the products of tire wastes, lacks clay cohesion and it can be effective in altering the plasticity of clay soils. As no comprehensive study has been conducted in this regard specifically on Tehran clay soil yet, this research studies experimentally the effect of adding different percentages of tire powder to clay soil at the Atterberg limits of clay soils with two different types of plasticity. More over according to previous studies, the effect of tire powder on other geotechnical properties of clay soils and the advantages and disadvantages of using tire powder in clay soils are discussed. The results indicate that addition of tire powder to clay soils has positive effects on reducing the Atterberg limits, increasing efficiency, and improving resistance, permeability, swelling reduction, and settlement properties, and reducing soil density and it can be used as an additive in improving clay soils.

Appling Recyclable Waste Tire for Crude Oil Absorption

Crude oil spillage is a major environmental pollution in the world. Tire rubber is i¬Â‚exible and has hydrophobic (oil-philic) characteristics, making it a good candidate as oil absorbent. This study is used ASTM F726-99 method to evaluate oil absorbing capability of tire powder. In this paper, the possibility of applying waste tire powder as an absorbent for the recovery of spilled oil was investigated. The results indicate that averagely 1.75 g of crude oil can be absorbed to each gram of 120 mesh tire powder. Due to its elastic property, waste tire powder is re-usable for several times only down to 50% decreasing its oil absorption efi¬Âciency. The best absorption was obtained at pH 7. The results of this study showed that sorption efi¬Âciency increased as the over time, and decreased as the environmental temperature increases. The results indicated the low-cost tire powder can be used in any water oil-spill conditions.

Study on adsorption properties and mechanism of Pb2 + with different carbon based adsorbents

Different activated carbon materials are prepared from a series of solid wastes (sawdust, acrylic fabric, tire powder and rice husk) by combination of the KOH activation method and steam activation method. The influences of several parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and temperature on adsorption performance of Pb2+ with those different carbon adsorbents are investigated. The results demonstrate that Crice husk performance well in the adsorption process. In the following, the Crice husk is used to explain the adsorption mechanism of Pb2+ by SEM-EDS, FT-IR and XPS. The results illustrate that the surface oxygen-containing functional groups such as carboxyl, lactone group, phenolic hydroxyl and other alkaline metal ions like Na+ and K+ have significant effect on the adsorption process. A reasonable mechanism of Pb2+ adsorption is proposed that the ion exchange play key roles in the adsorption process. In addition, the effects of Cu2+, Zn2+ on the Pb2+ adsorption capacity with the four carbon adsorbents are also studied and the results demonstrate that other heavy metals play positive effects on the adsorption of Pb2+.

개질된 폐타이어 분말을 이용한 열가소성 폴리우레탄의 물성 개선

열가소성 폴리우레탄(thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU)이 가지는 경제적, 환경적 문제를 해결함과 동시에 TPU 물성 개선을 위한 방안으로 TPU에 폐타이어 분말을 적용하였다. 사용된 폐타이어(waste tire rubber, WTR)는 폐타이어를 변안활성기계(metactivator)에 통과시킨 것으로, 열역학적으로 불안정하며 미세 균열 입자의 형태를 보이고, 가교결합은 끊어진 상태로 존재한다. 단순히 TPU와 WTR을 혼합한 복합체와 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate와 dicumyl peroxide를 사용하여 가교를 형성시킨 복합체를 제조하였다. WTR의 구조를 FTIR로 관찰하고, TPU와 두 종류의 TPU/WTR 복합체를 DSC를 통해 유리전이온도(Tg)를 측정하였다. 가교로 개질된 TPU/WTR 복합체는 내수성, 내화학성이 크게 향상되었고, 극성 비양성자성 용매에서의 팽윤 특성 또한 우수하였다. 또한 저장탄성률의 증가와 함께 영구압축 줄음률 또한 크게 향상되었다.

Gaseous products evolution during microwave pyrolysis of tire powders

Microwave pyrolysis of tire powders were run in a laboratory scale microwave oven (2.45 GHz). A special attention was dedicated to the yields of gaseous products during the microwave pyrolysis at different powers (300, 500, and 700 W). Triple-channel refinery gas chromatograph was used to quickly detect the gas composition of tire pyrolysis and its evolution during the process. H2, CO, and CH4, up to 90% of the total volume of pyrolytic gases, were the most predominant gaseous products. As the pyrolysis proceeded, the composition exhibited a significantly changes, e.g., more H2 was produced and less CH4 was generated. As the power increased, the content of CH4+CO2 decreased, while the fractions of H2+CO rapidly increased at the intense stage of the microwave pyrolysis. The maximum yields of gaseous and liquid products and the maximum conversion of tires were obtained at 500 W.