Tire Powder Research Articles

Effect of power level on the microwave pyrolysis of tire powder

The pyrolytic performance of tire powder treated under different specific microwave powers (SMP), powers per 1 g sample, (9, 15, and 24 W/g) was investigated. The experimental results show that the pyrolysis level of tire powder was enhanced with increasing SMP. The maximum yields of liquid product (45%) and gas product (18.5%) were obtained at 15 and 24 W/g, respectively. In addition, the conversion rates of main organic elements transferred to three-phase products were calculated. All of the evolved gases were collected in successive gasbags, and 80% of the volumes were low-molecular-weight gases like H2, CH4 and C2H4; the fraction of gases generated increased with increasing SMP. The liquid products contained a large amount of aromatic hydrocarbons, and more limonene (nearly 10%) was produced in microwave pyrolysis than in conventional pyrolysis of tires. The proximate and ultimate analyses of the solid product showed a slight difference in composition as a function of SMP. Furthermore, there may be a competitive reaction between the sulfur release to the volatiles and sulfur fixation, forming ZnS; the amount of ZnS varied with SMP. The energy recovery was examined, which provides a useful measure of the energy efficiency of microwave pyrolysis process.

The production of fuel oil and combustible gas by catalytic pyrolysis of waste tire using waste heat of blast-furnace slag

In this study, a novel “waste energy recycling” strategy is presented, i.e., the sensible heat of blast-furnace (BF) slag is utilized for the production of fuel oil and combustible gas from the pyrolysis of waste tire. The effects of various operating parameters including the slag temperature, the mass ratio of BF slag to tire (B/T) and feedstock size on yields and characteristics of pyrolysis products were systematically studied. The results showed that the presence of BF slag greatly improved the production of derived-oil and increased the contents of H2 and CO in pyrolysis gases. This can be explained by the catalytic activity of BF slag and the CaO-MgO complex in BF slag can prevent the formation of stable chemical structures in hydrocarbons, speed up the degradation of hydrocarbons, weaken CC and CH bonds and make them dissociate more easily, and thereby decrease the activation energy of degradation reactions. Increasing BF slag temperature and B/T ratio, and decreasing feedstock (including both BF slag and tire powder) size favored the heat and mass transfer during pyrolysis process and therefore afforded more liquid and gaseous products. In addition, it was observed that the presence of BF slag decreased viscosity, density, H and O content and increased C content, C/H ratio and calorific value of derived-oil relative to pyrolysis oil derived from solely tire powder, thereby resulting in upgradation of oil quality.

Effects of Tire Wastes on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete

The use of wastes in building materials is an interesting and necessary domain of research. In concrete different types of wastes can be used as aggregates, as replacement of cement or as filler. The paper presents the results of experimental researches made on eco-concretes that included scrap or powder of waste tires. Several variables were investigated including two types of concrete with cement or with polymer, prepared with different dosage of tire wastes: in the case of cement concrete, the tire scrap was added in dosages of 25%, 30%, 40% and 50%. In the case of polymer concrete the tire powder was added in dosages of 6.4%, 12.4%, 17%, 20% and 23%. The compressive strength on cubes, the tensile strength by bending and the split tensile strength were determined. The tire waste addition decreased the values of mechanical strengths. In the case of cement concrete the best results were obtained for the concrete with admixture and a content of scrap tires of 25%. In the case of polymer concrete the mix with 23% epoxy resin and 17% tires powder had shown the best results for compressive strength. In the case of tensile strengths the mixes with a reduced dosage of epoxy resin and tire powder had shown higher values.

Neutron vibrational spectroscopic studies of novel tire-derived carbon materials.

Sulfonated tire-derived carbons have been demonstrated to be high value-added carbon products of tire recycling in several energy storage system applications including lithium, sodium, potassium ion batteries and supercapacitors. In this communication, we compared different temperature pyrolyzed sulfonated tire-derived carbons with commercial graphite and unmodified/non-functionalized tire-derived carbon by studying the surface chemistry and properties, vibrational spectroscopy of the molecular structure, chemical bonding such as C-H bonding, and intermolecular interactions of the carbon materials. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption studies revealed the tailored micro and meso pore size distribution of the carbon during the sulfonation process. XPS and neutron vibrational spectra showed that the sulfonation of the initial raw tire powders could remove the aliphatic hydrogen containing groups ([double bond splayed left]CH2 and -CH3 groups) and reduce the number of heteroatoms that connect to carbon. The absence of these functional groups could effectively improve the first cycle efficiency of the material in rechargeable batteries. Meanwhile, the introduced -SO3H functional group helped in producing terminal H at the edge of the sp2 bonded graphite-like layers. This study reveals the influence of the sulfonation process on the recovered hard carbon from used tires and provides a pathway to develop and improve advanced energy storage materials.

Dynamic Properties of Saturated Sands Mixed with Tyre Powders and Tyre Shreds

This study examined the effect of adding tyre powders and tyre shreds on the liquefaction potential of loose saturated sandy soil. Also, the dynamic properties of reinforced soil such as the damping ratio and shear modulus were investigated. To this end, a series of 1-g shaking table model tests were carried out at different percentages of sand–tyre powders and sand–tyre shreds mixtures. The results showed that the use of tyre powders and tyre shreds decreases pore-water pressure due to liquefaction. Maximum shear modulus of reinforced soil increased with the increase in tyre powder content in the mixture. However, an increased percentage of tyre shreds had no noticeable effect on maximum shear modulus. Furthermore, the mean damping ratio increases with the increase in tyre powder content in the specimens. Therefore, as the percentage of tyre shreds is increased up to 10%, the mean damping ratio experiences an increasing trend. Nevertheless, at values above 10%, the mean damping ratio reduces. In general, reinforcing soil with tyre powders and tyre shreds reduces the deformations caused by liquefaction.

Microwave pyrolysis of tire powders: Evolution of yields and composition of products

The evolution of products of tire powders, with special attention to the yields and composition over time under microwave pyrolysis, was studied. The solid, liquid, and gaseous products generated were all collected separately during the pyrolysis process and characterized. In addition, temperature was measured using a thin thermocouple intermittently. The sample temperature first rose, then fell, and finally stabilized at approximately 500°C. The major components of the pyrolysis gases were H2, CH4, and C2H4. The liquid products were complex mixtures of organic compounds with large proportions of aromatics and limonene. The solid residues, with high contents of carbon black and S, pyrolyzed almost completely at 20min, and the samples in the center of the reactor were pyrolyzed earlier than those in the surrounding areas were. At the end of the pyrolysis, 43% of the solid residues, 45% of the oils, and 12% of the pyrolysis gases were obtained.

Pyrolysis of tyre powder using microwave thermogravimetric analysis: Effect of microwave power.

The pyrolytic characteristics of tyre powder treated under different microwave powers (300, 500, and 700 W) were studied via microwave thermogravimetric analysis. The product yields at different power levels were studied, along with comparative analysis of microwave pyrolysis and conventional pyrolysis. The feedstock underwent preheating, intense pyrolysis, and final pyrolysis in sequence. The main and secondary weight loss peaks observed during the intense pyrolysis stage were attributed to the decomposition of natural rubbers and synthetic rubbers, respectively. The total mass loss rates, bulk temperatures, and maximum temperatures were distinctively higher at higher powers. However, the maximum mass loss rate (0.005 s-1), the highest yields of liquid product (53%), and the minimum yields of residual solid samples (43.83%) were obtained at 500 W. Compared with conventional pyrolysis, microwave pyrolysis exhibited significantly different behaviour with faster reaction rates, which can decrease the decomposition temperatures of both natural and synthetic rubber by approximately 110 °C-140 °C.

Effect of tyre powder penetration on stress and stability of the road embankments

Vehicle tyres are shred due to the friction induced by road surface texture. The shredded tyre particles might then penetrate into the roadside embankment during rain. In this study, the stability of roadside embankment containing 0.25–1.5% of tyre powder is examined. Also the change in extreme stress and displacement is evaluated. Mechanical characteristics of soil–tyre powder mixture are defined through laboratory tests and are used as input parameters needed for PLAXIS software analysis. The results show that the optimum percentage of tyre powder in embankment in terms of stress and displacement is about 0.5%. It is also shown that more penetration of tyre powder in embankment increases the factor of safety against sliding.

KARET LEMBARAN YANG TERBUAT DARI CAMPURAN SERBUK BAN BEKAS DAN KARET ALAM YANG DISETARAKAN DENGAN SIR-20 UNTUK PEMBUATAN SOL SEPATU OLAH RAGA

The study of waste tires powder processing as a filler on making shoe sole has been done. On the research, it has been found the vulcanizate technical on natural rubber of shoe sole by using waste tires powder and was compound to the tecto the technical specification of shoe sole according to Indonesia Natural Standard. The process of making waste tires powder triller 60 mesh particle size has been done by steps of procces, producing of particle size, washing, drying and screening. The vulcanizate of natural rubber shoe sole wich contained waste tires powder and using press molding technical at 1800 for 4,50 minutes. The result of the research showed that the vulcanizate of shoe sole natural rubber containing waste tires powder triller 60 mesh could be used to manufacturing sport shoe sole because its vulcanizate had enough technical process accoording to Indonesia National Standard 06-1844-199 Ed 1.2

Properties of the mechanical in controlled low-strength rubber lightweight aggregate concrete (CLSRLC)

In this study, waste rubber tire powder and reservoir silt lightweight aggregate were added to controlled low-strength material (CLSM) to produce a renewable building material. The results showed that the slump in the controlled low-strength rubber lightweight aggregate concrete (CLSRLC) containing different amounts of rubber was more than 190mm. The compressive strength and drop-weight value decreased with rubber particle replacement percentages up to 20%, but the design strength requirement (>0.7MPa) was still met. The lowest shrinkage in CLSRC was achieved at a rubber particle replacement percentage of 20%. The electrical resistivity was less than 10kΩ-cm at an age of 91days. The ultrasonic pulse velocity decreased as the rubber particle replacement percentage increased. Sulfate resistance increases with increasing rubber particle replacement percentage. The research results showed that rubber particle replacement percentages in the range of 10–20% are feasible in engineering practice. These special engineering materials can meet special requirements in Taiwan while contributing to the reduced consumption of natural resources and reduced damage to the natural environment, thus helping meet goals for waste recycling, energy savings, carbon reduction and safe and sustainable reuse of materials.

Feasibility study of recycled tire powder in construction blocks cement to decrease environmental pollution (a case study: Ahvaz, Iran)

Today, retrieval and optimal use of exiting recourses and environmental protection is in view of seriousattention of the development in the world. Approximately 300 thousand tons of old tires in the country hascaused environmental pollution. Recycling of waste tires is completely different to which is done in our country.Unfortunately recycling scrap tires has not favorable growth in our country. Millions of tires are discarded eachyear, and the scrap piles of rubber this creates pose serious environmental problems. Rubber tires also leachhazardous materials into the environment as they decompose. This study was performed in Ahvaz metropolitan.In this study there are 9 building blocks which had different percentages of rubber powder as filling materials.Pressure test done on these blocks. The result of the stress test on the samples compared with the result of thestress test on the main samples. The comparison showed that by adding 10% of rubber powder instead of fillermaterial in the process of preparing the block, there was no change in compressive strength. Therefore this blockwill be replaced by blocks used in construction industry. At least some of the environmental hazards caused byincorrect tire were buried as were recommendation to improve.

Strength Performance Based on Flexibility from Laterite Soil Using Tire Powder and Micro Silica

In terms of environmental issues and human health, one of the advisable techniques to improve soil behavior is the use of scrap tires for soil structures. According to the literature, Tire-Derived Aggregates (TDA) are one of the valuable materials in different field of Geotechnical that can be used. TDA properties correspond to some important factors such as high level of flexible, lightweight, high permeability and economic material comparing with sand. Strength performance based on increasing flexibility from laterite soil is the main goal of this study. For this purpose, tropical laterite soil was mixed using TDA and micro silica (MS). As a research method, unconfined tests were carried for thirteen samples based on different percentage of the additives. As a result, the significant reduction for elasticity modulus and strength was observed when soil mixed just using TDA. In addition, the rate of strain at the peak of the curve was dramatically increased. The best performance was found using 6% additives when the ratio was 3% MS and 3% TDA. In fact, the effect of MS was more to increase strength. To recommend, the seepage controlling will investigate at next.

A study of the durability of recycled green building materials in lightweight aggregate concrete

In this study, waste tire powder and waste liquid crystal display (LCD) glass sand are used as recycled materials. With a fixed water to binder ratio (W/B=0.4), the use of fly ash and slag as cement-replacement materials. waste tire powder and waste LCD glass sand, which passed the sieve screen size # 30(0.595mm), were used to replace fine aggregates at 0%, 5% and 10% in producing lightweight aggregate concrete. The fresh property test was processed in accordance with ACI concrete mix proportion design. Harden and durability tests were performed at 7, 28, 56 and 91days. The results showed that the slump increased or decreased with the addition of different types of recycled materials, but still met the design slump of 150–180mm. Concrete workability and the unit weight decreased after adding rubber powder to concrete. As the replacement rates of waste glass sand and waste rubber powder increase, the compressive strength tends to decrease. At 56days, the ultrasonic wave velocity of normal concrete was higher than lightweight aggregate concrete; the lightweight aggregate concrete with 10% glass sand provided the highest ultrasonic wave velocity of the lightweight aggregate concretes. Sulfate resistance tests showed that the normal weight aggregate concrete was better than the lightweight aggregate. Mixing two kinds of recycled materials also resulted in better resistance. Studies showed that adding an appropriate amount of recycled materials might improve the durability of lightweight aggregate concrete.

전처리 공정에 따른 폐타이어 재생 고무분말의 특성연구

본 연구는 폐타이어 재활용을 위하여 수행된 전처리 공정이 재생 고무분말의 기계적 물성에 미치는 영향을 조사하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위하여 분쇄 및 탈황공정을 통하여 생산된 폐타이어 고무분말을 재가황한 후 인장시험, 충격시험 및 파단면 관찰을 수행하였다. 분쇄 공정을 거쳐서 생산된 고무분말은 입자크기가 작아질수록 그 표면적이 증가되며 인장강도와 연신율이 모두 증가되었다. 반면에 탈황공정을 거친 고무분말은 내부에 존재하는 황과의 가교결합이 줄어들어서 이후의 가황처리 후에도 인장강도와 연신율이 모두 증가되었다. 따라서 폐타이어 재활용을 위한 전처리 공정은 재활용 분말을 일정크기로 분쇄한 후 탈황공정까지를 수행한 고무분말을 제조하는 것이 단순 분쇄공정만을 거친 재활용 고무분말에 비하여 가황 시에 연신율을 보다 효율적으로 증가시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다. In this study, mechanical properties of waste ground rubber tire powder were investigated to evaluate the influence of pre-treatment process for recycling. The tensile test, fracture test and morphology observation were carried out using various kinds of waste ground tire powders, which were produced by grinding and devulcanization process, respectively. As a results, it was found that the produced rubber powder through grinding process increased its tensile strength and elongation with decreasing particle size because of decreasing surface area. Devulcanized rubber powder also increased its tensile strength and elongation by de-crosslink with sulfur. It could be also suggested that devulcanization treatment after grinding process was more efficient recycling process for both increasing tensile property and fracture elongation of waste ground rubber tire powders.

A Technical and Economical Assessment of Replacement of Coarse Aggregate By Waste Tyre Rubber In Construction

A Technical and Economical Assessment of Replacement of Coarse Aggregate By Waste Tyre Rubber In Construction

Experimental Investigation of Tyre Pyrolysis Oil (TPO) in Diesel Engine without any Engine Modification

In the current energy scenario, attention of world is changing towards producing energy from waste products. In the present study, tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO) is prepared and investigated in diesel engine. Initially, waste tyres were collected from local market, cut down into small pieces and steel wire meshes inside the tyre were removed. Then the pieces were heated at a high temperature. The last derived component after heating is called TPO. The minimal amount of black tyre powder which was also identified inside oil is removed by filtering process. The obtained TPO oil is mixed with traditional diesel fuel in the ratio of20% TPO and 80% diesel. Then the prepared samples were tested in computerised single-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine to analyse the combustion and performance characteristics. Emission measurements were done using AVL make: 444 Di Gas Analyser and 437C Smokemeter. The results show that brake thermal efficiency increased by about 0.6% and brake-specific energy consumption decreased by about 0.59 MJ kW h−1 with 20TPO than diesel fuel at full-load condition. The exhaust emission gases like CO, HC, NOx and smoke were decreased about 0.01%, 1 ppm, 119 ppm and 11.2 Hartridge smoke unit with 20TPO than neat diesel, respectively. The combustion characteristics like in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate and rate of pressure rise increased by about 0.92 bar, 6.88 J°CA−1 and 0.47 bar°CA−1 with 20TPO than diesel fuel. The prepared TPO may be used as an additive in diesel engine without any engine modification.

Development and characterization of post-consumer rubber tire powder, high density polyethylene and ethylene-octene-1copolymer ternary mixtures

Scrap tires are considered a type of waste that litters landfills and the environment in general. Due to its chemically cross-linked structure, this material cannot be recycled by conventional processes because it does not melt. This work examined the production of polymeric composites using high density polyethylene (HDPE) filled with rubber tire powder (RTP). Ethylene-octene-1 copolymer (C2C8), an elastomeric material, was also added to improve the mechanical properties. Morphological analysis showed a good interfacial adhesion when C2C8 is added to the mixture. Raman spectroscopy coupled to optical microscopy revealed that the HDPE phase encapsulated the rubber tire particles. The mixtures containing C2C8 and RTP presented lower ultimate tensile strength and elastic modulus, but the impact strength of the binary and ternary mixtures was much higher than that of neat HDPE.

Thermogravimetric and pyrolytic investigations on scrap tires

Thermogravimetric, TG, analysis of scrap tire (ST) powder indicated that it decomposes between 180 and 475°C losing 60% of its weight in two step process. The material further decomposes to end up with only ∼3.8% residual products at 680°C. Potassium carbonate slightly affected the modes of scrap tires decomposition. On the basis of the TG results pyrolysis, experiments were carried out coupled with gas chromatographic analysis of the volatiles and trapping of the condensed liquids. The pyrolytic investigation was performed in a pyrex vertical reactor with sintered glass disc to hold the sample and aid fluidization with the nitrogen stream flowing upwards. Tar and char are collected and weighed. The effect of pyrolysis temperature and the presence of potassium carbonate on the tar, char and gas yields were studied. The C1–C3 content of the pyrolysis gases increased from 0.17% to 60.1% by increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 470 to 550°C at the expense of the C4 and C5 components. Further, there was an increase in the hydrogen content of gaseous components with pyrolysis temperature increase.

Microstructure and Temperature Characterization of Compound Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt

Compound Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt (CCRMA) is a mixture of waste rubber tire powder, SBS modifier and asphalt in order to modify the characteristics of asphalt. The application of using crumb rubber powder in making CCRMA is important in improvement of working characteristics of asphalt as well as in pollution control and environment protection. CCRMA, crumb rubber particles, SBS modifier and base asphalt have been examined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to observe the microcosmic appearance and the characteristic distribution of crumb rubber particles and SBS modifier in asphalt. The rotary viscometer test and dynamic shear test of CCRMA were carried out by rotational viscometer and Dynamic Shear Rheology (DSR). The influences of rubber powder content and reaction time to viscosity of CCRMA have been studied. In the stage of current study, complex modulus and phase angle of CCRMA are parameters reflecting viscoelasticity, the relation between them and temperature are researched.

폐타이어 분말과 재생PP로 제조한 열가소성 고무 플라스틱(TPV)의 물성평가

자동차 산업의 발달과 함께 환경오염 문제가 심각해지면서 연간 300,000톤 이상 발생하는 폐타이어의 재활용에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 폐타이어 재활용을 목적으로 40, 80, 140 mesh 크기의 폐타이어 분말을 선별한 후, 입도 분석을 통하여 크기를 확인하고 그 형상을 SEM을 통해 관찰하였다. 또한 각각의 폐타이어 분말을 Virgin PP와 혼합하고 Intermeshing Corotating Twin Screw Extruder를 이용하여 TPV를 제조하고 특성 분석을 하였다. 이 중 효과가 좋은 140 mesh의 폐타이어 분말과 Virgin PP, Waste PP, PP-g-MA 세 가지 종류의 매트릭스를 다양한 비율로 혼합하여 TPV를 제조한 후 UTM을 통한 인장강도, 연신율과 Izod impact로 충격강도 등을 측정하였고 TGA로 열안정성을 확인하였다. 또한 SEM을 통하여 폐타이어 분말의 분산정도 및 파단면을 확인하였다. 300,000 tons of waste tires are annually being produced with development of the automotive industry in Korea. Landfill and incineration treatment system are causing the economic problem through secondary environmental pollution and waste. Therefore, as one of the ways to take advantage of this, Thermo-Plastic Vulcanized (TPV) composite was prepared by the ground waste tire and plastic powders. The waste tire powder was gained by mechanical fracturing through crushers. The waste tire powder was ground by a shear crushing method and a 2-stage disk mill method instead of cutting crushing one. The waste tire powder of 50 mesh was mixed with Polypropylene(PP) in various proportions. TPVs were prepared by an extrusion, and tensile and impact tests were performed. In addition, the same experiments were repeated in 40, 80, 140 mesh conditions in order to observe size effect of waste tire powders.