TiO2 Nanoparticles Research Articles

Modeling sustainable photocatalytic degradation of acidic dyes using Jordanian nano-Kaolin–TiO2 and solar energy: Synergetic mechanistic insights

The abstract highlights the global issue of environmental contamination caused by organic compounds and the exploration of various methods for its resolution. One such approach involves the utilization of titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a photocatalyst in conjunction with natural adsorption materials like kaolin. The study employed a modeling-based approach to investigate the sustainable photocatalytic degradation of acidic dyes using a Jordanian nano-kaolin–TiO2 composite material and solar energy. Mechanistic insights were gained through the identification of the dominant reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved in the degradation process, as well as the synergetic effect between adsorption and photocatalysis. The Jordanian nano-kaolin–TiO2 composite was synthesized using the sol-gel method and characterized. The nanocomposite photocatalyst exhibited particle sizes ranging from 27 to 41 nm, with the TiO2 nanoparticles well-dispersed within the kaolin matrix. The efficacy of this nanocomposite in removing Congo-red dye was investigated under various conditions, including pH, initial dye concentration, and photocatalyst amount. The optimal conditions for dye removal were found to be at pH 5, with an initial dye concentration of 20 ppm, and using 0.1 g of photocatalyst, resulting in a 95 % removal efficiency. The mechanistic insights gained from this study indicate that the hydroxyl radicals (•OH) generated during the photocatalytic process play a dominant role in the degradation of the acidic dye. Furthermore, the synergetic effect between the adsorption of the dye molecules onto the photocatalyst surface and the subsequent photocatalytic degradation by the ROS was found to enhance the overall removal efficiency. These findings contribute to the fundamental understanding of the photodegradation mechanisms and guide the development of more efficient photocatalytic systems for the treatment of acidic dye-containing wastewater. The use of solar power during the purification procedure also leads to cost reduction and strengthens sustainability efforts.

Exploring structural and optical properties of iodine-doped TiO2 nanoparticles in Rhodamine-B dye degradation: Experimental and theoretical investigation

Energy conversion and pollutant degradation are critical for advancing sustainable technologies, yet they often encounter challenges related to charge recombination and efficiency limitations. This study explores iodine-doped TiO2 nanoparticles as a potential solution for enhancing both energy conversion and pollutant degradation. The nanoparticles were synthesized via the sol-gel method with varying iodine precursor concentrations (0.025–0.1 M) and were characterized for their structural, compositional, and optical properties, particularly in relation to their photocatalytic performance in Rhodamine-B dye degradation. X-ray diffraction confirmed a tetragonal anatase crystal structure, with the average crystallite size decreasing from 10.06 nm to 8.82 nm with increase in iodine concentration. Selected area electron diffraction patterns verified the polycrystalline nature of the nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering analysis showed hydrodynamic radii ranging from 95 to 125 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy identified metal-oxygen vibrations at 441 cm⁻1, and electron microscopy confirmed the spherical morphology of the nanoparticles. Elemental analysis detected the presence of Ti, O, and I in the samples. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy indicated the optical absorption edges for the doped samples in the visible region from which the corresponding band gap values were deduced. Photoluminescence spectroscopy revealed that the sample with 0.1 M iodine exhibit the lowest emission intensity, suggesting reduced charge recombination. Notably, 0.1 M iodine doped TiO2 samples demonstrated the highest photocatalytic efficiency, achieving 82.36% degradation of Rhodamine-B dye within 140 min under visible light. Additionally, ab-initio density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate the structural, optical, and adsorption properties of TiO2, iodine-doped TiO2, Rhodamine-B, and their composites, providing further insight into the enhanced photocatalytic activity observed in the experiments.

A multifunctional aspect of surface modification of cotton fabric with green synthesized titanium dioxide/iron nanocomposite using Psidium guajava leave extract

This study explores the use of green TiO2/Fe nanocomposite for surface modification of cotton fabric, aiming to minimize its limitations such as wrinkle, shrinkage, lower photocatalytic activity, microbial degradation, and poor durability. To prepare the nanocomposite, the iron (Fe) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were first green synthesized using an extract of guava leaf (Psidium guajava) and mixed by using citric acid as a cross-linking agent. The modified cotton fabric was characterized by FTIR, TGA, DTG, SEM, and EDS. The FTIR spectra of the modified fabrics showed additional peaks at 483 cm−1 for Ti-O- and 1059 cm−1 for Fe-O-, indicating the incorporation of TiO2/Fe- nanoparticles which was also confirmed by SEM images. Fe nanoparticles enhanced TiO2 NPs’ photocatalytic activity, enhancing self-cleaning, UV resistance, stain resistance, anti-water absorption, and antibacterial activity in modified cotton fabric. Additionally, the wettability, thermal stability, mechanical and chemical stability of modified cotton fabric were also improved. As a result, the method of surface modification has great potential to improve the sustainability and usability of cotton fabric, supporting its wide range of uses in clothing, medical, and personal hygiene goods.

Self-catalysed breakdown of titanate nanotubes by graphitic carbon nitride resulting in enhanced hydrogen production

Efficient design of a photocatalyst is an important step in realizing real world applications. In this work, using in-situ catalysis we have prepared and investigated a titanate nanotube (TiNT)/ graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite, which after optimization shows excellent hydrogen production efficiency of 2.3 mmolg−1h−1, much improved compared to GCN, which achieved a rate of 0.56 mmolg−1h−1. We can conclude that pyrolysis of urea to carbon nitride also self catalyses the breakdown of TiNT into anatase TiO2 nanoparticles, resulting in a nanocomposite material comprising TiO2 and heterojunctions with GCN. After heating and modification the TiO2 shows a conduction band edge with a more negative potential than the H+/H2 potential, which along with the ideal position of the GCN CB edge facilitates hydrogen production under light irradiation. This novel method can be viewed as a general method for improving catalysis synthesis and design, whilst simultaneously reducing the complexity and energy footprint of active catalyst synthesis.

Ti3+ self-doped TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized on self-pillared pentasil zeolite nanosheets: An efficient visible-light-driven degradation photocatalyst

Ti3+ defective TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) were synthesized through slow hydrolyzation of tetrabutyl titanate and low-temperature annealing, followed by loading on self-pillared pentasil (SPP) zeolite nanosheets to construct a TiO2/zeolite hybrid composite by solid-state dispersion. The obtained TiO2-NPs/SPP composite exhibited a distinct red-shift in the UV–vis absorption spectrum and a significantly reduced band gap due to the introduced Ti3+ defects and the consequent oxygen vacancies (VO), leading to an enhanced visible-light responsivity. The diverse porosity and house-of-cards nanosheet morphology of the SPP support not only promoted the efficient loading and stable immobilization of TiO2-NPs nanoparicles through micropore migration and surface adhesion but also endowed the adsorbability to the TiO2-NPs/SPP composite. The adsorptive photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) was used to evaluated the photocatalytic performance of TiO2-NPs/SPP, and a 95.6 % degradation rate of MB was observed after 3 h illumination with visible-light. The adsorptive effect strongly promoted the accessibility of MB molecules to the active TiO2 species, leading to a remarkable enhancement in degradation efficiency. Moreover, a superior recyclability embodied in the retention of 96.4 % photocatalytic activity after three regeneration cycles indicated the TiO2-NPs/SPP composite to be practical for water pollutant degradation.

Morphological effect of TiO2 nanoparticles in TiO2/g-C3N4 heterojunctions on photocatalytic dye degradation

Abstract The effects of TiO2 nanoparticle (NP) morphology on the photocatalytic activity of physically assembled TiO2 NP/g-C3N4 heterojunctions (TCNPHY) were investigated. Spherical, spindle, and cubic TiO2 NPs were synthesized and separately supported on g-C3N4 nanosheets to form physically assembled TCNPHY catalysts. The photocatalytic activity for methylene blue degradation observed for TCNPHY with the cubic TiO2 NPs supported higher light absorption and a lower recombination rate; therefore, this was an adequate catalyst for the construction of catalytically active heterojunctions. The cubic TiO2 TCNPHY exhibited a degradation rate that was 2.2 times higher than that for the g-C3N4 nanosheets alone.

Applications of Nanotechnology in Modern Agriculture: A Review

Agriculture is the most important foundation for human civilization as it forms the basis of our food and the raw materials for several other products. Most of the people globally depend on agriculture for their survival and livelihood. Nanotechnology is finding its applications in all realms of life, thus invariably this technology is also playing a profound role in modern agriculture. This article explores how nanotechnology holds potential to revolutionize modern agriculture and provide a new approach towards effective crop management. Methods of improving crop nutrition, protection and production have also been discussed. Furthermore, it describe the uses of different nanoparticles (NP) such as silver nanoparticles (AgNP), Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NP), Chitosan NP, Carbon Nanotubes, Silicon nanoparticles (SiNP) etc. for their various applications in wastewater management, plant growth mechanisms, food packaging, antimicrobial agents and nanosensors etc.

Comparative study of alcohol clove extract, TiO2 nanoparticles, and clove extract-TiO2 complex in controlling bacterial growth in burn infections

Comparative study of alcohol clove extract, TiO2 nanoparticles, and clove extract-TiO2 complex in controlling bacterial growth in burn infections

Enhancing optical properties and antimicrobial efficacy of PEO/CS-doped TiO2 nanoparticles for food packaging applications

Enhancing optical properties and antimicrobial efficacy of PEO/CS-doped TiO2 nanoparticles for food packaging applications

TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized on graphene nanosheets with varied crystallinity for photocatalytic degradation of MB dye

The incorporation of graphene into titania enhances photocatalytic activity, although the role of graphene remains debated. This study reconciles conflicting explanations in the literature and elucidates the improved photocatalytic behavior of titania nanoparticles supported on graphene sheets with varied crystallinity for the degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye. Specifically, crystalline graphene (ExG) and near-amorphous graphene (rGO, Ex-rGO), derived through physical and chemical methods, respectively, were employed as templates during the synthesis of titania (TiO2) nanoparticles. The rGO and Ex-rGO exhibited fewer graphene layers (∼3) than ExG (∼47 layers). The resulting TiO2/Ex-rGO and TiO2/rGO nanocomposites demonstrated significantly higher MB dye degradation (92.1 % and 79.2 %) than the unmodified TiO2 (60.5 %) and TiO2/ExG (70.7 %) after 2 hours of UV exposure. This study identified alterations in the mesoporous network of titania upon the incorporation of graphene, characterized by widely open pores in TiO2/rGO and TiO2/Ex-rGO with large average pore diameters of 12.99 nm and 13.78 nm, respectively, compared to the nearly blocked pores with a narrow diameter of 7.89 nm in reference TiO2. The enhanced photocatalytic activity in graphene-templated titania was attributed to rapid intra-porous molecular diffusion, a previously unreported factor. Additionally, nearly-amorphous rGO was identified as a superior template over ExG due to crystalline/amorphous heterojunctions in TiO2/rGO and TiO2/Ex-rGO, leading to reduced electron-hole recombination. Finally, a proposed computational approach estimated ‘accessible’ porosity, and Knudsen diffusion coefficients for the synthesized photocatalysts (reference-TiO2: TiO2/ExG: TiO2/rGO: TiO2/Ex-rGO as 1.05: 1: 1.48: 1.72), justifying the observed trends in MB dye degradation.

Biogenic Nanoparticles at the Forefront: Transforming Industrial Wastewater Treatment with TiO2 and Graphene

This review article comprehensively examines the potential of biosynthesized TiO2 and graphene nanoparticles in industrial wastewater treatment, highlighting their effectiveness, environmental benefits, and challenges. The review focuses on green synthesis methods, which enhance sustainability and reduce the toxicity of these nanoparticles while maintaining their high efficiency in degrading organic pollutants and adsorbing heavy metals across various industrial applications, including textile, pharmaceutical, chemical, and metal processing. The discussion also covers environmental and safety considerations, such as the toxicity of nanoparticles and the importance of recycling and reuse strategies to minimise their ecological impact. Additionally, the article addresses regulatory and ethical issues, emphasizing the need for robust frameworks to ensure the responsible use of nanotechnology. Future research directions are suggested, including improving biosynthesis methods and scaling up applications for broader industrial use. This review underscores the significant potential of biosynthesised TiO2 and graphene nanoparticles as sustainable and powerful tools for global environmental remediation.

Functionalization of Polypropylene by TiO2 Photocatalytic Nanoparticles: On the Importance of the Surface Oxygen Plasma Treatment.

A new two-step method for developing a nanocomposite of polypropylene (PP) decorated with photocatalytically active TiO2 nanoparticles (nTiO2) is proposed. This method involves the low-temperature plasma functionalization of polypropylene followed by the ultrasound-assisted anchoring of nTiO2. The nanoparticles, polymeric substrate, and resultant nanocomposite were thoroughly characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), microscopic observations (SEM, TEM, and EDX), spectroscopic investigations (XPS and FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA), and water contact angle (WCA) measurements. The photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposites was evaluated through the degradation of methyl orange. The individual TiO2 nanoparticles ranged from 2 to 6 nm in size. The oxygen plasma treatment of PP generated surface functional groups (mainly -OH and -C=O), transforming the surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, which facilitated the efficient deposition of nTiO2. Optimized plasma treatment and sonochemical deposition parameters resulted in an active photocatalytic nTiO2/PP system, degrading 80% of the methyl orange under UVA irradiation in 200 min. The proposed approach is considered versatile for the functionalization of polymeric materials with photoactive nanoparticles and, in a broader perspective, can be utilized for the fabrication of self-cleaning surfaces.

Effect of different configurations of hybrid nano additives blended with biodiesel on CI engine performance and emissions

The use of nano additives to improve the cold properties of biodiesel is encouraged by its drawbacks and incompatibility in cold climate. Waste cooking oil (WCO) was transesterified to create biodiesel. A 20% by volume was used for combination of diesel and methyl ester. Current study aims to evaluate diesel engine emissions and performance. TiO2, alumina, and hybrid TiO2 + Al2O3 nanoparticles are added to WCO biodiesel mixture at 25 mg/liter. When B20 combined with nano materials such as TiO2, Al2O3, and hybrid nano, the highest declines in brake specific fuel consumption were 4, 6, and 11%, respectively. As compared to biodiesel blend, the largest gains in thermal efficiency were 4.5, 6.5, and 12.5%, respectively, at maximum engine output power. Introduction of TiO2, Al2O3, and hybrid nano particles to B20 at 100% load resulted in the highest decreases in HC concentrations up to 7, 13, and 20%, and the biggest reductions in CO emissions, up to 6, 12, and 16%. Largest increases in NOx concentrations at full load were about 7, 15, and 23% for B20 + 25TiO2, B20 + 25 Al2O3, and B20 + 25TiO2 + 25 Al2O3, respectively. Up to 8, 15, and 21% less smoke was released, correspondingly, which were the largest reductions. Recommended dosage of 25 ppm alumina and 25 ppm TiO2 achieved noticeable improvements in diesel engine performance, combustion and emissions about B20.

Construction of 0D Ti3C2Tx MXene nanoparticles sensitized 1D TiO2 nanotube arrays for enhanced photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical properties

Developing efficient photocatalysts with highly active facets and appropriate cocatalyst hybridization to form heterostructure is a valid way to expedite the separation of photoexcited electron-hole pairs. Herein, a novel 0D/1D Ti3C2Tx MXene/TiO2 photocatalyst was fabricated for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting and tetracycline antibiotic photocatalytic degradation. Meanwhile, highly-exposed TiO2 nanotube arrays were prepared by electrochemical anodizing method, and Ti3C2Tx nanoparticles with mixed terminal group were uniformly grown on the surface of TiO2 through the hydrothermal and solvothermal process, respectively. Compared with pure TiO2, the Ti3C2Tx/TiO2 heterostructure exhibited different degrees of enhancement in PEC and photocatalytic degradation activities under simulated sunlight. The TNT/M-h sample yielded a photocurrent density of 1.77 mA cm−2 at 0 V (vs. SCE) and achieved a 95.57 % photocatalytic removal rate of tetracycline within 140 min. The excellent performance originated from the strong interfacial contact and work function discrepancy between the ordered tubular structure of TiO2 and 0D Ti3C2Tx nanoparticles, which realized the high-efficiency photogeneration and transfer of electron-hole pairs.

Enhancement mechanism of copper ions doped TiO2 substrates based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is considered as one of the most attractive analytical tools, and it is necessary to develop more semiconductor substrates. Herein, copper ions-doped TiO2 (Cu-TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) with different doping ratios were synthesized by a sol-hydrothermal method and used as semiconductor SERS substrates to explore the possible enhancement mechanisms. The synthesized Cu-TiO2 NPs show a cubic crystalline structure of anatase with a small particle size at 8 nm. We discussed the SERS enhancement ability of Cu-TiO2 substrates using crystal violet (CV) used as a probe. It can be found that there is a charge transfer (CT) effect between CV molecules and Cu-TiO2 substrates. In addition, Cu-TiO2 substrates exhibit the most SERS enhancement with an enhancement factor (EF) up to 2.4 × 104 at the Cu2+ doping ratio of 3 %, with a detection limit of 5 × 10–7 M. The experiments demonstrated that Cu-TiO2 NPs can be used as SERS substrates because of the CT route among the valence band, the surface state energy level, and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, which facilitates the development of semiconductor SERS substrates and provides a new perspective in exploring SERS enhancement mechanisms.

Waterborne robust superhydrophobic PFDTES@TiO2-PU coating with stable corrosion resistance, long-term environmental adaptability, and delayed icing functions on Al–Li alloy

Aluminum–Lithium (Al–Li) alloys widely used in aerospace manufacture are highly susceptible to corrosion, which limits their industrial applications. Herein, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFDTES) is used as a modifier for low-surface-energy treatment of TiO2 nanoparticles. The water-based polyurethane (PU) is made as a binder to achieve a tight bonding between modified ceramic particles and Al–Li alloy, thus resulting in the extremely-feasible air-spraying preparation of a superhydrophobic coating with strong abrasion resistance. The water contact angle (CA) of as-prepared coating achieves 160 ± 0.83°, and the rolling angle (SA) is as low as 5.95 ± 0.59°. The surface structure, organization and composition are further characterized using SEM, EDS, XPS and laser confocal microscopy. Meanwhile, the electrochemical impedance and potentiodynamic polarization tests are performed for corrosion characterization. The results show that the corrosion potential of such coating increases by 170 mV compared with substrate, the corrosion current density decreases by two orders of magnitude, and the impedance modulus increases by two orders. The corrosion inhibition rate of the as-prepared coating is 98.8%, indicating that the corrosion resistance has been significantly enhanced. In addition, the mechanical robustness and stability of the coating is evaluated and confirmed using a sandpaper rubbing test. It also possesses great self-cleaning, anti-pollution and thermostable behaviors, thereby allowing them to work in extreme manufactures. Moreover, the as-prepared coating exhibits excellent adaptability to various materials and anti-icing property. This work sheds positive insights in enlarging industrial applications of multifunctional ceramic coatings in aerospace fields.

TiO2-ZnPc nanoparticles functionalized with folic acid as a target photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy against glioblastoma cells

The use of TiO2 as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy is limited due to TiO2 generates reactive oxygen species only under UV irradiation. The TiO2 surface has been modified with different functional groups to achieve activation at longer wavelengths (visible light). This work reports the synthesis, characterization, and biological toxicity assay of TiO2 nanoparticles functionalized with folic acid and combined with a zinc phthalocyanine to obtain a nano-photosensitizer for its application in photodynamic therapy for glioblastoma cancer treatment. The nano-photosensitizer was prepared using the sol-gel method. Folic acid and zinc phthalocyanine were added during the hydrolysis and condensation of titanium butoxide, which was the TiO2 precursor. The samples obtained were characterized by several microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. An in vitro toxicity test was performed using the MTT assay and the C6 cellular line. The results of the characterization showed that the structure of the nanoparticles corresponds mainly to the anatase phase. Successful functionalization with folic acid and an excellent combination with phthalocyanine was also achieved. Both folic acid-functionalized TiO2 and phthalocyanine-functionalized TiO2 had no cytotoxic effect on C6 cells (even at high concentrations) in comparison to Cis-Pt, which was very toxic to C6 cells. The materials behaved similarly to the control (untreated cells). The cell viability and light microscopy images suggest that both materials could be considered biocompatible and mildly phototoxic in these cells when activated by light.Graphical

Multifunctional bacterial cellulose‑derived carbon hybrid aerogel for ultrabroad microwave absorption and thermal insulation

Carbon aerogel has gained intense attention as one of the most promising microwave absorption materials. It can overcome severe electromagnetic pollution, thanks to its 3D macroscopic structure and superb conductive loss capacity. However, there is still a big challenge to endow multifunctionality to carbon aerogel while maintaining its good electromagnetic wave absorption (EWA) so as to adapt wide practical application. Herein, a novel carbon-based aerogel consisting of Cu and TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed on carbon nanofiber framework was derived from carbonized bacterial cellulose (CBC) decorated with its mother bacteria via freeze-drying, in situ growth and carbonization strategies. The synthesized carbon-based CBC/Cu/TiO2 aerogel achieved an excellent EWA performance with a broad effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 8.32 GHz. It is attributed to the synergistic loss mechanism from multiple scattering, conductive network loss, interfacial polarization loss and dipolar polarization relaxation. Meanwhile, the obtained aerogel also shows an excellent thermal insulation with a 3-mm-thick sample generating a temperature gradient of over 42 °C at 85 °C and a maximum radar cross-section (RCS) reduction of 23.88 dB m2 owing to the cellular structure and synergistic effects of multi-components. Therefore, this study proposes a feasible design approach for creating lightweight, effective, and multifunctional CBC-based EWA materials, which offer a new platform to develop ultrabroad electromagnetic wave absorber under the guidance of RCS simulation.

Au–decorated TiO2 nanoparticle photoanode: synthesis, structural, optical properties and photoelectrochemical water splitting performance

This study presents a novel approach to synthesizing Au-decorated TiO2 (Au/TiO2) nanoparticles (NP) using a spin-coating method, showcasing significant advancements in photoanode development. The resulting Au/TiO2 NPs exhibit well-defined crystallite structures comprising Au and TiO2 phases, featuring Au NP sizes ranging from 2.61 nm to 6.10 nm. Notably, the energy bandgap of these Au-decorated TiO2 NPs demonstrates a discernible redshift of 3.22–3.02 eV across various Au concentrations (1%–20%). Photoluminescence spectra reveal three distinct emission peaks at room temperature in the 400–550 nm wavelength range. The water-splitting activity of the Au/TiO2 NPs is investigated through the photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) employing an electrolyte solution with 1.0 M KH2PO4/K2HPO4 buffer. The results demonstrate a substantial photocurrent density of 0.23 mA.cm–2 at a potential of 1.6 V (versus RHE) and a photoconversion efficiency of 0.1% at 0.52 V (vs. RHE), respectively. This pioneering study underscores the potential of Au/TiO2 NP photoanodes as key components in advancing sustainable energy technologies, particularly in the realm of efficient PEC water-splitting applications.

Piezoelectric assisted boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over a finely prepared Pt/TiO2/g-C3N4 composite system using lactic acid as sacrificial agent

A one-step calcination method was employed to fabricate a new TiO2/g-C3N4(TCN) composite catalyst. The therein TiO2 nanoparticles with good dispersion were synthesized through a sol-gel method and followed by additional heat treatment. The ultra-thin and flat g-C3N4(CN) nanosheets were synthesized by calcining a mixture of urea and melamine. The obtained TCN exhibited significantly excellent performance, especially when 3 wt% Pt was added and lactic acid (HL) was used as a sacrificial agent, achieving a rate of 32.5 mmol/h/g. This improvement can be attributed to the uniform dispersion of nano TiO2 particles on g-C3N4, the flat ultra-thin layer structure of CN, and the constructed heterojunctions between two, which promote the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Measurements of PL and photocurrent response confirmed enhanced efficiency in interface charge separation and transfer. Additionally, it demonstrated lower internal resistance in EIS tests. Notably, owing to the piezoelectric properties of CN, when the reaction liquid was subjected to additional ultrasonic treatment, the hydrogen production rate further increased to 43.57 mmol/h/g and 2.9 mmol/h/g, respectively, in simulated sunlight and visible light response. The piezoelectric effect of CN induced by ultrasound regulated the bandgap width of the catalysts, broadening their response to visible light.